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Unit 1. Greek Philosophers of the Golden Age Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 inconsistency n. varying from one's stated principles 불일치; 일관성이 없음
syn. discrepancy
2 recant v. to take back a statement or opinion 철회하다
syn. withdraw n
something syn. representation
3 manifestation n. a sign of the existence of something 징후
syn. representation
4 geometrical adj. relating to the principles of geometry 기하학의
5 ascertain v. to find out with an amount of certainty 알아내다, 확인하다
syn. identify
6 sensory adj. relating to the five senses 감각의
7 dissect v. to take apart and carefully analyze syn. 해부하다, 분석하다

examine

8 essence n. the true nature of something syn. spirit 본질

9 the cosmos n. the universe, especially when it is 우주
thought of as an ordered system
10 spirituality n. the quality of being which is related to 정신성, 영성
the spirit or soul syn. immateriality
11 unyielding adj. never stopping or giving in syn. 고집이 센, 유연성이 없는
constant
12 argue v. to put forth an idea syn. maintain 주장하다
13 drastically adv. in a severe or intense manner syn. 과감하게, 철저하게
radically
14 emphasis n. the attachment of special interest or 강조
importance to something syn. stress
15 indebted adj. owing favor to someone for 감사하는
something received syn. grateful
16 influential adj. able to exert compelling force syn. 영향력 있는
important
17 ravage v. to thoroughly damage, especially by 황폐하게 만들다
war syn. destroy

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18 talented adj. showing great ability syn. gifted 재능 있는

19 excel v. to demonstrate above-average 능가하다, 탁월하다

performance syn. succeed

20 diminish v. to become less in strength or amount 줄어들다, 약해지다

syn. decrease
21 assert v. to state strongly and defend syn. argue 주장하다
22 encourage v. to inspire and stimulate syn. support 격려하다

23 by no means in no way; not at all 결코 ~이 아닌

24 put on trial to examine someone's guilt or innocence 재판에 부치다

through legal processes

25 (be) found guilty to be charged and sentenced for a crime 유죄로 판결되다
in court

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Unit 2. The Age of Discovery Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 impetus n. a force that stimulates a process 자극(제)
or activity syn. motive
2 feasible adj. capable of being done syn. 실현 가능한
possible
3 overland trade n. commercial activity, especially 육로 무역 (특히 유럽과 아시아
between Europe and Asia 사이에 일어났던 무역)
4 endeavor n. an attempt to do something in 노력
order to reach a goal syn.
enterprise
5 feature v. to be a distinctive part of syn. ~의 특징을 이루다
star
6 prominently adv. in a major or important way 현저히
syn. importantly
7 expedition n. a journey made for a specific 탐험, 원정
purpose syn. trek
8 exploration n. the process of visiting an 탐사, 탐험
unknown territory for the purpose of
discovery syn. investigation
9 chart v. to methodically traverse syn. 지도를 만들다
explore
10 extraction n. the process of getting 뽑아냄, 추출
something, especially when some
effort is involved syn. removal
11 establish v. to put in place or start up syn. 설립하다
organize
12 migration n. movement of people from one 이주
country or region to another syn.
relocation
13 transform v. to modify the nature or form of 변형시키다
something syn. change
14 claim v. to demand recognition of one's (자기 권리나 재산이라고 여겨) 요구

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right to something syn. seize [요청]하다

15 beneficial adj. that which provides 유익한
opportunity; favorable syn.
advantageous
16 impact n. the force or influence of an event 영향

syn. effect

17 acquire v. to take into one's possession 획득하다

syn. obtain
18 pursue v. to try to achieve something syn. 추구하다
attempt
19 signify v. to be a sign of something syn. 의미하다
indicate
20 found v. to set up syn. establish 세우다
21 consequence n. the result of something that 결과
occurred earlier syn. repercussion
22 eradicate v. to completely abolish syn. 근절하다
destroy
23 give rise to to bring something about syn. ~이 생기게 하다
cause
24 carry out to pull something off or make 실행하다
happen syn. execute
25 along with in addition to; with the help of ~에 덧붙여

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Unit 3. Our Shifting Earth Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 configuration n. the relative positions of parts of a whole syn. 배열
arrangement
2 stationary adj. incapable of changing position syn. fixed 움직이지 않는
3 hypothesize v. to create a theory about something syn. 가설을 세우다
theorize
4 makeup n. physical qualities that combine to form a 구성
being syn. composition
5 frigid adj. very cold in temperature syn. freezing 몹시 추운

6 theorize v. to form a theory about syn. conjecture 이론을 세우다

7 sonar n. a technique used to locate objects 수중 음파 탐지기
underwater
8 geology n. the study of rocks and Earth's physical 지질학
history
9 mechanism n. the method by which something occurs syn. 방법, 메커니즘
means
10 eon n. an extremely long period of time syn. age 이온(지질학에서 100억 년)
11 ridge n. a narrow, raised strip of hills or mountains 산등성이, 산마루
12 spout v. to flow forth in a stream or jet, often 내뿜다
forcefully syn. spurt
13 submerged adj. below the surface of a liquid syn. 수중의
underwater
14 confirm v. to establish the truth of something syn. 사실임을 보여주다

certify

15 massive adj. great in size syn. enormous

거대한

16 prehistoric adj. that which existed before recorded history 선사 시대의

syn. ancient
17 outlandish adj. difficult to believe syn. outrageous 이상한, 기이한
18 possess v. to have as a property or quality syn. contain 소유하다
19 dismiss v. to disregard or brush aside syn. reject 묵살하다
20 harden v. to become hard, solid, or stiff syn. solidify 단단해지다

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21 demonstrate v. to explain or manifest syn. show 입증하다

22 formalize v. to make formal or clearly define syn. finalize 공식화하다
23 break apart to splinter; to divide into pieces 잘게 부수다
24 account for to explain the reason behind 설명하다
25 due to because of ~ 때문에

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Unit 4. Dance Language Among Honey Bees Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 forager n. one who wanders in search of food 약탈자
2 pollen n. powdery yellow substance on flowers 꽃가루, 화분
containing male reproductive cells
3 artificial adj. man-made; not found in nature syn. 인공의
fake
4 discern v. to recognize or understand syn. perceive 분별하다
5 convey v. to pass from one place to another syn. 실어 나르다
transmit
6 source n. a place from which something arises syn. 근원
origin
7 sustenance n. food that people or animals need in order 물질
to live
8 waggle v. to rock from side to side or back and forth 흔들다
syn. wobble
9 loop v. to move on a circular path syn. curve 고리 모양으로 이동하다
10 olfactory adj. relating to the sense of smell 후각의
11 intricate adj. sophisticated; hard to understand syn. 복잡한
complex
12 vicinity n. the surrounding area syn. neighborhood 부근, 인근
13 acknowledge v. to admit the truth of something syn. 인정하다
recognize
14 dispute v. to question the validity of syn. challenge 이의를 제기하다
15 concerning prep. relating to something syn. regarding ~와 관련하여
16 recruit v. to seek one’s services syn. engage 모집하다
17 utilize v. to employ for a certain purpose syn. use 이용하다
18 located adj. to be in a certain place syn. situated ~에 위치한
19 peculiar adj. unusual and recognizable syn. distinctive 기이한, 특유한
20 assume v. to take for granted without questioning 추정하다
syn. presume
21 execute v. to carry out syn. perform 실행하다
22 transmit v. to pass something along syn. relay 전송하다
23 in addition to besides; as well as ~에 더해

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24 draw the to attract ~에 주의를 이끌다

attention of
25 in relation to with respect to; relative to ~와 관련하여

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Unit 5. The Invention of the Modern Printing Press Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 commodity n. a product or substance that is sold or 물품
bought syn. asset
2 scribe n. one who makes copies of books for a 필경사
profession syn. copyist
3 Dark Ages n. the period of European history spanning 암흑시대(유럽 역사상에서 로마 제국

476 A.D. through 1000 A.D. 말기부터 서기 1000년경까지의 기간)

4 literacy rate n. the percentage of the population that 식자율

can read and write
5 carving n. a design engraved into a surface syn. 조각품, 새긴 무늬
engraving
6 metalsmith n. one who works with metal 금속 세공사
7 alloy n. a metal made by mixing two or more 합금
metals syn. compound
8 pioneer v. to prepare the way for and help introduce 개척하다
syn. inaugurate
9 religious adj. relating to religion in general or to a 종교의
particular religion
10 vernacular n. the language or dialect of a certain 토착어
region syn. native language
11 contemporary adj. occurring during the same time period 동시대의
syn. concurrent
12 tediously adv. in a manner that is tiresome or 지루하게

wearing syn. laboriously

13 substantial adj. large in quantity or scale syn. 상당한

considerable
14 delicate adj. easily broken or damaged syn. fragile 연약한, 부서지기 쉬운
15 cover v. to deal with as subject matter syn. 다루다
contain
16 evident adj. easy to see; obvious syn. clear 분명한, 눈에 띄는
17 extensive adj. comprehensive and thorough syn. 광범위한
lengthy

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18 notable adj. worthy of discussion or notice syn. 주목할 만한, 중요한

important

19 eliminate v. to do away with or get rid of syn. remove 제거하다

20 diffuse v. to spread out away from the source syn. 분산시키다
radiate
21 fashion v. to produce; to give form to syn. make 만들다
22 employ v. to make use of something syn. utilize 이용하다
23 in place of instead of; as a replacement for ~ 대신에
24 usher in to inaugurate; to start off ~이 시작되게 하다
25 deal with to treat as subject matter ~을 다루다

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Unit 6. Decoding the Rosetta Stone Word list

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No Words Meaning Translation

1 etch v. to cut a design into a surface syn. 아로새기다
scratch
2 sacred adj. endowed with spiritual or religious 성스러운, 신성한
importance syn. divine
3 artifact n. an historically valuable item from the 인공 유물
past syn. object
4 nscription n. text carved into a hard surface syn. 새겨진 글
carving
5 commoner n. a person who has no title of nobility syn. 평민
peasant
6 decree n. an order from an authority syn. 법령, 칙령
declaration
7 syntax n. the appropriate order of words in 구문론, 통사론
sentences and phrases
8 decipher v. to figure out the meaning of something 판독하다
syn. deduce
9 phonetic adj. relating to the sounds produced when 음성을 나타내는
speaking
10 archaeological adj. relating to the study of historic cultures 고고학의
through their remains
11 breakthrough n. a sudden advance in knowledge syn. 돌파구
progress
12 plentiful adj. in great or sufficient supply syn. 풍부한
abundant
13 specific adj. definite or particular syn. certain 특정한
14 fade v. to gradually cease to exist syn. 사라지다
disappear
15 represent v. to express a concept through the use of 나타내다, 상징하다
a symbol syn. symbolize
16 benefit v. to derive advantage from syn. profit ~에서 득을 보다
17 vanish v. to fade away or come to an end, 사라지다
especially mysteriously syn. disappear
18 cease v. to discontinue or come to an end syn. 중단되다
stop

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19 uncover v. to reveal or make clear syn. discover 알아내다

20 crack v. to decipher or interpret syn. decode 해결하다
21 proficiency n. the condition of being skilled in a certain 숙달, 능숙
field syn. ability
22 achievement n. something accomplished by special 업적, 성취한 것
effort syn. accomplishment
23 stand for to represent 상징하다
24 be safe to say to be very probable ~라 말해도 좋다
25 claim credit for to announce that one is responsible for an ~의 공로를 인정하다
achievement

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Unit 7. The Great Depression Word list

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No Words Meaning Translation

1 recession n. a period of economic slowdown syn. 불황
depression
2 severity n. harshness or hardness syn. intensity 격렬, 혹독
3 share n. a fraction of the ownership of a company 주식
syn. stock
4 cripple v. to weaken or damage seriously syn. 심각한 손상을 주다
incapacitate
5 savings n. a quantity of money saved, especially in a 예금
bank account syn. funds
6 withdrawal n. the act of taking out money from a bank 인출

account

7 funds n. a supply of currency available for use syn. (이용 가능한) 자금

money
8 mortgage n. a loan used to purchase property (담보) 대출(금), 융자(금)
9 institute v. to put in place or set up syn. initiate 도입하다, 시작하다
10 federal adj. relating to the central government of a 연방 정부의
nation syn. governmental
11 afford v. to have the financial means to do (…을 살・할・금전적・
something syn. manage 시간적) 여유[형편]가 되다
12 collapse n. complete breakdown syn. failure 실패, 붕괴
13 compensate v. to give money for something syn. pay 보상하다
14 evaporate v. to dry up; vanish syn. disappear 증발하다
15 widespread adj. far-reaching and widely distributed syn. 널리 퍼진
prevalent
16 intervention n. the act of getting involved in an affair, 개입

especially to impede syn. interference

17 prevail v. to exist everywhere syn. abound 만연하다

18 plummet v. to drop quickly syn. dive 급락하다
19 distribute v. to give out syn. issue 배부하다
20 stem v. to check the progress of something syn. (흐름을) 막다
stop
21 generate v. to bring into being syn. create 발생시키다
22 halt v. to bring to a stop syn. arrest 중단시키다

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23 needless to of course; obviously 말할 필요도 없이

say
24 prior to coming earlier in time ~에 앞서
25 place a ban to prohibit something 금지하다
on

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Unit 8. Understanding Hurricane Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 torrential adj. occurring in large amounts and 양동이로 들이붓듯이[앞이 안
with great force syn. abundant 보이게] 내리는
2 extinct adj. no longer in existence syn. dead 멸종한
3 meteorologist n. a scientist who studies the weather 기상학자
4 phenomenon n. an event in nature or society, 현상

especially something unusual syn.

wonder

5 terminology n. the set of words used in a particular 용어들

discipline syn. jargon
6 sustained adj. occurring without slowing or 지속된
stopping syn. unflagging
7 shaft n. a long, narrow vertical passage 수직 통로
8 girth n. the measurement of the distance 둘레 치수
around something
9 spiral n. a shape made up of interconnected 나선
loops syn. coil
10 spawn v. to make something happen or (어떤 결과, 상황을) 낳다
develop syn. create
11 devastating adj. causing great harm syn. 대단히 파괴적인
destructive
12 tremendous adj. a great amount syn. huge 엄청난
13 flood v. to cover in water 물에 잠기게 하다
14 minimize v. to keep to the smallest amount 최소화하다
possible
15 orbit v. to move around something in a 궤도를 돌다
circular motion syn. circle
16 unleash v. to let loose something powerful syn. 촉발시키다
release
17 dense adj. possessing a high level of density 빽빽한
syn. thick
18 violent adj. characterized by unrestrained force 격렬한
syn. destructive
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19 bestow v. to officially give something, such as 수여하다

a title syn. award
20 extend v. to reach out across a distance syn. (특정 지역・거리・기간을)
reach 포괄하다
21 ample adj. existing in a large enough amount 충분한
syn. sufficient
22 dispense v. to give out 나누어 주다
23 result in to lead to something syn. cause ~을 야기하다
24 regardless of occurring or existing in spite of ~에 상관없이
something syn. despite
25 not surprisingly as expected 놀랄 일이 아닌, 예상대로

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Unit 9. What Are GMOs? Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 selective n. the process of breeding to achieve 선발 번식
breeding desirable traits
2 resilient adj. able to deal with adversity syn. 회복력 있는
adaptable
3 strain n. a genetically related group with (동식물・질병 등의) 종류[유형]
specific traits
4 profile n. a description of a thing or person 개요
5 characteristic n. a quality that distinguishes someone 특징
or something syn. trait
6 cold spell n. a period of lower than normal (평상시보다 기온이 낮은) 한동안의 추위

temperatures
7 drought n. a period with an extreme shortage of 가뭄
rainfall
8 produce n. food grown in large quantities to be 농작물

sold

9 pharmaceutica adj. related to the production of 약학의

medicines
10 controversy n. a dispute with intense reactions on 논란
both sides

11 advantage n. a quality that makes success more 유리한 점, 장점

likely syn. edge
12 shortcut n. a way of doing something in less 지름길, 손쉬운 방법
time than usual
13 regulate v. to make something conform to rules 규제하다
or laws syn. manage
14 ultimately adv. in the end syn. finally 궁극적으로

15 contamination n. the introduction of unwanted 오염

elements syn. pollution
16 adverse adj. unpleasant or causing harm syn. 부정적인
unfavorable
17 alter v. to cause a change in something syn. 바꾸다
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change
18 desirable adj. having qualities that are sought 바람직한
after syn. advantageous
19 insert v. to put into something syn. put 끼우다, 넣다
20 transfer v. to move something to a different 옮기다
location syn. relocate
21 implant v. to fix something deep within 심다, 주입하다
something else syn. embed
22 embrace v. to react favorably to something syn. 받아들이다, 수용하다
welcome
23 for the time being the case currently, but only 당분간
being temporarily
24 in place of as a substitute for something else ~ 대신에
25 bring about to cause to happen ~을 초래하다

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Unit 10. The History of Salt Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 agent n. something used to achieve a 수단
particular purpose syn. medium
2 preservation n. the process of keeping something 보존
from decaying
3 millennia n. thousands of years 수천 년
4 evaporate v. to change into vapor syn. dissolve 증발하다
5 proximity n. the state of being near something 가까움, 근접
syn. nearness
6 motivator n. something that makes you want to 동기를 부여하는 것
do something syn. instigator
7 riverine adj. relating to a river 강의
8 affluence n. a large amount of money or 풍족, 부유
valuable goods syn. wealth
9 monopoly n. exclusive control of an industry or 독점
market by only one person or group
10 fuel v. to increase in intensity syn. sustain 부채질하다
11 throughout adv. from start to finish 처음부터 끝까지
12 remove v. to take something out of 치우다
something else syn. extract
13 note v. to perceive something syn. observe 주목하다
14 secure v. to get something through great 획득하다
effort syn. obtain
15 wage v. to carry out a war or battle syn. (전투 등을) 벌이다
conduct
16 prominence n. the state of being widely known 중요성, 명성
and having great influence syn.
importance
17 pivotal adj. strongly influencing the course of 중심이 되는
events syn. crucial
18 abundant adj. existing in great numbers syn. 풍부한
plentiful
19 thrive v. to exist in a strong and healthy 번창하다

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state syn. flourish

20 dominate v. to have power over syn. control 지배하다

21 principal adj. most important syn. main 주된

22 prolific adj. creating something in large 다산하는, 열매를 많이 맺는

amounts syn. productive

23 pick up to raise into the air syn. lift 들어 올리다

24 set out to to begin something with a specific 적극적으로 시작하다
goal in mind
25 take for granted to use something without thought or ~을 당연히 여기다
gratitude

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Unit 11. The Cultural Advances of Hellenism Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 epoch n. a specific period in history syn. era (중요한 사건・변화들이

일어난) 시대

2 dominance n. the condition of being powerful syn. rule 우월, 권세

3 prowess n. exceptional ability or skill (절묘한) 기량, 솜씨
4 subsequently adv. happening after syn. later 그 뒤에, 나중에
5 host v. to provide a place for syn. (손님을) 재워주다
accommodate
6 ponder v. to think deeply about something syn. 심사숙고하다
contemplate
7 ethical adj. conforming to the standards of what is 윤리적인
deemed right syn. moral
8 advance n. progress in development syn. 발전
improvement
9 discipline n. an area of knowledge that people study 지식 분야, 학과목
syn. subject
10 vestige n. a remainder of something that once 자취, 흔적
existed syn. trace
11 advocate v. to argue in support of something syn. 옹호하다
bolster
12 abandon v. to reject or give up syn. discard 버리다, 포기하다
13 emerge v. to appear for the first time syn. evolve 모습을 드러내다
14 accessible adj. easy to understand or appreciate syn. 이해하기 쉬운
attainable
15 elaborate v. to build upon or add details to syn. 더 자세히 말하다
embellish
16 whereas conj. while in contrast syn. while 반면에
17 depict v. to create an image of something syn. 묘사하다
represent
18 significant adj. great in scale or impact syn. major 중요한
19 profit v. to gain an advantage or earn money syn. 이익을 얻다
benefit
20 maintain v. to continue the existence of something 유지하다

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syn. preserve
21 adopt v. to practice and use syn. embrace 이용하다, 채택하다
22 formulate v. to develop methodically syn. devise 만들어 내다
23 call for to request or demand 요구하다
24 divorce from to put distance between or separate from 분리시키다
25 hold sway to dominate or influence ~을 지배하다

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Unit 12. Impressionism Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 movement n. a group of people who work together (사람들이 조직적으로
to obtain a certain objective syn. trend 벌이는) 운동
2 impression n. an image in the mind inspired by some 인상
stimulus syn. perception
3 brushstroke n. the mark left by a brush 솔질, 붓놀림
4 fleeting adj. disappearing quickly syn. temporary 순식간의
5 optical adj. related to vision and the eyes syn. 시각적인
visual
6 pigment n. a substance that contributes color syn. 색소, 안료
colorant
7 exhibition n. a display of art syn. show 전시회
8 Pointillism n. a style of painting that produces 점묘법
images with many small dots of color
9 Cubism n. 20th century style of painting that was 입체주의
geometrical and abstract
10 Expressionism n. colorful and symbolic style of painting 표현주의
representing the artist’s inner experience
11 apply v. to make use of syn. use 사용하다

12 impulsively adj. affected by a feeling or emotional 충동적으로

state syn. spontaneously

13 expressive adj. showing emotion or conveying an (생각・감정을) 나타내는,

idea syn. meaningful 표정[표현력]이 있는
14 critic n. someone who writes about and 비평가
evaluates artistic works syn. analyst
15 scene n. what is shown in a picture syn. picture 풍경
16 bustling adj. full of energy syn. lively 부산한, 북적거리는
17 profound adj. of deep significance syn. deep 심오한
18 portray v. to depict by painting syn. represent 묘사하다
19 unsophisticated adj. not refined syn. simple 세련되지 못한, 단순한
20 formal adj. related to the organization or 형식적인
composition of the elements in a work of
art syn. structured
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21 flourish v. to be successful and prosper syn. 번창하다

thrive
22 appreciate v. to hold in high esteem syn. value 진가를 알아보다
23 owing to as a result of ~ 때문에
24 mean to to intend 의도하다
25 in advance ahead of time 미리

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Unit 13. The Great Barrier Reef Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 cylindrical adj. shaped like a cylinder 원통형의
2 ingest v. to take something into one's 삼키다, 먹다
body syn. consume
3 algae n. a simple form of plant life that 조류
lives in water
4 photosynthesis n. a process used by plants to 광합성
create its own food
5 harbor v. to provide a place or habitat for (동물, 벌레의) 집이 되다
something syn. safeguard
6 excrete v. to naturally remove something 배설하다
from one's body syn. discharge
7 microorganism n. a tiny living creature 미생물
8 mollusk n. a type of sea or land animal that 연체동물
has a soft body usually covered by
a hard shell
9 designation n. the official categorization of 지정, 지명
something syn. classification
10 runoff n. excess liquid exceeding storage 땅위를 흐르는 빗물, 유거수(流去
capacity syn. overflow 水)
11 transparent adj. easily seen through syn. see- 투명한
through
12 attract v. to entice something to approach 끌다, 유인하다
syn. draw
13 presence n. physical proximity 존재
14 strict adj. not flexible syn. rigid 엄격한
15 contaminate v. to cause something to become 오염시키다
impure syn. poison
16 permit v. to allow something to occur syn. 허용하다
allow
17 mutually adv. experienced by two people or 서로, 상호 간에
things
18 mitigate v. to lessen the severity of 완화시키다

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something syn. diminish

19 extraordinary adj. beyond standard expectations 기이한, 보기 드문
syn. remarkable
20 serve v. to behave in the manner of 일하다, 봉사하다
something else syn. act
21 curb v. to restrain something syn. restrict 억제하다
22 prolonged adj. occurring over a long period of 장기적인
time syn. extended
23 in turn as the next step in a process 차례로

24 die off to cease living en masse 하나하나씩 죽어가다

25 lead to to make something happen syn. 야기하다
cause

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Unit 14. The Frozen Continent Word List

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No Words Meaning Translation

1 arid adj. characterized by scarcity of 매우 건조한

water syn. dry

2 region n. a large area of land syn. area 지역

3 inhospitable adj. not accommodating for life 사람이 지내기 힘든
syn. unfriendly
4 habitat n. the area where a plant or 서식지
animal lives syn. environment
5 inhabitant n. someone or something that 주민, 서식 동물
lives in an area syn. resident
6 field n. an area of study or 분야
investigation syn. subject
7 treaty n. an official document of 조약
understanding syn. agreement
8 infringe v. to violate something that is not 위반하다
one's own syn. intrude
9 radioactive adj. having the ability to produce 방사성의
harmful energy syn. toxic
10 presage v. to warn of a future event syn. (보통 불길한 일의) 전조가 되다
foreshadow
11 diverse adj. of different sorts or varieties 다양한

syn. various

12 permanent adj. lasting indefinitely syn. 영구적인

continuous
13 hover v. to linger near syn. remain 계속 맴돌다, 머물다
14 blanket v. to cover with a layer, like a 뒤덮다
blanket syn. cover
15 preserve v. to protect from destruction syn. 보호하다
safeguard
16 absolutely adv. with no exception syn. 전적으로, 틀림없이
entirely
17 frigid adj. characterized by extremely 몹시 추운[찬]
low temperatures syn. cold
18 plunge v. to drop rapidly syn. fall 급락하다

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19 harness v. to make use of syn. utilize 이용하다

20 consume v. to ingest syn. eat 섭취하다
21 engage v. to actively take part in 참여하다
something
22 severe adj. great in scale or intensity 극심한
syn. major
23 a number of an unspecified large amount 많은
24 make up to account for syn. define 설명하다, 정의하다
25 for the sake of in order to benefit someone or ~을 위해

something

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Unit 15. The Birth of the Skyscraper Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 skyscraper v. a tall commercial building 고층건물
2 vertical adj. positioned at an angle of 90° to 수직의
the horizon syn. upright
3 masonry n. stone or brick structures (건물에서 돌・벽돌 등으로 된)
석조 부분
4 necessitate v. to make necessary or essential ~을 필요하게 만들다
syn. require
5 impede v. to be an obstacle syn. obstruct 방해하다
6 skeleton n. internal structure that provides 뼈대, 골격
support syn. framework
7 manner n. way of doing something syn. 방법
method
8 towering adj. reaching a great height syn. tall 우뚝 솟은
9 compartment n. a small enclosed space syn. box 객실, 칸
10 address v. to turn one's attention to or deal 다루다
with something syn. undertake
11 flexibility n. the capacity to bend without 유연성
breaking syn. pliability
12 once conj. as soon as syn. when 일단 ~하면
13 available adj. ready for immediate use syn. 이용 가능한
accessible
14 bulky adj. comparatively large in size syn. 부피가 큰
big

15 impose v. to put on or thrust upon syn. 부과하다

demand
16 define v. to function as a prominent 윤곽[모양/경계]을 분명히
characteristic syn. distinguish 나타내다
17 bear v. to hold up or endure syn. support 견디다

18 scarce adj. that which is uncommon or 드문

difficult to find syn. rare
19 function v. to perform a certain role syn. act 기능하다
20 lower v. to move something in a downward 낮추다

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direction
21 descend v. to go down syn. fall 내려가다
22 swell v. to expand or increase in amount 팽창하다
syn. grow
23 in place properly arranged; in the correct 제자리에 있는, 준비가 되어 있는
position
24 keep out to prevent from entering ~이 ~에 들어가지 않게 하다
5 out of control impossible to stop or restrain 통제할 수 없는

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Unit 16. The Placebo Effect Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 inert adj. having no drug-like effect syn. 비활성의
inactive
2 saline solution n. salt water 염류 용액
3 skepticism n. the state of not believing syn. doubt 회의
4 generic adj. not having a brand name or 회사 이름이 붙지 않은
manufacturer syn. unspecific
5 disorder n. a physical or mental problem syn. 장애
illness
6 side effect n. a negative accompanying effect of a 부작용
drug
7 nausea n. the state of being sick to the stomach 메스꺼움
and feeling the need to vomit
8 drowsiness n. the state of being sleepy syn. tiredness 졸림
9 rash n. irritation of the skin 발진
10 prescribe v. to specify a treatment for a patient 처방하다
11 approval n. formal permission syn. acceptance 승인
12 phenomenon n. something that is exceptional syn. 현상; 경이로운 것
wonder
13 undesirable adj. not wanted syn. negative 원하지 않는, 바람직하지
않는

14 coincidence n. occurrence by chance syn. chance 우연의 일치

15 uncanny adj. beyond the normal syn. extraordinary 이상한
16 stimulating adj. exciting the body or senses syn. 자극이 되는; 활기를 주는
invigorating
17 fascinate v. to attract the interest and curiosity of 매혹하다
syn. absorb
18 treat v. to help cure a disease syn. heal 치료하다
19 merely adv. nothing more than syn. just 단지
20 convince v. to make someone believe something 확신시키다
syn. persuade
21 hinder v. to stop from happening syn. prevent 방해하다
22 outcome n. final result syn. consequence 결과

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23 motivate v. to provide with a reason to do 동기를 부여하다, ~의 이유가

something syn. prompt 되다
24 trigger v. to cause to begin syn. initiate 촉발시키다
25 genuine adj. not fake syn. real 진짜의, 진품의

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Unit 17. Greenwashing Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 advent n. the beginning of something syn. 도래, 출현
onset
2 trend n. something popular at a given 동향, 추세
time syn. fad
3 ecologically adv. in a manner related to nature 생태학적으로
syn. environmentally
4 environmentally adj. not causing harm to nature 환경 친화적인
friendly syn. green
5 sloppy adj. unorganized and of poor 엉성한
quality syn. careless
6 packaging n. the material in which something 포장재
is wrapped
7 hemp sacks n. a type of plant that is used to 대마 부대
make rope and strong rough cloth
8 motivator n. something that makes you want 동기를 부여하는 것
to achieve something
9 certification n. official validation 증명
10 purchase n. the act of buying something 구매
11 conservation n. the preservation of something 보존
12 implement v. to put into action 시행하다
13 falsely adv. in a deceptive manner syn. 거짓으로, 속여서
dishonestly
14 ignorance n. a lack of knowledge or 무지
information
15 chain n. many similar businesses with one (상점・호텔 등의) 체인
owner
16 practice n. a form or manner of doing 습관, 관습
something
17 discern v. to notice and properly identify 분별하다
syn. detect
18 excessive adj. more than is needed or wanted 지나친
19 intentional adj. done on purpose syn. 의도적인

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calculated
20 wary adj. distrustful and careful syn. 경계하는, 조심하는
cautious
21 ultimately adv. in the end syn. finally 결국
22 indeed adv. in truth or reality syn. actually 정말
23 jump on the to follow a trend or fad 시류에 편승하다
bandwagon
24 look out for to be careful to avoid ~을 조심하다
25 take on to dedicate oneself to achieving a (일, 책임 등을) 맡다
goal

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Unit 18. Predicting Volcanic Eruptions Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 erupt v. to eject molten rock, ash, and gas 분출하다
from a volcano syn. explode
2 seismic adj. relating to the vibration of the 지진의
Earth
3 deformation n. changes in Earth's crust resulting 변형, 기형
from geologic processes
4 crust n. the rocky outer layer of the Earth 지각
5 molten rock n. rock under the Earth's surface that 지표 아래 있는 용해된 암석
has been heated to its melting point
6 rupture n. a state of being broken syn. rift 파열
7 sulphur dioxide n. a toxic gas emitted by a volcano 이산화황; 아황산가스
8 crater n. a hole at the opening of a volcano 분화구
syn. depression
9 infrared telescope n. a telescope that detects heat 적외선 망원경
10 tiltmeter n. a tool that measures small 경사계
changes in the slope of Earth's crust
11 indicator n. evidence of something syn. sign 지표
12 remote adj. located at a distance syn. offsite 먼
13 estimate v. to make an approximate judgment 추정하다
syn. calculate
14 transmit v. to communicate through radio 전송하다
signals syn. send
15 crawl v. to move slowly and carefully syn. 기다, 몹시 느리게 가다
creep
16 release v. to put out syn. emit 방출하다
17 approximately adv. just about syn. around 대략
18 minute adj. extremely small syn. tiny 극미한
19 magnitude n. greatness of scale syn. extent 규모, 중요도
20 detect v. to discover the presence of syn. 감지하다
sense
21 abnormal adj. deviating from the ordinary syn. 비정상적인
unusual

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22 emit v. to give off syn. issue 방출하다

23 thanks to because of; due to ~ 덕분에

24 keep an eye out to monitor; to scan for 지켜보다

for
25 figure out to determine; to calculate 알아내다

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Unit 19. A Star is Born Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 galaxy n. a cluster of stars held together by 은하계
gravity
2 creature n. a living being (usually other than a 생물
human) syn. organism
3 dust n. a cloud of small, fine particles syn. 먼지
granules
4 asteroid n. a small planet that orbits the sun 소행성
especially between Mars and Jupiter
5 particle n. a small component of matter 입자
6 fusion n. in physics, a reaction in which atoms 핵융합
join
7 mass n. in physics, the property of matter 덩어리; 질량
which results in it having weight syn.
size
8 dwarf n. in astronomy, a small star of 왜성
average brightness
9 stellar adj. relating to stars 별의
10 void n. an empty area of space where (우주의) 공간, 허공
nothing exists
11 element n. a substance that cannot be 원소
chemically separated into component
substances
12 contract v. to pull inward or shrink syn. 수축하다
condense
13 leftover adj. an unused quantity syn. remaining 남은
14 dense adj. being highly concentrated syn. 빽빽한, 밀도가 높은
compact
15 expand v. to grow larger in size syn. enlarge 확장되다
16 reaction n. the joining of atoms syn. fusion 핵반응
17 reach v. to arrive at a certain point syn. attain 이르다

18 eventually adv. after a period of time syn. finally 결국

19 core n. the innermost part of a celestial body 핵

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syn. center
20 smash v. to collide forcefully syn. crash 박살나다
21 stick v. to remain attached 들러 붙다
22 incredible adj. so extraordinary that it is difficult to 믿을 수 없는
believe syn. unbelievable
23 run out of to use up or finish a supply of ~을 다 써버리다
something syn. exhaust
24 fall apart to break into pieces syn. collapse 부서지다
25 go through to progress through syn. undergo 겪다

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Unit 20. Inventing the “Talkie” Word list

No Words Meaning Translation

1 era n. a period of time with distinct 시대
characteristics syn. age
2 screening n. the presentation of a film syn. 상영
showing
3 aesthetic n. a set of ideas concerning beauty 미학(적 특질)
4 medium n. a means of communication 매체, 수단

5 amplification n. the act of increasing the power of 확대, 증폭

something
6 viewing n. the watching of a film 보기
7 accommodate v. to be suitable for syn. fit (환경 등에) 맞추다
8 hindrance n. something that makes it difficult to 장애물
accomplish a goal syn. obstacle
9 marketable adj. capable of being easily sold 잘 팔리는, 시장성이 있는
10 feature-length adj. being the standard length of a 보통 장편 극영화 길이의, 장편의
movie
11 ensure v. to make sure something happens 확실하게 하다
syn. guarantee
12 device n. a tool with a specific purpose syn. 장치
gadget
13 continuously adv. without stopping syn. constantly 계속적으로

14 despite prep. in spite of syn. although ~에도 불구하고

15 release n. the act of making something 출시
available to consumers
16 skyrocket v. to increase quickly and greatly syn. 급등하다
soar
17 means n. a way of accomplishing something 수단
syn. method
18 accompany v. to go along with 동반하다
19 sufficient adj. high enough in quantity or quality 충분한
to meet a need syn. enough
20 perspective n. a particular way of looking at 관점
something syn. view

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21 initial adj. occurring at the start syn. 처음의

beginning
22 project v. to send outward syn. transmit 발사하다, 비추다
23 make use of to use something for a particular ~을 이용하다
purpose
24 (be) associated to be related to ~와 관련되다
with
25 on the other hand looked at from another point of view 다른 한편으로

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