A Project Report On

The Neutralizing Ability of an Antacid Tablet with

Different Molar Concentrations of Bases

Submitted By:
Abinaya C
Jaishree K
Nivetitha A
Shreya Shivani S
Class: XII-A

Under the Guidance of

Ms. Pavithra.S
PGT(Chemistry)
Department of Science
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 CONTENTS

1.Introduction ------------------------------------- 1
    2.Aim ------------------------------------------------ 5
   3.Theory -------------------------------------------- 6
    4.Materials Required ---------------------------- 7
  5.Procedure ---------------------------------------- 8
  6.Observations ----------------------------------- 12
    7.Conclusion -------------------------------------- 15
  8.Bibliography ------------------------------------ 16
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT   IS  AN  ANTACID ?
Antacids are medicines that counteract (neutralise) the acid in your
stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn.
They come as a liquid or chewable tablets and can be bought from
pharmacies and shops without a prescription
USES OF ANTACIDS:
Antacids may help if you have:
 Indigestion
 Heartburn or acid reflux – also known as gastro-oesophageal
reflux disease (GORD)
 A stomach ulcer
 Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining)

COMMON TYPES OF ANTACID 

Many different types of antacid are available. Some are sold under a
brand name and others are named after their main ingredient. Brands
include Gaviscon (alginic acid) and Pepto-Bismol (bismuth
subsalicylate).
Ingredients to look for include:
 Aluminium hydroxide
 Magnesium carbonate
 Magnesium trisilicate
 Magnesium hydroxide
 Calcium carbonate
 Sodium bicarbonate
Some antacids also contain other medicines, such as an alginate
(which coats your gullet with a protective layer) and simeticone
(which reduces flatulence).

SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTACIDS

Antacids do not usually have many side effects if they're only taken
occasionally and at the recommended dose. But sometimes they can
cause:
 Diarrhoea or constipation
 Flatulence (wind)
 Stomach cramps
 Feeling sick or vomiting
MOLECULAR FORMULA
Common Antacid Ingredients :

PREPARATION OF ANTACIDS:

The preparation and properties of two new, highly reactive aluminium

hydroxide-magnesium carbonate dried gels (AHMC) are described.
The rate of reaction with gastric acid is shown to be rapid as well as
prolonged in the optimum pH range of 3 to 5. Three methods were
used to determine reaction rate including the Reheis and Mutch
reaction velocity tests as well as a modified procedure of Holbert,
Noble, and Grote. An automated apparatus for antacid evaluation is
described. Data on thirteen antacid chemicals as well as thirty of the
most widely used antacids in liquid and tablet form are presented. The
in vitro antacid properties of AHMC dried gels compares favourably
with reactive liquid aluminium hydroxide gel. The aging
characteristics are shown to be excellent.
PROPERTIES OF ANTACIDS:
When an excess amount of acid is produced in the stomach, the
natural mucous barrier that protects the lining of the stomach can
degrade, leading to pain and irritation. There is also potential for the
development of acid reflux, which can cause pain and damage to the
oesophagus. Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize
stomach gastric acid, reducing damage to the stomach lining and
oesophagus, and relieving pain. Some antacids also inhibit pepsin, an
enzyme that can damage the oesophagus in acid reflux.
Antacids do not directly inhibit acid secretion, and thus are distinct
from acid-reducing drugs like H2-receptor antagonists or proton
pump inhibitors. Antacids do not kill the bacteria Helicobacter pylori,
which causes most ulcers.

MEDICAL USES:
Antacids are available over the counter and are taken by mouth to
quickly relieve occasional heartburn, the major symptom of
gastroesophageal reflux disease and indigestion. Treatment with
antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor symptoms.
Alternative uses for antacids include constipation, diarrhea,
hyperphosphatemia, and urinary alkalization. Some antacids are also
used as an adjunct to pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in the
treatment of pancreatic insufficiency.
Non-particulate antacids (sodium citrate, magnesium trisilicate)
increase gastric pH with little or no effect on gastric volume, and
therefore may see some limited use in pre-operative procedures.
Sodium citrate should be given within 1 hour of surgery to be the
most effective.
AIM:
To measure the amount of stomach acid consumed (or
neutralised) by an antacid tablet with different molar
concentrations of different bases (NaOH, Mg(OH)2,
Ca(OH)2 and NH4OH)
THEORY:
Antacids are a group of drugs that have been on the market for many
years. They were initially first-line defence against peptic ulcer
disease; however, the discovery of proton pump inhibitors
revolutionized the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Currently, antacid
use is restricted to relieving mild intermittent gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD) associated with heartburn. Antacids are medications
that do not require a prescription in other words, they are self-
prescribed. Antacids are a combination of various compounds with
various salts of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium as active
ingredients. The antacids act by neutralizing the acid in the stomach
and by inhibiting pepsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme. The dose for
antacids depends upon the patient's age, the purpose of administration
(neutralization of acid or off-label use), and the presence of other
comorbidities like renal or hepatic impairment. As all the forms of
these medications are available in over-the-counter formulations, the
dosing recommendation varies by product or manufacturer. Adverse
effects are prominent in the infant and the elderly populations. The
chronic use of antacids in this population is not a recommendation
due to safety concerns.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED:
i. Antacid tablets
ii. 0.15M, 0.20M, 0.25M and 0.30M of NaOH
iii. 0.15M, 0.20M, 0.25M and 0.30M of Mg(OH)2
iv. 0.15M, 0.20M, 0.25M and 0.30M of Ca(OH)2
v. 0.15M, 0.20M, 0.25M and 0.30M of NH4OH
vi. 0.15M of HCl
vii. Bromothymol blue indicator
viii. Funnel
ix. Pipette
x. Burette
xi. Conical flask
xii. Bunsen burner, etc
 PROCEDURE:
i. Weigh accurately 0.15 to 0.20g of antacid and
transfer it to a glass.
ii. Add 50ml of 0.15M of hydrochloric acid to the
flask.
iii. Warm the flask on a Bunsen burner and boil the
sample for 1-2 minutes. Allow the flask to cool
after boiling.
iv. Using a funnel, fill burette with one of the base
solutions. Record the initial reading.
v. Add 2-3 drops of bromothymol indicator to the
cooled solution of antacid tablet containing
unreacted acid.
vi. Titrate the yellow acid solution with 0.15M of the
base solution until it turns blue.
vii. Record the final reading.
viii. Repeat the process for 0.20M, 0.25M and 0.30M of
the base solutions.
ix. Do the necessary calculations to find the
neutralising capacity and plot a graph.
 NaOH vs HCL

OBSERVATIONS:

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NaOH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.15M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NaOH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NaOH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.20M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NaOH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NaOH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.25M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NaOH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NaOH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.30M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NaOH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50
CALCULATIONS:
Moles of acid added = MHCl × VHCl
Moles of base added = MNaOH × VNaOH
MNaOH VNaOH MNaOH × VNaOH
40
40
40
40

Moles of base present in antacid tablet =

(MHCl × VHCl) – (MNaOH × VNaOH)
Acid neutralising capacity = Moles of base present in antacid tablet
Weight of tablet (in g)
 Mg(OH)2 vs HCL

OBSERVATIONS:

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Mg(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.15M OF
INITIAL FINAL Mg(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Mg(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.20M OF
INITIAL FINAL Mg(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Mg(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.25M OF
INITIAL FINAL Mg(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Mg(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.30M OF
INITIAL FINAL Mg(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50
CALCULATIONS:
Moles of acid added = MHCl × VHCl
Moles of base added = MMg(OH) × VMg(OH)
2 2

MMg(OH) 2 VMg(OH) 2 MMg(OH) × VMg(OH)

2 2

58
58
58
58

Moles of base present in antacid tablet =

(MHCl × VHCl) – (MNaOH × VNaOH)
Acid neutralising capacity = Moles of base present in antacid tablet
Weight of tablet (in g)
 Ca(OH)2 vs HCL

OBSERVATIONS:

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Ca(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.15M OF
INITIAL FINAL Ca(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Ca(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.20M OF
INITIAL FINAL Ca(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Ca(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.25M OF
INITIAL FINAL Ca(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF Ca(OH)2 VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) (mL) 0.30M OF
INITIAL FINAL Ca(OH)2 (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50
CALCULATIONS:
Moles of acid added = MHCl × VHCl
Moles of base added = MCa(OH)2 × VCa(OH) 2

MCa(OH)2 VCa(OH) 2 MCa(OH)2 × VCa(OH) 2

74
74
74
74

Moles of base present in antacid tablet =

(MHCl × VHCl) – (MCa(OH) × VCa(OH) )
2 2

Acid neutralising capacity = Moles of base present in antacid tablet

Weight of tablet (in g)
 NH4OH vs HCL

OBSERVATIONS:

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NH4OH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.15M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NH4OH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NH4OH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) INITIAL FINAL 0.20M OF
READING READING NH4OH (mL)
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NH4OH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.25M OF
INITIAL FINAL
NH4OH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50

S NO. VOLUME OF HCl VOLUME OF NH4OH (mL) VOLUME OF

TAKEN (mL) 0.30M OF
INITIAL FINAL NH4OH (mL)
READING READING
1. 50
2. 50
CALCULATIONS:
Moles of acid added = MHCl × VHCl
Moles of base added = MNH OH × VNH OH
4 4

MNH OH
4 VNH OH
4 MNH OH × VNH OH
4 4

35
35
35
35

Moles of base present in antacid tablet =

(MHCl × VHCl) – (MNH OH × VNH OH)
4 4

Acid neutralising capacity = Moles of base present in antacid tablet

Weight of tablet (in g)
CONCLUSION:
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid
2. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antacids/
3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/
jps.3030490404
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
5. https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/
Chemistry/antacid-tablets.php
6. http://www.teachersfirst.com/lessons/forensics/ink-
lab.html
7. www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/
csustan/mrsketch.htm