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1 Relays

2 Different Types of Relay

3 Protective Relays

Outline 4 Motor Protection

5 Transformer Protection

6 Busbar Protection
Deron, Muhammad S.
BSEE

Different Types of
Relays
Relays
- are the primary protection as well
as switching devices in most of the control Classification or the types of relays
depend on the function for which they
processes or equipments.
are used.
- is a switching device as it works to
isolate or change the state of an electric
circuit from one state to another.

1 Protective relays
1. Protective Relays
2

3
Protective relays continuously monitor these
parameters: voltage, current, and power; and
if these parameters violate from set limits they
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generate alarm or isolate that particular
circuit. These types of relays are used to
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protect equipments like motors, generators,
5 and transformers, and so on. 6

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2. Reclosing Relays

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Types of Relay 1 Electromagnetic Relays

According to 2 Solid State Relays

1. Electromagnetic Relays
Their 3 Hybrid Relay

Operating 4 Thermal Relay These relays are constructed with

electrical, mechanical and magnetic components,
Principle and 5 Reed Relay and have operating coil and mechanical contacts.
Therefore, when the coil gets activated by
structural 6 Microprocessor Based Relay a supply system, these mechanical contacts gets
opened or closed. The type of supply can be AC or
Features 11
DC. 12

2

1. Electromagnetic Relays
DC vs AC Relays
Both AC and DC relays work on the same
principle as electromagnetic induction, but the
construction is somewhat differentiated and also
depends on the application for which these relays are
selected.
and the
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1. Electromagnetic Relays
Induction Type Relays
These are used as protective relays in AC systems
alone and are usable with DC systems. The actuating force
for contacts movement is developed by a moving conductor
that may be a disc or a cup, through the interaction of
electromagnetic fluxes due to fault currents.
These are of several types like shaded pole, watt-hour and
induction cup structures and
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1. Electromagnetic Relays
Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays
These relays can work with both AC and DC
supply and attract a metal bar or a piece of metal when
power is supplied to the coil. This can be a plunger being
drawn towards the solenoid or an armature being
attracted towards the poles of an electromagnet as
shown in the figure. These relays don’t have any time
delays so these are used for instantaneous operation.
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1. Electromagnetic Relays
Magnetic Latching Relays
These relays use permanent magnet or parts
with a high remittance to remain the armature
at the same point as the coil is electrified when
the coil power source is taken away.
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6. Microprocessor Based Relays

Protective Relay
Use microprocessor for
switching mechanism.
Commonly used in power
system monitoring and
protection.

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Isolate controlling circuit from controlled

1
circuit. What is a System Protection?
2
System Protection is the art and science of detecting
3 problems with power system components and isolating this
components.
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1 There is no ‘fault free’ system. 1 Short Circuits

Why A 2
It is neither practical nor economical to build a
‘fault free’ system.
Problems on 2 Abnormal Conditions

System 3
Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree
of faults.
the power 3 Equipment Failure

Needs 4
Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to
various reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.
system 4 Faults

Protection? 5
includes: 5

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Purpose
1 Protect the Public
What 1 Generator, Motors

2 Improve System Stability

Components 2 Transformers, Reactors

of 3 Minimize damage to equipment

or Equipment 3 Lines

System 4 Protect against overload

Do We 4 Buses

Protection 5 Employ Relay Techs and Engineers Protects? 5 Capacitors

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Advantages for Using Protective Relays

Protective Devices Comparison
Detect system failures when they occur and isolate the
faulted section from the remaining of the system. Relays Circuit Fuses
Breakers
 Acquisition Activation Actuation
Mitigating the effects of failures after they occur.  Detection
Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and other high
voltage systems.

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Protective Devices Comparison Protective Devices Comparison

Fuses V.S. Relays
Circuit Breakers V.S. Relays
- Relays have different settings and can be set based on
protection requirements.
- Relays are like human brain; circuit breakers are like
human muscle.
- Relays can be reset.
- Relays ‘make decisions’ based on settings.
- Fuses only have one specific characteristic for a
individual type.
- Relays send signals to circuit breakers. Based the
sending signals circuit breakers will open/close.
- Fuses cannot be reset but replaced if they blow.

Protection and Relay

Schemes Motor Protection

1 Motor Protection 1 Timed Overload

2 Transformer Protection 2 Locked Rotor

3 Generator Protection 3 Single Phase and Phase

Unbalance

4 Busbars 4 Other

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Motor Protection
Timed Overload

Motor Protection Solution:

1) Timed Overload
• Thermal overload relays
Continuously operate motor above its
rated value will cause thermal
• Plunger-type relays
damage to the motor.

• Induction-type relays
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Motor Protection
Timed Overload
Solution:

• Thermal overload relays

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Motor Protection Motor Protection

Timed Overload Timed Overload
Solution: Solution:

• Plunger-type relays • Induction-type relays

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Motor Protection
Locked Rotor (Motor Stalling)

Motor Protection Solution:

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Motor Protection Motor Protection

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Motor Protection

Instantaneous Overcurrent
Sol'n :

Undervoltage
Sol'n :

Ground Fault
Sol'n :
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Transformer Protection
Transformer Protection
Gas Monitoring Relays:
1 Gas and Temperature Monitoring

2 Differential and Ground Fault

Protection

3 Temperature Monitoring Relays:

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Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection

Ground Fault:

Generator Protection

1 Phase Unbalance

2 Differential and Ground Fault

Protection

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