MONTESSORI DE SAN ILDEFONSO, INC.

Quijano St., San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

Contact No. 0931-044-2955 Email Add: mdsi.2002@gmail.com School ID No. 400920
Government Recognition Nos.: Preschool, E. 103, s.2002; Grade School, E. 091, s.2003; JHS, S.003, s.2004; SHSP, 810, s. 2016

LEARNING KIT

I. TITLE
 Subject: General Chemistry I
 Time Frame: 2 Days (Week 6/ Quarter 2)
 Topic: Gas Laws (Avogadro’s Law, Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law)
 Grade Level: 12 (STEM)

II. OVERVIEW

Climbing the different majestic volcanoes or mountains in our country, you will feel a gush of fresh air.
At the top of these volcanoes or mountains, you will experience breathtaking view and cold air. Air at this
altitude is composed of many gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. At this location the kinetic
molecular theory of gases tends to exhibit negligible forces of attraction, and these gases behave independently
from one another. Different gas laws such as Avogadro’s, combined, and ideal gas law explains the behavior of
gases.

III. OBJECTIVE:

 Learning Competency:
o Use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume, Temperature, or number of moles of a
gas. (STEM_GC11G-Ihi-46)
o Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of gases in a
mixture. (STEM_GC11DLIi-47)
o Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts (volume, number of moles, or
mass) of gaseous reactants and products. (STEM_GC11GSIi-j-48)

 At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

o Discuss the different types of gas law (Avogadro’s Law, Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas
Law).
o Determine the partial pressure of gases in mixture.
o Use the ideal gas equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles of a
gas.
o Relate the concept of gas law (Avogadro’s Law, Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law) in real
life scenario.

IV. CONTENT

A. Let’s Get Involved.

Directions: Do you agree to the statement below.

The balloons have all the same volume. This means they all contain the same number of molecules.
B. Let’s Explore.
Directions: Explain the behavior of gases in each container.

 How do the particles of the different gases in a mixture act upon the walls of the container?

C. Let’s Clarify Things.

Combined Gas Law

This is the combination of Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-Lussac’s Law. This law gives the relationships
among pressure, temperature, and volume of a fixed amount of gas. In this law, the three variables also have the
same relationship as those in the other gas laws. Volume is directly proportional to pressure but inversely
proportional to temperature. Pressure is inversely proportional to volume but directly proportional to
temperature.

The mathematical equation for the combined gas law is:

P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

Combined gas law provides way to remember the other three laws without memorizing each equation.

Examples:

a. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the temperature and pressure are 8.0°C and 6.4 atm, to
the water’s surface, where the temperature is 25°C and pressure is 1.0 atm. Calculate the final volume (in mL)
of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.

Solutions:

Expressed first the given temperature in Kelvin by adding 273.15.

Given: T1 = 8.0°C + 273.15 = 281.15 K P1 = 6.4 atm V1 = 2.1 mL

T2 = 25°C + 273.15 = 298. 15 K P2 = 7.0 atm V2 =?

Rearrange the combined gas law equation to get an expression to solve the final volume:

P1 V 1 T 2=P2 V 2 T 1

Final Equation:
P1 V 1 T 2
V 2=
P2 T 1

Substitute all the given values:

( 6.4 atm)(2.1 mL)(298.15 K )

V 2=
(7 atm)(281.15 K )
 ¿ 2.03 mL

b. A sample of gas of unknown pressure occupies 667 mL at a temperature of 298 K. The same sample of gas
was subjected to known conditions and it was found that it occupies a volume of 446 mL and a pressure of 32.6
kPa at a temperature of 303 K. What was the original pressure of the gas?

Solutions:

Given: T1 = 298 K V1 = 667 mL P1 =?

T2 = 303 K P2 = 32.6 kPa V2 = 446 mL

Rearrange the combined gas law equation to get an expression to solve the final volume:

P1 V 1 T 2=P2 V 2 T 1

Final Equation:
P2 V 2 T 1
P1=
V 1T 2

Substitute all the given values:

(32. 6 kPa)( 446 mL)(298 K)

P 1=
(667 mL)(303 K )

¿ 21. 4 kPa

Avogadro’s Law

Different gas molecules will have different sizes. According to the kinetic molecular theory, the size of
gas particles has negligible effect on the volume occupied by a fixed number of gas particles. The relationship
between the number of gas particles to its volume at a given condition of temperature and pressure was
proposed by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811. This law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the
number of particles (mole) at the same pressure and absolute temperature, regardless of the nature of the gas.
Examples, if 1.0 mole of helium occupies 25 liters, 2.0 moles of it will occupy 50 liters under the same
conditions of pressure and temperature. Furthermore, 1.0 mole of any gas (e.g., N2, CO2, etc.) will also occupy
the same 25-liter volume under the same condition.

As more gas particles are introduced in a container, the frequency of their collisions increases. The gas
forces the container to expand until the pressure inside the container becomes the same as that outside.
The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by a gas at 0.00°C and 1 atm. These conditions of
temperature and pressure are known as standard temperature and pressure (STP). For every 1 mole of any
gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

To predict the initial or final conditions based on the direct relationship between number of particles
(expressed in mole) and volume, we used the equation:

V1 V2
=
n1 n2
 n1 and V1 represent initial conditions of number of moles of a gas and volume, n2 and V2 are the new
(final) conditions of number of moles of a gas and volume.

Examples:

a. 1.0 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L gas at 0° C and 1 atm. What would be the volume of 7.5 mol of
the gas at the same temperature and pressure?

Solutions:

Given: n1 = 1.0 mole V1 = 22.4 L n2 = 7.5 mol V2 = ?

Derived the formula to get the final volume.

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

V 1 n2=V 2 n1

Final formula:
V 1 n2
V 2=
n1

Substitute all the given.

(22.4 L)(7.5 mol)
V 2=
1.0 mol

¿ 168 L

b. How many moles of nitrogen gas are contained in a 20.0 L container at STP?

Solutions:

Use the conversion factor for every 1 mole = 22.4 L.

1 mol N 2
mol N2 = 20.0 L x = 0.893 mol N2
22.4 L

Ideal Gas Law

This links all the three variables (volume, temperature, and pressure) to the amount of a gas expressed in
mole. It also satisfies the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory. The ideal gas law is mathematically
stated as:

PV =nRT
Where:
L . atm
R: is the ideal gas constant with a value of 0.0821
mol . K
P: is the pressure in atmosphere
V: is the volume in Liters
n: is the amount of gaseous substances in moles
T: is the temperature in Kelvin

Note: The value of R may vary depending on the units of volume, pressure, and temperature used.
Units of R Numerical Units of P Units of V Units of T Units of n
Value of R
L . atm 0.0821 atm L K mol
mol . K
L. kPa 8.314 kPa L K mol
mol . K
 L. mmHg 62.4 mmHg L K mol
mol . K

Using the ideal gas equation, the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at 0°C and 1 atm is calculated
as 22.4 L. These temperature and pressure values are referred to as the standard temperature and pressure or
STP.

V=
nRT
=
(
( 1 mol ) 0.0821
L. atm
mol . K )
(273.15)
=22.4 L
P 1 atm

Examples:

a. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, and very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm)
exerted by 1.28 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 4.50 L at 79.5°C.

Solutions:

First identify the given.

Given: V = 4.50 L n = 1.28 mol T = 79.5°C + 273. 15 = 352.65 K

L. atm
R = 0.0821 P =?
mol . K

Rearrange/derived the ideal gas equation to solve the P.

PV =nRT
Final Formula:
nRT
P=
V

Substitute the all given.

L . atm
(1.28 mol)(0.0821 )(352.65 K )
mol . K
¿
4.50 L

¿ 8. 24 atm
b. Calculate the volume (in Liters) occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric oxide (NO) at 6.54 atm and 76°C.

Solutions:

First identify the given.

Given: P = 6.54 atm n = 2.12 mol T = 76°C + 273. 15 = 349.15 K

L. atm
R = 0.0821 V =?
mol . K

Rearrange/derived the ideal gas equation to solve the V.

PV =nRT
Final Formula:
nRT
V=
P

Substitute the all given.

L .atm
(2.12 mol)(0.0821 )( 349.15 K )
mol . K
¿
6.54 atm

¿ 9.29 L
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
 John Dalton established the law on partial pressures, which states that the total pressure of a
mixture of gases in a container is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases. This law is
expressed in an equation as

PT =P1+ P 2+ P3 + …+ Pn

Where PT is the total pressure of the mixture and P1 , P2 , P 3 …+ P n are the partial pressure of all the n
components in the gaseous mixture. Partial pressure refers to the pressure that would be exerted by a gas in the
mixture if it is was the only gas present in the container.

Sample of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Applications of Gas Law (Avogadro’s Law, Combined Gas Law, Ideal Gas Law, and Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressure)

Avogadro’s Law – Breathing, inflating balloon, tires, and ball.

Combined Gas Law – Scuba Diving, refrigeration, tire pressure.
Ideal Gas Law – Working of airbags, buildings and planes

D. Reinforce Learning.
Directions: Answer the following questions.

 What makes gas laws are important to us?

 Popcorn is one of the world’s favorite snacks. It pops when exposed to a higher temperature. What is the
concept of gas law behind popcorn making?
 A 5.0 L balloon has a pressure of 1.0 atm at sea level, where the temperature is 28°C. The balloon was
let loose and ascended to a height in the atmosphere where the temperature is 11°C. What will be the
volume of the balloon if the atmospheric pressure at the new altitude is 0.65 atm?

E. Let’s Evaluate.
Directions: Make a short poem about the importance of gas law such as (Avogadro’s Law, Combined Gas Law
and Ideal Gas Law) in our everyday life.

V. REFERENCES:
Bayquen, A. V., & Peña, G. T. (2016). General Chemistry 1: Exploring Life Through Science Series, Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Quiming, N., Sacramento, J. (2016). General Chemistry 1, Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

Patalinghug, W. C., Camacho, V.M. I., Sevilla III, F. B., et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School:
General Chemistry I, Quezon City.

Other Resources:
https://prasome.wordpress.com/about/
https://www.tlv.com/global/UK/steam-theory/temperature-problems-caused-by-air.html
https://scienceterms.net/chemistry/avogadros-a/
https://byjus.com/chemistry/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure/