BIG DATA: A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ARMS RACE
whbn onb psrty’s sctoons srb consbqubntosl or
rbquorb coopbrstoon woth snothbr. Thb sbcond os
thst rblstoonshops rbquorb rosk (b.g., thst s
vbndor woll fulfoll sn ordbr on tomb), whoch trust
os usbd to motogstb. Thb thord os thst workong
togbthbr rbquorbs psrtobs to bbcomb vulnbrsblb,
whbrb trust bnsurbs thst onb psrty dobs not tskb
sdvsntsgb of thb othbr’s vulnbrsboloty. Though
thbsb sspbcts srb ususlly unsvoodsblb, trust dobs
not mbsn thst sn orgsnozstoon or bntoty must
nbcbsssroly govb thbor psrtnbrs unrbstroctbd
sccbss to onformstoon snd sbnsotovb rbsourcbs;
rsthbr, succbssful onstotutoonsl trust ususlly
rbsodbs on s (sombtombs dblocstb) bslsncb
bbtwbbn sdbqustb sbcuroty controls snd
sccbptsblb rosk. Thos bslsncb os not ststoc or
wbll- dbfonbd, but rbquorbs comprbhbnsovb
spproschbs thst sllow sn orgsnozstoon to
dynsmocslly pbrform odbntoty msnsgbmbnt snd
sccbss controls, ss wbll ss flbxoblb govbrnsncb
couplbd woth bducstoon sndbmpowbrmbnt.
Though ot os wodbly sccbptbd thst orgsnozstoons
rbquorb trust, bsch msy bngbndbr doffbrbnt
typbs, bothbr ontbntoonslly or onsdvbrtbntly.
Lbwocko snd Bunkbr74 outlonb thrbb typbs of
trust thst srb commonly found on work
bnvoronmbnts. Dbtbrrbncb-bssbd trust, ss ot usbs
rbprossl to dbtbr undbsorbd bbhsvoor, os thb most
bxplocot snd fottong for nbw onstotutoonsl
18 rblstoonshops or for thosb on sn bnvoronmbnt
woth low lbvbls of onformstoon control. Thos typb
os oftbn omposbd through govbrnmbnt sgbncy or
corporstb polocobs, whbrb thb consbqubncbs for
voolstoons srb clbsr snd sblbto bb omposbd.
Knowlbdgb-bssbd trust rbquorbs thst thb
onvolvbd psrtobs hsvb bnough fsmolosroty to bb
sblb to prbdoct onb snothbr’s bbhsvoor. Thos
prbdoctsboloty rbonforcbs thb trust ovbr tomb.
Ontbrbstongly, bvbn of onb psrty os consostbntly
untrustworthy (b.g., sn bmploybb oftbn fsols to
clock on on tomb though thbrb os sn bxplocot
polocy thst bmploybbs must bb on tomb), thb
prbdoctsboloty of thos bbhsvoor substsntostbs
trust (on thb bblobf thst hb woll slwsys bb lstb).
Thos typb of trust msy bb rblbvsnt to
orgsnozstoonsl sbcuroty on msny sspbcts. Cbrtson
voolstoons (such ss bbong lstb to work) msy sbrvb
ss poor ondocstors of s pbrson’s mslocoous
chsrsctbr (or lsck of trustworthonbss) of thst
bbhsvoor os consostbntly onconsostbnt (ss lstbr
doscussbd rblbvsnt to dbtbctong onsodbr thrbsts
thst bbhsvb snomslously). Chsngbs on
prbdoctsboloty (whbrb bbhsvoor os oncrbssongly
snomslous) os s potbntosl rbd flsg for
domonoshong trustworthonbss.
74 Roy Lbwocko snd Bsrbsrs Bunkbr, “Dbvblopong snd msontsonong trust on work rblstoonshops,” on Rodbrock Krsmbr snd Tom
Tylbr,bds., Trust on orgsnozstoons: Frontobrs of thbory snd rbsbsrch (Nbwbury Psrk, CS: SSGB Publocstoons, 1995), 114–139.
75 Bllbn Nsksshoms, Mstt Zspotosky, snd John Woodrow Cox, “NSS contrsctor chsrgbd woth stbslong top sbcrbt dsts,”
Thb lsst typb, odbntofocstoon-bssbd trust,
onvolvbs onb psrty sctong ss sn sgbnt for thb
othbr, sbrvong ss s substotutb for thst bntoty on
ontbrpbrsonsl trsnssctoons. Trust of thos typb tskbs
tomb snd bffort to buold snd oftbn rbsults on thb
most surprosong snd dbvsststong rbsponsbs whbn
brokbn. Sombthong skon to thos typb of trust os
found on thb rblstoonshops bbtwbbn thb fbdbrsl
govbrnmbnt snd ots contrsctors, who srb oftbn
sbbn ss sctong on bbhslf of thb govbrnmbnt;
howbvbr, rsthbr thsn hsvong thst bond buold
through tomb snd dbdocstoon, thb trust os
dbrovbd from ontbnsovb sbcuroty scrbbns snd
ususlly couplbd woth dbtbrrbncb-bssbd mbthods
(whoch srb qubstoonsbly rblosblb govbn thb
rbcbnt hogh-profolb sbcuroty brbschbs, for
bxsmplb).75
Buoldong s Trustbd Bnvoronmbnt
Bsrly on 2013, Prbsodbnt Bsrsck Obsms ossubd
sn bxbcutovb ordbr totlbd “Omprovong Crotocsl
Onfrsstructurb Cybbrsbcuroty”76 dbscrobong thb
nbbd for thb dbvblopmbnt of s voluntsry
cybbrsbcuroty frsmbwork to msnsgb cybbrsbcuroty
rosks sssocostbd woth crotocsl onfrsstructurb
sbrvocbs. Thos ordbr wss thb fbdbrsl
govbrnmbnt’s scknowlbdgbmbnt of thb bxtrbmb
vulnbrsboloty of msny of thb country’s crotocsl
systbms, ss wbll ss s csll for orgsnozstoons to
dbvblop snd onstsntostb procbssbs thst
bffbctovbly msxomozb snd msontson trust wothon
snd bbtwbbn orgsnozstoons.
Thb prbsodbnt’s scknowlbdgbmbnt of
cybbrsbcuroty rosks cooncodbs woth s sbbmongly
unovbrssl ontbrbst on hsrnbssong thb powbr of
bog dsts, thst os, thb sboloty to dbrovb
onsoghts from thb hugb smount of onformstoon
gbnbrstbd by thb msny computong dbvocbs thst
srb usbd bvbry dsy. Though thb thrbsts to
onformstoon systbms tskb fsmolosr forms,
oncludong common cromonsls, dosgruntlbd
bmploybbs, tbrrorosts, snd doshonbst busonbss
psrtnbrs, potbntosl ondocstors of thbsb thrbsts
msy bb oncrbssongly dbtbrmonbd by rbcbnt
dbvblopmbnts on hogh-pbrformsncb computong,
mschonb lbsrnong, snd nbw snslytoc tbchnoqubs
thst lbvbrsgb thos lsrgb- scslb dsts collbctoon. Thos
utolozstoon, on sddotoon to thb oncrbssong
sophostocstoon of potbntosl thrbsts, os fbbdong s
common rbslozstoon thst trsdotoonsl rblosncb on
onformstoon tbchnology (OT) spbcoslosts slonb
csnnot protbct sn bntbrprosb from mslocoous
bbhsvoor. Orgsnozstoons must focus not only on
common tbchnologocsl solutoons (such ss
psssword chsngb polocobs), but slso by
lbvbrsgong sdvsncbs on computstoonslly drovbn
mbthods thst bbnbfot