Hollow Block

Slabs
 Types Of Hollow Blocks
One Way Two Way

𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 ≤ 7𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 > 7𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙
�𝐿𝐿 ≤ 4�3
𝑠𝑠
Dimensions of Blocks

H (m) W (KN) 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.15 0.1 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇� ,
3
0.20 0.15
0.25 0.2 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑒
�10
Cross rib

Live Load Span Condition

≤ 3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 ≤5 No cross rib

≤ 3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 >5 One cross rib

> 3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 4 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7 One cross rib

> 3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 >7 3 cross rib

 Arrangement of Blocks
One Way

𝐿𝐿1 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 200 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 100 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝐿𝐿2 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 400 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 100(𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 1)

𝐿𝐿2 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 500 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 100

 Arrangement of Blocks
Two Way

𝐿𝐿1 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 400 𝑛𝑛1 + 100(𝑛𝑛1 − 1)

𝐿𝐿2 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 400 𝑛𝑛2 + 100(𝑛𝑛2 − 1)

 Example
𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿 = 2.5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝐿𝐿 = 3.85 𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

3850 = 2 × 300 + 200 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 16.25 = 16 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

5000= 2 × 300 + 500 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 100

𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 9 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
 Example
𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿 = 2.5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝐿𝐿 = 6𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

6000 = 2 × 300 + 200 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 100 × 1

𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 26.5 = 26 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

7000 = 2 × 300 + 500 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 100

𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 13 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 Example
𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿 = 2.5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝐿𝐿 = 7.5𝑚𝑚

8�
7.5 = 1.06 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

7500 = 2 × 300 + 500 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 100

𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 14 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

8000 = 2 × 300 + 500 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 100

𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 15 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Cantilever slab
Cantilever slab
Cantilever slab
Cantilever slab
Cantilever slab
Design of Hollow Blocks
One Way
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢

= 1.4 𝑂𝑂. 𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑂𝑂. 𝑤𝑤𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 1.6(𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿)

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢

= 1.4[ 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 + 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏ℎ × 2 + 10𝑊𝑊𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

+ 𝐹𝐹. 𝑐𝑐 ] + 1.6(𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿)

Design of Hollow Blocks
Example
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 400 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

25 × 0.05 + 25 × 0.1 × 0.2 × 2

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 1.4 + 1.6 2.5
+10 × 0.15 + 1.5
= 11.35 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.5𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 0.5 × 11.35 = 5.675 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
Design of Hollow Blocks
Sec 1 at mid-span (T-Sec)
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
• 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐶𝐶1 →𝐶𝐶1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐽𝐽
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵

10.51×106
• 250 − 20 = 𝐶𝐶1
25×500
• 𝐶𝐶1 = 7.9 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 10.51×106
• 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 138.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑 400×0.826×230
• 2∅12⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Design of Hollow Blocks
Sec 2 at support (Rec-Sec)
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
• 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐶𝐶1 →𝐶𝐶1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐽𝐽
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏

3.5×106
• 250 − 20 = 𝐶𝐶1
25×500
• 𝐶𝐶1 = 13.7 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 3.5×106
• 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 46 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑 400×0.826×230
• 2∅10⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Design of Hollow Blocks
Two Way
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 1.4 𝑂𝑂. 𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑂𝑂. 𝑤𝑤𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 1.6(𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿)

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢

= 1.4[ 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 + 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏ℎ × 2 + 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏ℎ × 0.8 × 2

+ 8𝑊𝑊𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝐹𝐹. 𝑐𝑐 ] + 1.6(𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿)

Design of Hollow Blocks
Example
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 400 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢

25 × 0.05 + 25 × 0.1 × 0.2 × 2 × 1.8

= 1.4 + 1.6 2.5
+8 × 0.15 + 1.5
= 12.05 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.5𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 = 0.5 × 12.05 = 6.025 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2

𝐿𝐿 8
𝑟𝑟 = = = 1.06
𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 7.5
Design of Hollow Blocks
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ≤ 5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝑟𝑟 = 1.1
𝛼𝛼 = 0.473
𝛽𝛽 = 0.333
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝛼𝛼 = 6.025 × 0.473
= 2.85 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 > 5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝛽𝛽 = 6.025 × 0.333

= 2.0 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
Design of Hollow Blocks
Example
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 400 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
For one way slab
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 5.675 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2

For Two way slab

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 6.025 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2

𝐿𝐿 5
𝑟𝑟 = = = 1.1
𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 4.5
𝛼𝛼 = 0.473
𝛽𝛽 = 0.333
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝛼𝛼 = 6.025 × 0.473 = 2.85 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝛽𝛽 = 6.025 × 0.333 = 2.0 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚2
Design of beam B1
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 = 1.5 𝑂𝑂. 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2

1.5 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑤𝑤 +

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 =
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛼𝛼 × 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛼𝛼 × 𝑋𝑋

𝐿𝐿 5
𝑟𝑟 = = = 1.1 , 𝛼𝛼 = 0.725 , 𝛽𝛽 = 0.554
𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 4.5
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1

1.5 25 × 0.25 × 0.5 + 16 × 0.25 × 2.5 +

=
11.35 × 1 × 2.5 + 12.05 × 0.725 × 2.25
= 67.72 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚
Design of beam B1

Sec 1 at mid-span (T-Sec)

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
• 𝑑𝑑 = 𝐶𝐶1 →𝐶𝐶1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐽𝐽
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵

211.625×106
• 500 − 50 = 𝐶𝐶1
25×600
• 𝐶𝐶1 = 3.78 𝐽𝐽 = 0.795
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 211.625×106
• 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 1478.86 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑 400×0.795×450
• 6∅18
Design of hidden beam for moment
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 = 1.5 𝑂𝑂. 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2

1.5 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑤𝑤 +

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 =
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛼𝛼 × 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛼𝛼 × 𝑋𝑋

𝐿𝐿 5
𝑟𝑟 = = = 1.1 , 𝛼𝛼 = 0.725 , 𝛽𝛽 = 0.554
𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 4.5
1.5 25 × 1.3 × 0.3 + 16 × 0.25 × 2.7 +
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 = = 78.86 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚
11.35 × 1 × 2.5 + 12.05 × 0.725 × 2.25
Sec 1 at mid-span (Rec -Sec)
246.4 × 106
300 − 20 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶1 = 3.2 𝐽𝐽 = 0.761
25 × 1300
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 246.4 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = = = 2890.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 12∅18
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑 400 × 0.761 × 280
Design of hidden beam for shear
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 = 1.5 𝑂𝑂. 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2

1.5 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑤𝑤 +

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 =
𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛽𝛽 × 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 × 𝛽𝛽 × 𝑋𝑋

1.5 25 × 1.3 × 0.3 + 16 × 0.25 × 2.7 +

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢1 =
11.35 × 1 × 2.5 + 12.05 × 0.554 × 2.25
= 74.22 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾⁄𝑚𝑚

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 0.5 0.28

𝑄𝑄𝑢𝑢 = − 𝑤𝑤 + = 185.55 − 74.22 + = 156.6 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
2 2 2 2 2

𝑄𝑄𝑢𝑢 156.6 × 103

𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 = = = 0.43 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 1300 × 280
 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 25
𝑞𝑞𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢 = 0.16 = 0.16 = 0.653 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 1.5

0.4 0.4 1000

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠 = × 1300 ×
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 240 6
= 361.11 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 361.11
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ = = = 45.13
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ 8
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 6∅8 \m