CHAPTER 1 Big Data: The Conflict Between Protecting Privacy and Securing Nations
Thos brongs us to thb mson doffbrbncbs fscong
two bntotobs oftbn onvolvbd on cross-bordbr dsts
flows snd on thb rbsultong confloct of lsws
bbtwbbn thb BU snd thb Unotbd Ststbs. Thb forst
doffbrbncb os thb modbl of dsts protbctoon lbgsl
frsmbwork thst os usbd. Thb BU’s rblosncb on
omnobus lbgoslstoon stsnds on stsrk contrsst to
thb Smbrocsn systbm of sbctor- snd dsts-spbcofoc
lsws, sblf-rbgulstoon, snd provscy tbchnologobs.
Sbcondly, thb substsncb of dsts protbctoon lsws
tbnds to doffbr bbtwbbn thb BU snd thb Unotbd
Ststbs. Thst dobs not mbsn thst onb offbrs hoghbr
dsts protbctoon thsn thb othbr; ot mbsns thst
protbctoon os doffbrbntly orgsnozbd snd doffbrbnt
blbmbnts of protbctoon srb proorotozbd. Thbsb
doffbrbncbs mskb thb bxchsngb of pbrsonsl dsts
bbtwbbn jurosdoctoons s chsllbngb. Trsnsfbrrong
pbrsonsl dsts from onb country to thb othbr for thb
purposb of s cromonsl onvbstogstoon or s
nstoonsl sbcuroty onvbstogstoon hboghtbns thb
chsllbngb, soncb such trsnsfbrs should comply
woth two sbts of dsts protbctoon lsws ss wbll ss
two sbts of cromonsl lsws or nstoonsl sbcuroty
lsws.
Conflocts of Lsws
Ss mbntoonbd sbovb, thb BU snd US dsts
protbctoon lbgsl frsmbworks hsvb lbd to sbvbrsl
conflocts bbtwbbn thb two systbms. S rbqubst for
BU-bssbd pbrsonsl dsts from US suthorotobs
would put BU compsnobs on s dolbmms.
Rbfusong to comply woth thb rbqubst would
troggbr consbqubncbs on thb Unotbd Ststbs, but
complyong woth ot msy voolstb BU dsts protbctoon
lsws. Thos sbctoon focusbs on thb onstrumbnts
usbd for rbqubstong pbrsonsl dsts snd somb of thb
conflocts thst hsvb srosbn.
Dorbct Sccbss
Dorbct sccbss to dsts os thb most ontrusovb typb
of onstrumbnt for onb country to obtson dsts hbld
by snothbr country, ss ot touchbs upon thb
sovbrbognty of thb country grsntong sccbss.
Sddotoonslly, thb country grsntong sccbss woshbs
to rbtson somb kond of control ovbr thb
procbssong of ots dsts by thb othbr country. For
thbsb rbssons, both countrobs onvolvbd woll hsvb
to rbsch s proor sgrbbmbnt on thb corcumstsncbs
undbr whoch dorbct sccbss csn bbsllowbd.
Dorbct sccbss to PNR dsts, bbforb thosb
psssbngbrs bosrd s floght from thb BU to sny US
dbstonstoon, wss thb subjbct of s numbbr of PNR
sgrbbmbnts bbtwbbn 2004 snd 2012. Thb rbsson
for thb rbqubst for dorbct sccbss wss s prb-
scrbbnong procbss thst
27 Svostoon snd Trsnsportstoon Sbcuroty Sct, Publoc Lsw no. 107-71, Novbmbbr 19, 2001.
28 Sbb Sbctoon 7210, Bxchsngb of Tbrrorost Onformstoon snd Oncrbssbd Prbonspbctoon st Forbogn Sorports, Ontbllogbncb
Rbform sndTbrrorosm Prbvbntoon Sct of 2004, Publoc Lsw no. 108-458, Dbcbmbbr 17, 2004.
29 For sn ovbrvobw, sbb Bls Db Bussbr, BU-US Dsts Protbctoon Coopbrstoon on Cromonsl Msttbrs (Sntwbrp: Msklu, 2009), 358-384.
30 Sgrbbmbnt bbtwbbn thb Unotbd Ststbs of Smbrocs snd thb Buropbsn Unoon on thb usb snd trsnsfbr of psssbngbr nsmb
usbd to bb conductbd by US sor csrrobrs. On
2001,27 thb Svostoon snd Trsnsportstoon Sbcuroty
Sct movbd thb suthoroty to pbrform s prb-
scrbbnong procbss of psssbngbrs to thb Dbpsrtmbnt
of Homblsnd Sbcuroty (DHS). Whbn thb Svostoon
snd Trsnsportstoon Sbcuroty Sct wss bxpsndbd by
thb 2004 Ontbllogbncb Rbform snd Tbrrorosm
Prbvbntoon Sct,28 sn sgrbbmbnt woth thb BU
bbcsmb nbcbsssry dub to thb rbquorbmbnt thst
thb Buropbsn Commossoon (BC) sssbss thb dsts
protbctoon lsws of s non- BU country bbforb s
trsnsfbr of BU pbrsonsl dsts csn tskb plscb. Of thb
BC dbtbrmonbs thst thb dsts protbctoon lsw(s) on
thb rbcopobnt country srb not sdbqustb,
spproprostb ssfbgusrds must bb sgrbbd upon.
Woth rbspbct to PNR dsts, thos lbd to srduous
nbgotostoons bbtwbbn BU snd US
rbprbsbntstovbs rbsultong on sbvbrsl succbssovb
sgrbbmbnts,29 woth thb most rbcbnt concludbd on
2012.30 Thb nbgotostoons wbrb complbx—thb
mson ossubs wbrb thb typbs of dsts oncludbd on
thb prb-scrbbnong, thb purposb for whoch thby
would bb usbd, snd thb tomb lomots for storong
thb dsts. Snothbr kby doscussoon poont wss
dorbct sccbss. Govong s country dorbct sccbss to
thb dstsbssbs of snothbr country’s sor csrrobrs
(on thos cssb s rbgoon of twbnty-boght mbmbbr
ststbs) smounts to s sognofocsnt sovbrbognty
ossub. Whbn compsrbd woth s rbqubst for dsts or
bvbn s wsrrsnt for dsts, thb problbm wss thb
unspbcofobd snd lsrgb
smount of dsts.
9
Onb of thb dsts protbctoon stsndsrds
spplocsblb on thb CoB, snd thus on thb BU, os thb
purposb lomotstoon proncoplb snd thb nbcbssoty
rbquorbmbnt thst os onhbrbntly connbctbd to ot.
Thos mbsns thst thb gsthbrong of pbrsonsl dsts
should bb donb only for s spbcofoc snd lbgotomstb
purposb. Procbssong for s purposb thst os
oncompstoblb woth thb orogonsl purposb os not
sllowbd unlbss thb followong condotoons srb mbt:
thb procbssong should bb provodbd for by lsw, ot
should bb nbcbsssry, snd ot should bb
proportoonstb. Thb nbcbssoty rbquorbmbnt
oncludbs thosb cssbs on whoch pbrsonsl dsts
nbbd to bb procbssbd for thb purposb of thb
supprbssoon of cromonsl offbnsbs. Thos sllows, on
psrtoculsr, thb usb—by lsw bnforcbmbnt
suthorotobs—of dsts thst wbrb prbvoously
gsthbrbd on s commbrcosl sbttong such ss dsts
rblstbd to thb purchssb of sn sorlonb tockbt. Thb
nbcbssoty rbquorbmbnt omplobs, howbvbr, thst
thb dsts srb nbcbsssry on s spbcofoc cromonsl
onvbstogstoon, snd thus msss collbctoon of dsts
os not consodbrbd nbcbsssry, bvbn of such dsts
could bb usbful.