HUMAN BEHAVIOR CRISIS MANAGEMENT

VIEWPOINTS IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Neurological
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
1. Neurological emphasizes human actions in relation to events, taking place inside the body, especially the
brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral – focuses on external activities that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive – concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical – emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive impulses
in childhood.
5. Humanistic – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Heredity – determined by genes that will influence intelligence and special aptitudes which parents pass on
traits to their offspring
2. Environment – consists of the condition and factors that surround and influence and individual.
3. Learning – is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or practice.
CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1.Physical cause – refer to natural causes like typhoon.
2. Social conflicts – involves restrictions or rules in the home, in school in the community.
3. Economic conflicts – result from one’s inability to acquire material things because of poverty or other financial
obligations.
BASIC TYPES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Inherited or Innate Behavior refers to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people due to their
genetic endowment or the process of natural selection.
Considerations for Inherited Behavior:
a. Physical traits – inherit from parents and ancestors.
b. Mental traits – desirable traits (level of intelligence and special talents) and undesirable traits (mental
defects) can be inherited.
2. Learned or Operant Behavior
involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human beings ability to cope with changes in the environment
and to manipulate the environment in ways which improve the changes for survival.
Considerations for Learned Behavior:
a. Environment – language, customs and may other aspects of cultures are important influences to human
beings.
b .Training – closely related to environment and includes all social, educational, cultural , moral and religious
agencies with which the child comes in contact.
C. Efforts of the will – will is man’s capacity to direct and restrain thoughts actions and emotions, it is a
controlling factor in causing individual differences
Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior
1. Extraversion – the dimension that dictates condition ability .It represent central nervous system that
determines need for stimulation and excitement. Extravert dimension plays the greatest role in crime and
delinquency because they frequently seek stimulation, excitement and thrills all of which can get them in
trouble.
2. Neuroticism – it reflects an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to stressful or upsetting
events. High levels of neuroticism enhance whatever habits and consequently influence the individual to
behave anti-socially.
3. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and an attraction toward the unusual.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
(attempted to explain by means of inherited trait called intelligence)
1. The mind and its relationship to crime- individual thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits caused good
or evil behavior; psychological problems could cause illness.

2. Psychiatric approach – views each person as a unique personality who can be understood only by a thorough
case study. Humans have mental conflicts because of desire and energies that repressed into the unconscious.
The improperly socialized child does not develop an ability to control impulses and acts them out or project
them inward.
3.Personality theory – emphasized mental disorders and crimes are both associated with some of the same
demographic factors, such as age, gender and ethnic origin.
4.Intelligence and crime – low intelligence causes crime.
5. Cognitive Development Theory – based on the belief that the way in which people organize their
thoughts about rules and laws results in either criminal or non-criminal behavior. Human behavior criminal
conduct exist because of the way people think and the choices they made.
6. Behavior theory – undesirable behavior can be eliminated, modified or replaced by taking away the reward
value or by rewarding a more appropriate behavior that is incompatible with the deviant one.
7. Learning theory – emphasizes that learning mat accomplished using other people as models.
SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL DISORDERS
1. Physical – rapid changes in pulse, temperature, respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of
appetite, weight changes, excessive fatigue, pain.
2. Mental –flights of fancy , aphasia, amnesia, phobias, irrational fears, false perceptions-illusions,
hallucinations, delusions and false beliefs.
3. Emotional – apathy, unnatural state of happiness, behavior symptoms- crying, laughing, profane language
and constant repetition of acts.
TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
1.Psychosomatic Illness- implies an interrelationship of mind, body and desire. If an adolescent is emotionally
disturbed, his feelings are accompanied by physiological changes.
2.Psychoneurosis – s a mild form of mental disorder. A person may have no physical difficulty but may
experience lack of sleep and loss of appetite and becomes emotionally unhealthy.
3.Psychoses – are serious mental and emotional disorders that are a manifestation of withdrawal from reality.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL DISORDERS:
1. Heredity – most frequent with family histories revealing mental illnesses.
2. Incestuous marriages – blood incompatibility of parents maternal infection.
3. Impaired vitality –mental worry, grief, physical strain, unhygienic surroundings, infections and birth trauma.
4. Poor moral values training and breeding –improper breeding and poor moral values training.
5. Psychic actors – emotional disturbances, such as love, hatred, passion, frustration and disappointment.
6. Physical factors
a. Non-toxic –exhaustion resulting from severe physical and mental strain, cerebral hemorrhage, trauma on the
skull affecting the brain.
B. Toxic –produced by excessive formation or deficient elimination of waste products, by infection or excessive
use f certain drugs.
MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL DISORDERS
1. Cognitive disorder (knowing)
2. Emotional Disorders (Feeling)
3. Volition Disorder
(Conation)
1. Cognitive disorder- knowing
a. Perception disorders
Illusion – a false interpretation of an external stimulus. It may be manifested through sight, hearing, taste, touch
and smell.
Hallucination –an erroneous perception without an external object of stimulus.
visual – seeing things although not present
auditory – hearing voices in absolute silence
olfactory – false perception of smell
gustatory – false perception of taste
tactile – false perception of touch
kinesthetic –false perception of movement
hypnagogic – false sensory perception of occurring midway between falling asleep and being awake.
lilliputian – perception of objects as reduced in size.
b. Memory disorders
Dementia –a form of mental disorder resulting form the degeneration or disorder of the brain characterized by
general mental weakness,
forgetfulness, loss of coherence and total inability to reason but accompanied by delusion.
acute dementia – a form of temporary dementia occurring in young people like malnutrition, overwork.
dementia paralytica – degeneration of physical , intellectual and moral power leading to paralysis.
dementia praecox –characterized by loss of memory.
senile dementia - characterized by loss of memory with childish and silly behavior and physical degeneration.
toxic dementia- characterized by weakness of mind or feeble cerebral activity.

Amnesia –loss of memory

anterograde amnesia – loss of memory of recent events.
retrograde amnesia – loss of memory of past events and observed in traumas of the head.
c. Content of thought disorders
Delusion – a false or erroneous belief in something which is not a fact.
Delusion of grandeur – erroneous belief that he is in possession of great power, wealth, wisdom physical
strength.
Delusion of persecution – a false belief that one is being persecuted.
Delusion of reference – one thinks that he is always the subject matter of conversation.
Delusion of self-accusation – a false belief in having committed a crime or hurting the feelings of others.
Delusion of infidelity – a false belief that one’s lover is unfaithful.
Nihilistic delusion – a false belief that there is a bio world that one does not exist and that his body is dead.
Hypochondriacal delusions – false feelings that one is suffering from incurable diseases
Delusion of depression – patient experiences feelings of uneasiness, worthlessness and futility
Delusion of negation –feeling that some parts of the body are missing.
Obsession – is a condition of the mind bordering on sanity and insanity.
d. Trend of thought disorders
Mania – a state of excitement accompanied by exaltation or a feeling of well-being which is out of harmony with
the surrounding circumstances of the patient.
Melancholia – an intense feeling of depression and misery which is unwarranted by his physical condition and
external environment.
2. Emotional Disorders – Feeling
Exaltation – feeling of unwarranted well-being and happiness.
Depression – feeling of miserable thought, that a calamitous incident occurred in his life, something has gone
wrong with his bodily functions and prefers to be quiet and in seclusion.
Apathy – serious disregard for the surrounding and the environment.
Phobia –excessive, irrational and uncontrollable fear of a perfectly natural situation or object.
3. Volition Disorder – Conation
Impulsion – sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to the conscious performance of some action
without motive or forethought.
Compulsion – it is an act wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will and with
duress as a result of external factors.
pyromania – an irresistible impulse to set things afire.
kleptomania – steal
mutilomania – main animals
dipsomania –indulge in intoxication
CLASSICAL TYPES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCIES
1. Idiot –wanting in memory, willpower and emotion, cannot expressed himself in language, is quiet, timid and
easily irritated. I.Q. 0-10.
2. Imbecile –cannot manage his own affairs, able to speak but worth poor command language. IQ. 21-40
3. Feeble-Minded –incapable of receiving benefits from instruction in ordinary school, lacks initiative and ability
for any work or responsibility. I.Q. 41-70.
4. Morally Defective – devoid of a moral sense and often shows intellectual deficiency, careless, pleasure-loving
and a devil –may-care-sort who adheres to the principles of live today for tomorrow we die, live fact and die
young and it is only happiness that counts.
CONDITIONS MANIFESTING MENTAL DISTURBANCES
1.Somnambulism –is an abnormal mental condition whereby a person performs an act while sleeping.
2. Semisomnolence or somnolencia –state of half sleep or in a condition between sleep and being awake.
Commit criminal act due to confusion.
3. Hypnotism or mesmerism – a person is made unconscious by the suggestive influence of a hypnotist.
4. Delirium –is a state of confusion of the mind. Characterized by incoherent speech, hallucinations, illusions,
delusions, restlessness and apparently purposeful motions.
DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS
1. Anti-social personality – this is a mentally –disturbed person who is opposed to the principles upon which
society is based.
Sociopath – is a person who lacks any sense of social or moral responsibility due to mental illness.
Psychopath- is a person having personality disorders characterized by anti-social behavior, indifference to
immorality and abnormal changes in mood or activity.
2. Paranoid-Schizophrenic – is a mental disease resembling paranoia, but is also characterized by autistic
behavior, hallucinations and a gradual deterioration of the personality.
3. Inadequate personality – a person who does not fit a particular purpose.
4. Manic depressive – characterized by alternating accounts of mania and depression.
TYPES OF CRISIS/EMERGENCY
1. Man-made crises/emergencies
civil disturbance ,revolt ,revolution, border incident, war
kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking terrorist activities attacks/raids on government installations/facilities
and vital facilities.
2. Natural crisis/emergencies
fire, marine/air disasters
structural collapse ,hazardous spills
2 PHASES OF CRISES MANAGEMENT
1. Proactive Phase – designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence of crises at the same time
prepare to handle them when they occur.
2. Reactive Phase – Performance = the actual execution or implementation of any of contingency plan when a
crisis situation occurs despite the pro-active measures.
PROACTIVE PHASE
1. Prediction = involves foretelling of the likelihood of crises occurring either natural or man-made through the
continuous assessment of all possible threats and threat groups as well as the analysis of developing or reported
events and incidents
Predict Inputs
a. Intelligence – involves collection, evaluation, processing, updating and dissemination of information obtained
from all possible sources.
3 Categories of Intelligence in crisis
Management:
1. Strategic Intelligence (International Threat Groups)
2. Tactical Intelligence (Locally-operating threat groups
3. Operational Intelligence (Needed for Specific Incident)
b. Events – facilitate analyses necessary for the identification of threat groups and targets.
2. Prevention = involves the institution of passive and active security measures, as well as the remedy or solution
of destabilizing factors and or security flaws leading to crises.
Preventive actions to neutralize threat groups:
Operations security –prevent the potential threat groups from knowing the unit plans and operations. The key
to an effective operations- security system is protecting information.
Personnel security – protection of personnel against subversion and blackmails. Special measures to high-
ranking officials.
Physical security – encompasses protection of information, material and personnel against terrorist actions.
Physical security measures include outer and inner defense barrier protection, alarm, surveillance and guarding
systems and personnel control system.
3. Preparation = entails planning, organization and training and stockpiling of equipment and supplies needed
for such crises.
3 STAGES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE
1. Initial action =includes monitoring of the progress of the incident, securing the scene, protecting itself,
establishing perimeter security evacuating innocent civilians.
2. Action = consists of two distinct activities; negotiation and tactical action/intervention which may take place
independently either simultaneously or in succession.
3. Post action = begins as soon as the perpetrator surrender or when they are captured or neutralized and the
crisis situation is deemed cleared.
BROAD CATEGORIES OF THREAT GROUPS
1. Political terrorists = these are ideologically-inspired individuals or groups. They want prestige and power for a
collective goal or higher cause.
2. Criminals = these are people who commits terrorist acts for personal rather than ideological gain.
3. Mentally-Deranged Individuals = these people commit terrorist’s acts during a period of psychiatric
disturbance.
4. Religious Extremists = mainly belonging to Southern religious Fundamentalists.
5. Economically-motivated Groups/Individuals = belonging to labor groups who take recourse to violence if it
find favorable to them.
TERRORIST TACTICS
1. Bombing
a. Vehicle bombs = booby trapped vehicles with attached devices and car bombs.
b. Laid charges = bombs placed by hand.
c. Projected bombs = bomb thrown by hand, launched from rifles/mortar devices.
D. Postal / mail bombs = bomb sent through letters, parcels and other items sent by mails.
2. Arson = used to destroy or disrupt targets such as public utilities, political headquarters, economic and
industrial facilities.
3. Hijacking/ skyjacking = highjack vehicles with supply ammunition and fuel cargoes.
4. Assassination/ Liquidation Targets are often predictable, and invariably, the terrorist will claim responsibility
for the assassination mostly government officials, corporate executives, military and police and security officer.
5. Ambush = this is a well-planned, generally well-thought –out, properly rehearsed and precisely executed
operation.
6. Kidnapping = kidnapping for ransom is the most common form of this tactic.. The victim is normally confined
in a secret hideaway and the kidnapper makes material demands.
7. Hostage-taking = the hostage taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the victims for ransom. His
demands are often more than just material in nature
8. Robbery/Extortion = terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their activities, terrorist rob
banks and armored vehicles and persons carrying large sums of cash. band robberies are also used as graduation
exercises for terrorist training programs and viewed as a tactical operation. They conduct reconnaissance, plan
escape routes and operate with a high degree of efficiency.
9. Progressive Taxation = scheme of the CPP/NPA is a form of extortion through coercion or use of force against
the victim or his property.
10. Raids/Attacks = target may not necessarily be vital, isolated or large ones, what is important is the
raid/attack will attract public / media attention.
Crisis Management Action Groups
1. Negotiation Group = composed of selected civilian officials/personalities and military/police personnel for the
purpose of negotiating with the terrorist elements and performing liaison functions between them and the On-
Scene Command Post.
Negotiation Team =include psychologist or an interpreter whose primary concern is to save lives, prevent
destruction of property and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of the crisis situation.
Liaison Team = coordinates the negotiation team and OSC .
Roles and Composition f the Negotiating Team
1. Negotiating team Coordinator
2. Primary negotiator – assigned directly communicate with the terrorists.
3. Coach –positioned near the primary negotiator.
4. Chronographer – records all pertinent activity.
5. Messenger – carry written communications between the negotiator and the OSC.
6. Intelligence officer – responsible for providing the conflict management team components with any
information.
2. Operation Groups = composed of regular and special military and police elements deployed in the crisis
incident site to perform security functions and conduct tactical operations/interventions necessary and
appropriate to neutralize the terrorist elements/perpetrators at the earliest possible time and at minimum risk
and cost to life and property.
a. Security units/elements = these are military or police personnel who shall compose the area and perimeter
security.
B. Tactical action/intervention units/elements = these are AFP/Police units /elements specially organized,
trained and equipped to perform highly specialized anti-terrorist operations such as sniper operations, bomb
detection and disposal and the like.
C. Utilities Liaison team = coordinates with power, telephone and water utility tries to regulate supply to the
area where hostage taking occurred for the purpose of enhancing government negotiation position.
3. Service Support Group = this group shall be composed of civilian agencies/organizations and military police
units tasked to provide the necessary administrative, operational and logistical support to the OSC Post. These
include food distribution, medical evacuation, communication-electronics, transportation and other services.
A. Legal/Investigation teams =conduct investigation, collation and preservation of evidence, documentation and
provide legal advice to the OSC.
B. Intelligence team = responsible for the collection and processing of all operational intelligence needed by the
OSC
c. Communications-Electronics team =responsible for insuring effective communications between the
OCS and CMC.
D. Logistic team = composed of support personnel who provide food and drinks, ammunition, clothing, supplies,
equipment, transportation, lighting/electricity if needed and other logistical services.
E. Medical team =provides medical supplies and service. It shall maintain contact with hospitals to ensure that
they are prepared to handle any eventuality.
F. Fire-Fighting Team =it shall provide fire-fighting units to extinguish fires intentionally set by the perpetrators
or fires resulting from the operation of the reaction/intervention units.
G. Administrative Support team = these are personnel assigned to the OSCP to keep written records of events,
incoming and outgoing communications and ensures continuity between shifts and permits accurate Post-
Incidents Reports.
4. Public Affairs Group = these group shall be composed of civilian and military /police personnel tasked to
coordinate and control public information .media coverage and community relations functions.
A. Public Information/Media Liaison & Control Team – stationed at OSCP. The press relations or public affairs
officer may release approved information to members of the print and broadcast media.
B. Community Relations Team – conducts civic action, provides public assistance, coordinates and supervises
relocation of civilians displaced as a result of the terrorist action or of the military /police action taken against
the terrorist elements and other activities to ensure maximum public cooperation.
PERSONALITY TYPES OF HOSTAGE-TAKERS
1. Psychotics
a. Paranoid Schizophrenics =they are characterized by persistent false mental perceptions or beliefs such as
delusions or persecution. Their thinking is often loose and makes no sense.
B. Psychotic depressives = they experience extreme sadness, hopelessness, feelings of inadequacy,
worthlessness, slow thinking and speech and indecisiveness. They have less concentration and are prone to
suicide.
2. Personality Disorders
a. Anti-Social personalities = they are repeatedly in conflict with society, thus, are incapable of loyalty and are
grossly selfish, callous and irresponsible.
b. Inadequate personalities = they are unable to respond effectively to emotional, social, intellectual an physical
demands. They show ineptness, poor judgment, social instability and they lack physical and emotional stamina.
2. Personality Disorders
a. Anti-Social personalities = they are repeatedly in conflict with society, thus, are incapable of loyalty and are
grossly selfish, callous and irresponsible.
b. Inadequate personalities = they are unable to respond effectively to emotional, social, intellectual an physical
demands. They show ineptness, poor judgment, social instability and they lack physical and emotional stamina.
GENERIC CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKERS
1. The common criminal –concede to police negotiations.
2. The Psycho – unpredictable & may resort to violence depending on his mood.
3. The Fanatic- most dangerous , extreme side of violence.
CLASSIFICATION OF
TERRORIST GROUPS
1. Minority Nationalistic Groups –group fighting the majority of the community where the support base will
depend on ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities at odds with the majority community.
2. Marxist revolutionary Group – characterized its possession of a coherent Marxist ideology or any persuasion
and of a long-term strategy for bringing about a socialist revolution.
3. Anarchist Group – brings lawlessness and disorder.
4. Pathological Groups –motivations normally have more to do with personal inadequacy, hatred of family or
specifically identified persons or things than with acquired ideology.
5. Neo-Fascist and Extreme Right-Wing Groups – group appearing to counter the activities of the Left and pose a
more serious threat to security forces than the more traditional terrorist groups.
6. Ideological mercenaries – new form of terrorism from men and women who for the sake of a shared ideology
and a common faith in worldwide revolution, rather than a money are ready to cross frontiers to pursue their
causes.
BROAD CATEGORIES OF THREAT GROUPS
1.Political Terrorists –ideologically inspired individuals or groups. They want prestige and power for a collective
goal or higher cause.

2. Criminals – acts for personal rather than ideological gain, such as kidnapping or extortion, bank robberies.
3. Mentally-deranged individuals – acts during a period of psychiatric disturbance.
4. Religious extremist – intolerant of other faiths, they are apt to execute hostages belonging to other religious
groups.
5. Economically-motivated groups/individuals – belonging to labor groups who resorted for a reasons favorable
to them.
TACTICS AGAINST
HOSTAGE-TAKERS
1. Establish and maintain communication.
2. Stall for time
3. Obtain information.
4. Calm the hostage-takers including the following:
modeling- the negotiator must talk and respond in a calm and controlled manner using a very conversational
tone.
Ventilation = give the hostage-takers time to talk without interrupting them.
Distraction = use this to draw the attention of the hostage-takers away from whatever is bothering them.
5. Establish rapport.
6. Use persuasion.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN MANAGING HOSTAGE SITUATIONS
1. Planning – consist of work to be performed in order to predetermine a course of action. It involves :
a. Forecasting – anticipating conditions, problems and opportunities that may be confronted during and after
the incident.
B. Establishing objectives – determining desired results.
C. Establishing priorities –creating a sequence of steps to be followed in reaching the objective.
D. Scheduling – establishing action commitments.
E. Allocating resources –identifying manpower and equipment required to reach objectives and to effectively
utilize available resources.
F. Establishing procedures – standardizing ways of performing specified work.
G. Establishing policy – providing answer to important questions and problems which are anticipated and which
provide for action that is in the interest of the police.
2. Organizing – consists of work to be performed in order to arrange and relate so that it can be accomplished
effectively
a. Structuring work – identifying and classifying work that needs to be performed, and seeing to its proper
implementation.
B. Delegating – entrusting responsibility and authority to others and establishing accountability.
C. Developing relationships – creating conditions necessary for mutually cooperative effort and teamwork.
3. Leading – consists of work to be performed in order to stimulate people to take effective action.
A. Making decisions – arriving at conclusions and judgments about results.
B. Communicating – creating understanding.
Motivating – inspiring, encouraging and impelling people to take required action.
C. Selecting people – choosing people with the appropriate skills, attitudes and experience to perform specific
work.
D. Developing people - improving the knowledge, attitudes and skills of people.
4. Controlling – consist of work to be performed in order to assess and regulate work in progress and which
needs to be finished.
A. Developing performance standards – establishing criteria in order to differentiate between acceptable and
unacceptable performance.
B. Measuring performance – recording and reporting work.
C. Evaluating performance – appraising work and results.
D. Correcting performance – regulating and improving methods and results.
“The KEY to negotiating with terrorists is to convince the hostage takers that their points has been well made,
their demands have been heard, and the killing of the hostages would simply
mean to discredit them in the eyes of the public.”