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EFTEF UNIT5 Textbook 18 V2
EFTEF UNIT5 Textbook 18 V2
Task 5.1. Study the following active vocabulary items before reading the text.
pipeline трубопровід
potential and existing clients потенційні та існуючі клієнти
referred to as називається
storage facilities складські потужності
***
to acquire resources придбати матеріальні запаси
to arrange for appropriate transportation організувати
бути належне
важливим перевезення
для фінансового успіху
to be critical to financial success and та довговічності компанії
to
corporate
be morelongevity
cost-effective бути більш рентабельним
to collect payments стягувати платежі
to design facilities створювати потужності
to design supply chains створювати ланцюги постачання
to determine accessibility визначати доступність
to determine effectiveness визначати ефективність
to distribute goods реалізовувати товари
to establish adequate storage for the створити належні умови зберігання
inventory товарно-матеріальних запасів
to expedite the movement of resources пришвидшувати рух матеріальних
along the supply chain запасів вздовж ланцюга постачання
to handle activities керувати діяльністю
to handle one’s own logistics керувати матеріально-технічним
забезпеченням своєї компанії
to identify prospective distributors and визначати потенційних агентів з
suppliers продажу (дистриб’юторів) і
постачальників
to maintain and increase efficiency не тільки підтримувати ефективність
на належному рівні, а й підвищувати її
to manage inventory керувати товарно-матеріальними
запасами
to manage logistics керувати матеріально-технічним
забезпеченням
to move along the supply chain (about просуватися вздовж ланцюга
inventory) постачання (про товарно-матеріальні
запаси)
to oversee inventory здійснювати нагляд за товарно-
матеріальними запасами
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Task 5.2. Read the following text. Translate the emphasized words and phrases
into English using the active vocabulary items. Be prepared to translate
the text into Ukrainian.
In the natural gas industry, logistics involves all of the systems used to gather and
transport oil. This includes трубопроводи, наземний транспорт, складські
потужності and центри реалізації продукції. An
ефективний ланцюг постачання and
ефективний процес постачання товарів are essential зменшувати витрати and не
тільки підтримувати ефективність на належному рівні, а й підвищувати її. Poor
logistics leads to неспроможність задовольнити потреби клієнтури and ultimately
causes the business to suffer.
The concept of business logistics has been transformed since the 1960s. The increasing
intricacy of supplying companies with the materials and resources they need and the
global expansion of supply chains has призвели до a need for specialists що
називаються supply chain фахівцями з матеріально-технічного забезпечення or
logistics managers. The technology boom and the complexity of logistics processes have
generated logistics management software that прискорює рух матеріальних запасів
вздовж ланцюга постачання. This software helps logisticians navigate the
transformation logistics has undergone.
The tasks for which a logistician is responsible vary depending on the business. Primary
responsibilities include здійснення нагляду за товарно-матеріальними запасами
та керування ними, організацію належного перевезення, and створення
належних умов зберігання товарно-матеріальних запасів. A qualified logistician
ретельно розробляє план all of these and other aspects, coordinating the steps as
товарно-матеріальні запаси просуваються вздовж ланцюга постачання. The
logistician is also responsible for consultations with потенційними та існуючими
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Task 5.3. Study the following active vocabulary items before reading the text.
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Task 5.4. Read the following text. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
An order forms the basis for the information flow in a logistics system. It has three
principal functions:
➢ it creates a flow of information that precedes the goods;
➢ it accompanies the goods;
➢ it follows the goods.
The tasks of order processing are divided into six phases:
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➢ order transmission;
➢ preparation;
➢ routing;
➢ picking;
➢ shipment;
➢ invoicing.
The transmission of the customer’s order triggers the logistics processes within the
company. On the information-flow level, order processing addresses the handling and
monitoring of an order – from the time it is placed by the customer to the delivery of the
shipment documents and invoice to the customer. The time required for order processing
makes up a substantial amount of the total delivery time.
ORDER TRANSMISSION can be done by mail, fax, telephone, e-mail or electronic
data exchange (web-)EDI. To avoid uneven capacity use of a logistics system, the
appropriate means of transmission should be selected in each case.
PREPARATION adjusts the order to meet internal company requirements and
integrates the order into the logistics system’s planning. This includes obtaining
missing information, and checking pricing conditions, delivery conditions and
customer creditworthiness as well as the availability of the material in the
warehouse.
ROUTING. Order preparation is usually followed by order routing, a process that
includes order confirmation and the generation of internal job orders – manually,
mechanically or electronically. For example, a delivery notification containing all
related shipping documents is prepared and tells the storage point to process the
shipment. As the integration of electronic data processing expands, the routing
process is becoming increasingly automated, reducing paperwork associated with the
information flow.
PICKING. Based on prepared and processed orders, goods are picked in the warehouse.
Picking is organized according to factors such as order size, urgency and orders that
have to be delivered simultaneously. In this phase, order processing provides
information to the warehouse and inventories that can be used for tasks such as
management of storage and retrieval equipment or for inventory book keeping.
SHIPMENT. Picking is followed by preparation of shipping documents. When options
are available, this phase includes selecting the optimal means of transport and route
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reported to the dispatching point on matters such as the time when the flow of goods
passed critical stations in the transport chain. These stations can include borders in
international shipments. This information is also part of the follow-up information flow.
Task 5.5. Study the following synonyms. Be prepared to translate them into
Ukrainian.
Task 5.6. Use the correct forms of the abovementioned synonyms to fill in the gaps
in the sentences below. You may use some of the words more than once.
In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
Task 5.7. Study the following active vocabulary items before reading the text.
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***
to carry bulk cargo перевозити масовий наливний/
насипний вантаж
to carry in bulk перевозити наливом/ насипом
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Task 5.8. Read the following text. Be prepared to speak on the topic. Translate the
text into Ukrainian.
Shipping is the process of transporting commodities and merchandise, goods and cargo.
The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but is extended in American
English to refer to transport by land or air (International English: “carriage”) as well.
“Logistics”, a term borrowed from the military environment, is also fashionably used in
the same sense.
Order
Processing an export order starts with the receipt of an export order. An export order,
simply stated, means that there should be an agreement in the form of a document,
between the exporter and importer before the exporter actually starts producing or
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procuring goods for shipment. Generally, an export order may take the form of pro-forma
invoice or purchase order or letter of credit.
Dispatch
Dispatch means the sending out of finished goods for distribution and sale. Such finished
goods can be dispatched from stock or as particular customers’ orders are manufactured.
Warehouse
A warehouse is a building in which goods are stored, especially in large quantities and for
commercial purposes. Warehouses may be used to store imports before they are
distributed, commodities whose contracts are being traded, goods intended for retail sale,
and many other purposes. Goods stored in warehouses may be owned by a company and
sold to another for resale. Warehousing is an important part of many supply chains.
Shipment by sea
Much shipping is done by actual ships. An individual nation’s fleet and the people that
crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. Merchant shipping is the
lifeblood of the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 102,194
commercial ships worldwide. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk
cargo.
Intermodal shipment
Intermodal freight transport refers to shipments that involve more than one mode. More
specifically it usually refers to the use of intermodal shipping containers that are easily
transferred between ship, rail and truck.
Shipment by air
Cargo is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments
of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long distance freight
transport, but also the most expensive.
Land shipment
Land or “ground” shipping can be done by train or by truck (International English:
“lorry”). In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its
place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always
possible to establish a production facility near ports due to limited coastlines of countries.
Shipment of cargo by trucks, directly from the shipper’s place to the destination, is known
as a door-to-door shipment and more formally as multimodal transport. Trucks and trains
make deliveries to sea and air ports where cargo is moved in bulk.
Delivery
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Delivery finalises the shipping process by handing over the goods or cargoes to the
consumer.
Task 5.9. Read the following information. Be prepared to explain the difference
between the notions. Translate the texts into Ukrainian.
Warehouse (Retail: Merchandising) A warehouse is a large building where goods are stored
before they are sold. Related words: Note that in a warehouse, a bin is a
numbered or coded area which enables stock to be checked and found easily and
storage
A units that
document are shelving for the
describes keeping goods. of a storage facility toward its
obligations
Warehouser’s customers. Warehouse owners and operators can be held liable if the goods being
stored in their warehouse are destroyed, damaged or stolen. Thus, warehouser’s
Liability
Form liability insurance exists to protect owners and operators against the costs of
defense, damage awards and other expenses related to a damage claim. The
industry does not have one standard form for warehouser’s liability; each
insurance company has its own form. Also, certain types of property are
commonly not covered by a standard form, including money, precious metals
stones. Once the owner removes his or her goods from the warehouse and signs a
warehouse storage receipt and release of liability, the warehouse owner or
is no longer responsible for the goods.
Warehouse A type of financial protection that assures an individual or business keeping
Bond in a storage facility that any losses will be covered if the facility fails to meet the
terms of its contract. If the warehouse owner or operator fails to meet
obligations, a third-party company called a surety will act as an intermediary and
compensate the client for his or her loss. State governments often require
warehousers to be bonded. They also establish financial requirements for
For example, the state of Massachusetts requires all public warehousemen to be
licensed and bonded, and the bond requirement is $10,000 per warehouse. Bond
requirements can vary depending on the type of warehouse (e.g., grain
eviction warehouse, public warehouse).
Shed a large retail outlet in the style of a warehouse
Border the border between two countries or regions is the dividing line between them.
Sometimes the border also refers to the land close to this line
Boundary the boundary of an area of land is an imaginary line that separates it from other
areas
Frontier the region of a country bordering on another or a line, barrier, etc, marking such
boundary
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CONSIDER
Shipment ➢ an amount of goods sent from one place to another, especially
ship
➢ the act of sending goods or industrial products from one place to
another, especially by ship
Shipping ➢ the process of business of sending or transporting goods
➢ ships in general
Shipper a company that is responsible for transporting goods from one
to another, by air, sea, road, etc.
Carrier
(Bulk~; Common~;
Contract~; Free~; ➢ a company that transport goods or people from one place to
Limited~; Private~; another
Public~)
➢ a company that operates aircraft
➢ a company
a person or organization
or company whose job that
is toprovides
deal withinsurance
arrangements and
documents for sending goods from one place to another
➢ a company that provides a communications service such as a
Shipping and Handling the process oftelevision
phone, sending goods from one
or internet place to another, or the cost
service
(S and
Ship H)
Date of
thethis
date on which goods are sent out to a customer
Shipping Conference
(Liner Conference) two or more shipping companies who agree to offer their services on
particular routes for the same price and with the same conditions
Shipping Documents a set of official papers, such as insurance documents, that are
necessary when sending goods from one country to another
a document that lists the goods that are being sent from one place to
Shipping Note (S/N) another
(Shipping Instructions)
Ship’s Papers the set of official documents that are necessary for a ship to be able
to travel
Transport (UK) ➢ a system of vehicles, for example, buses, trains, aircraft and
hovercraft, for getting from one place to another
➢ the activity of moving goods or gas, oil, etc. from one place to
another
Transportation (US) ➢ a system of vehicles, for example, buses, trains, aircraft and
hovercraft, for getting from one place to another
➢ the activity of moving goods or gas, oil, etc. from one place to
another
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Task 5.10. Consider the following “ship” collocations from Oxford Collocations
Dictionary for Students of English, 2 edition. Suggest their appropriate
nd
board ~ pilot ~
come aboard ~ steer ~
come on ~ moor ~
go aboard ~ load sth onto ~
go on board ~ unload sth from ~
be aboard ~ abandon ~
be on board ~ go down with ~
sale ~ SHIP damage ~ SHIP
manoeuvre/maneuver ~
sail
arrive
carry sb/sth set sail
dock be wrecked
anchor run aground
be at anchor capsize
lie at anchor go down
depart sink
go collide with sth
SHIPleave SHIPhit sth
put out to sea be equipped for/ with sth
put to sea
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~ bound for
on a/the ~
aboard ~ for
on board a/the ~ ~ to
by ~ SHIP
Master-at-arms the senior rating, of Chief Petty Officer rank, in a naval unit
responsible for discipline, administration, and police duties
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Task 5.11. Do the two-way translation of the instrument below. Make up a list of
vocabulary pertinent to the topic.
1978
(Гамбурзькі правила)
(Hamburg Rules)
PART I. GENERAL PROVISIONS ЧАСТИНА I. ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ
Article 1. Definitions Стаття 1. Визначення
In this Convention: У цій Конвенції:
1. “Carrier” means any person by whom or in whose
1. «Перевізник» означає будь-яку особу, якою або
name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been
від імені якої укладено з відправником вантажу
concluded with a shipper.
договір про морське перевезення вантажу.
1
Переклад українською мовою запропоновано авторами навчального посібника.
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2. “Actual carrier” means any person to whom the 2. «Фактичний перевізник» означає будь-яку
performance of the carriage of the goods, or of part of особу, якій перевізник доручив здійснити
the carriage, has been entrusted by the carrier, and перевезення вантажу або частину перевезення, і
includes any other person to whom such performance has включає будь-яку іншу особу, якій було доручено
been entrusted. здійснити таке перевезення.
3. “Shipper” means any person by whom or in whose 3. «Відправник вантажу» означає будь-яку особу,
name or on whose behalf a contract of carriage of якою, в ім’я якої або від імені якої укладено з
goods by sea has been concluded with a carrier, or any перевізником вантажу договір про морське
person by whom or in whose name or on whose behalf перевезення вантажу, або будь-яку особу, якою, в
the goods are actually delivered to the carrier in ім’я якої або від імені якої вантаж фактично
relation to the contract of carriage by sea. здається перевізнику у зв’язку з договором про
морське перевезення.
4. “Consignee” means the person entitled to take 4. «Отримувач вантажу» означає особу, яка
delivery of the goods. уповноважена отримати вантаж.
5. “Goods” includes live animals; where the goods are 5. «Вантаж» означає також живих тварин; у
consolidated in a container, pallet or similar article of випадках, коли товари об’єднані у контейнерах, на
transport or where they are packed, goods include such палеті або подібному засобі транспортування або
article of transport or packaging if supplied by the коли вони упаковані, «вантаж» означає також
shipper. такий засіб транспортування або упаковку, якщо
вони надані відправником вантажу.
6. “Contract of carriage by sea” means any contract 6. «Договір про морське перевезення» означає
whereby the carrier undertakes against payment of будь-який договір, відповідно до якого перевізник за
freight to carry goods by sea from one port to another; оплату фрахту зобов’язується перевезти вантаж
however, a contract which involves carriage by sea and морем з одного порту до іншого; проте, договір,
also carriage by some other means is deemed to be a що охоплює перевезення морем, а також
contract of carriage by sea for the purposes of this перевезення іншими засобами, розглядається як
Convention only in so far as it relates to the carriage by договір про морське перевезення для цілей цієї
sea. Конвенції лише тією мірою, якою він стосується
морського перевезення.
7. “Bill of lading” means a document which evidences 7. «Коносамент» означає документ, що
a contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or підтверджує договір про морське перевезення та
loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the приймання і завантажування вантажу
carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against перевізником й відповідно до якого перевізник
surrender of the document. A provision in the зобов’язується здати вантаж проти такого
document that the goods are to be delivered to the документу. Положення документу про те, що
order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, вантаж має бути зданий на вимогу зазначеної
constitutes such an undertaking. особи, або на вимогу, або пред’явнику, створює
таке зобов’язання.
8. “Writing” includes, inter alia, telegram and telex. 8. «Письмова форма» означає також серед іншого
телеграму або телекс.
Article 2. Scope of application Стаття 2. Сфера застосування
1. The provisions of this Convention are applicable to
1. Положення цієї Конвенції застосовуються до
all contracts of carriage by sea between two different
всіх договорів про морське перевезення між двома
States, if:
різними Державами, якщо:
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(a) the port of loading as provided for in the contract of (а) порт завантажування за договором про морське
carriage by sea is located in a Contracting State, or перевезення знаходиться в одній з Договірних
Держав, або
(b) the port of discharge as provided for in the contract (б) порт вивантаження за договором про морське
of carriage by sea is located in a Contracting State, or перевезення знаходиться в одній з Договірних
Держав, або
(c) one of the optional ports of discharge provided for in (в) один з опціонних портів вивантаження за
the contract of carriage by sea is the actual port of договором про морське перевезення фактично є
discharge and such port is located in a Contracting портом вивантаження і такий порт знаходиться в
State, or одній з Договірних Держав, або
(d) the bill of lading or other document evidencing the (г) коносамент або інший документ, що
contract of carriage by sea is issued in a Contracting підтверджує договір про морське перевезення,
State, or виданий в одній з Договірних Держав, або
(e) the bill of lading or other document evidencing the (ґ) коносамент або інший документ, що
contract of carriage by sea provides that the provisions of підтверджує договір про морське перевезення,
this Convention or the legislation of any State передбачає, що договір регулюється положеннями
giving effect to them are to govern the contract. цієї Конвенції або законодавством будь-якої
Держави, яке надає їм чинності.
2. The provisions of this Convention are applicable 2. Положення цієї Конвенції застосовуються без
without regard to the nationality of the ship, the carrier, урахування національної приналежності судна,
the actual carrier, the shipper, the consignee or any перевізника, фактичного перевізника, відправника
other interested person. вантажу, отримувача вантажу, та будь-якої іншої
зацікавленої особи.
3. The provisions of this Convention are not applicable 3. Положення цієї Конвенції не застосовуються до
to charter-parties. However, where a bill of lading is чартерів. Проте, коли коносамент видається
issued pursuant to a charter-party, the provisions of the відповідно до чартеру, положення цієї Конвенції
Convention apply to such a bill of lading if it governs the застосовуються до такого коносаменту, якщо він
relation between the carrier and the holder of the bill of регулює відносини між перевізником і
lading, not being the charterer. утримувачем коносаменту, який не є
фрахтувальником.
4. If a contract provides for future carriage of goods in 4. Якщо договір передбачає перевезення вантажу
a series of shipments during an agreed period, the кількома партіями протягом узгодженого періоду,
provisions of this Convention apply to each shipment. положення цієї Конвенції застосовуються до
However, where a shipment is made under a charter- кожної партії. Проте, коли відвантаження
party, the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article здійснюється відповідно до чартеру,
apply. застосовуються положення пункту 3 цієї статті.
Article 3. Interpretation of the Convention Стаття 3. Тлумачення Конвенції
In the interpretation and application of the provisions При тлумаченні та застосуванні положень цієї
of this Convention regard shall be had to its Конвенції слід враховувати її міжнародний
international character and to the need to promote характер та необхідність сприяти досягненню
uniformity. однаковості.
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CONSIDER:
наймати судно для перевезення to charter a ship
Фрахтувати
вантажів або пасажирів to freight a ship
сторона договору фрахтування судна, shipowner
Фрахтівник яка надає судно або транспортний засіб affreighter
(перевізник) для перевезення charteree
сторона договору фрахтування судна, charterer
Фрахтувальник яка фрахтує судно або засіб carrier
(відправник) перевезення freighter
Task 5.12. Translate the following text from Ukrainian into English. Mind the
emphasized words and phrases.
Task 5.13. Study the following synonyms. Be prepared to translate them into
Ukrainian.
Account ➢ (also bank account) an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to
allow you to take it out when you need to
➢ a written or spoken description of an event (as in: by/from all accounts; by your
own account)
➢ an agreement with a shop or business that allows you to buy things and pay for
them later
➢ a customer who does business with a company
Bill ➢ a request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is written
➢ (mainly US; UK usually note) a piece of paper money
➢ to give or send someone a bill asking for money that they owe for a product or
service: Please bill me for any expenses you incur.
Discount ➢ a reduction in the usual price
➢ to reduce the price of something: discounted goods/rates
Duty ➢ a tax paid to the government, especially on things that you bring into a country
Fare ➢ the money that you pay for a journey in a vehicle such as a bus or train
Fee ➢ an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or
service
Fine ➢ an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or
law
➢ to charge someone an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a rule or
law
Receipt ➢ a piece of paper that proves that money, goods, or information have been received
➢ the act or state of receiving money or goods
Receipts ➢ the amounts of money received during a particular period by a business
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Tax ➢ (an amount of) money paid to the government that is based on your income or the
cost of goods or services you have bought
➢ to make someone pay a tax: Husbands and wives may be taxed jointly/separately.
Ticket ➢ a note telling you that you must pay some money as a punishment for not obeying
a rule or law
Task 5.14. Use the correct forms of the abovementioned synonyms to fill in the gaps
in the sentences below. You may use some of the words more than once.
In some cases, more than one word may be correct.
1. About £80,000 has come from gate … and collections at the previous two home
games.
2. Customs … is a … on the importation and exportation of goods.
3. He was tallying the day’s ….
4. I had to complain to the telephone company about my extremely high phone …,
which I was not prepared to pay. In the end, they gave me a … and I paid less.
5. Ideally, they wish to buy six or more properties in one transaction to avoid high
residential stamp … charges.
6. In return, the company takes 9 per cent of annual management services ….
7. Kim got a twenty per cent … when she bought her vacuum cleaner during the sales.
8. Most countries charge customs … and tax on items shipped from the U. S.
9. Most universities require that tuition … should be paid at the beginning of each
academic year.
10. My parents have a(n) … with the local shop and pay the amount they owe every
month.
11. On Saturdays Amos takes the week’s … to the bank.
12. Sheila got a parking … for parking on the pavement.
13. Squeezed by falling revenue … and ballooning expenditure, borrowings
skyrocketed.
14. … is automatically withdrawn from my pay every month.
15. The council website says all cash from … received from traffic rules violations will
go on transport services.
16. The Pre-Budget Report showed that … … were £7 billion less last year.
17. The … department expects all customers to get a … with every purchase they make,
otherwise they will have to pay a ….
18. The theatre’s … for the winter were badly down.
19. When he had his wallet stolen, he did not have any money to pay for his bus ….
20. You will not be charged exit … if you decide to go with a different supplier.
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Task 5.15. Read the following information on the synonyms. Be prepared to explain
the difference between the notions. Translate the texts into Ukrainian.
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Task 5.17. Study the following active vocabulary items before reading the text.
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***
to be meant for consumption бути призначеним для споживання
to be meant for the manifested бути призначеним до країни, що не має
inland country морських кордонів, яка зазначена у маніфесті
to customs clear the goods розмитнювати вантаж
to handle an item of goods обслуговувати місце вантажу
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Seller/ Exporter
Not Loaded
Pre-Carriage
Not Unloaded
2
Авторське оформлення схеми.
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Delivery at Terminal
Unloaded
Onward Carriage
Not Unloaded
Buyer/ Importer
Unloaded
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Task 5.19. Read the following texts. Be prepared to speak on the topic.
Transhipment
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In both cases, a single, unique, transhipped container is counted twice in the port
performance, since it is handled twice by the waterside cranes (separate unloading from
arriving ship A, waiting in the stack, and loading onto departing ship B).
Transhipment at a break-of-gauge
At a break-of-gauge, cargo is transloaded from boxcars or covered goods wagons on one
track to wagons on another track of a different rail gauge, or else containers are
transloaded from flatcars on one track to flatcars on another track of a different gauge.
Variable-gauge axles can eliminate this inconvenience.
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2. Cargo from Country A is moved to destination Country D over land, via countries
B and C where Countries A, B, C and D are all within a union of countries like the
EU.
Bills of Lading and Manifest for cargoes bound for such inland country destinations, must
carry the clause Cargo in transit to “name of country”. This clause tells the
gateway/transit port/country that the cargo is not meant for consumption in their country
and is meant for the manifested inland country and by virtue of this clause, the cargo
maybe allowed to transit international borders under customs control.
If this clause is not included in the bill of lading and manifest, the movement across the
international border will not be allowed and the consignee might need to customs clear
the goods at the gateway port which might not be an ideal situation for the consignee.
In some cases, shipping lines or government regulations might dictate/insist that the
clause should read as “Cargo in transit to “name of country or final destination” on
client’s care, risk and cost”.
Cargoes in transit may be moved via any mode of transportation depending on the
infrastructure available.
The documentation and customs clearance processes between the countries depend on
their trade and other co-operation agreements. Unions and Communities such as EU and
SADC have agreements for cargoes moving in transit within/via their territories.
TO SUMMARIZE:
Transhipment is the act of off-loading a container from one ship (generally at a hub port)
and loading it onto another ship to be further carried to the final port of discharge.
Cargoes that have been off-loaded at a port for transhipment are NOT allowed to exit the
port by land or rail across international borders to a land locked country unless they are
declared as Cargo in Transit.
Cargo in Transit is the movement of cargo that is discharged at a gateway seaport or
originating from a country within a union across international borders to another country
where the final destination is (generally) a landlocked country.
Task 5.20. Translate the following into English. Consider the emphasised words
and phrases.
Task 5.21. Translate the following into Ukrainian. Be prepared to speak on the
activity of UNCITRAL.
UNCITRAL
(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law)
Origin
In an increasingly economically interdependent world, the importance of an improved
legal framework for the facilitation of international trade and investment is widely
acknowledged. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL), established by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 2205
(XXI) of 17 December 1966, plays an important role in developing that framework in
pursuance of its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and modernization of
the law of international trade by preparing and promoting the use and adoption of
legislative and non-legislative instruments in a number of key areas of commercial law.
Those areas include dispute resolution, international contract practices, transport,
insolvency, electronic commerce, international payments, secured transactions,
procurement and sale of goods. These instruments are negotiated through an international
process involving a variety of participants, including member States of UNCITRAL, non-
member States, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. As a
result of this inclusive process, these texts are widely accepted as offering solutions
appropriate to different legal traditions and to countries at different stages of economic
development. In the years since its establishment, UNCITRAL has been recognized as the
core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.
Mandate
UNCITRAL gives effect to its mandate by:
a) Coordinating the work of organizations active in this field and encouraging
cooperation among them;
b) Promoting wider participation in existing international conventions and wider
acceptance of existing model and uniform laws;
c) Preparing or promoting the adoption of new international conventions, model laws
and uniform laws and promoting the codification and wider acceptance of
international trade terms, provisions, customs and practices, in collaboration, where
appropriate, with the organizations operating in this field;
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The Commission has established six working groups to perform the substantive
preparatory work on topics within the Commission's programme of work. Each of the
working groups is composed of all member States of the Commission.
The six working groups and their current topics are as follows:
• Working Group I - Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
• Working Group II - Dispute Settlement
• Working Group III - Investor-State Dispute Settlement Reform
• Working Group IV - Electronic Commerce
• Working Group V - Insolvency Law
• Working Group VI - Security Interests
Task 5.22. Do the two-way translation of the instrument below. Make up a list of
words and phrases pertinent to the topic.
Chapter 5 Глава 5
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commodity exchange price or market price, by ринкової ціни, шляхом посилання на фактичну
reference to the normal value of the goods of the вартість вантажів такого типу та якості в місці
same kind and quality at the place of delivery. здавання вантажу.
3. In case of loss of or damage to the goods, the 3. У випадку втрати або пошкодження вантажу
carrier is not liable for payment of any compensation перевізник не несе відповідальність за виплату
beyond what is provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of будь-якого відшкодування вище того, що
this article except when the carrier and the shipper передбачено пунктами 1 і 2 цієї статті за винятком
have agreed to calculate compensation in a different випадків, коли перевізник та відправник вантажу
manner within the limits of chapter 16. домовилися обчислювати відшкодування в інший
спосіб у межах, наведених у главі 16.
Article 23. Notice in case of loss, damage or delay Стаття 23. Повідомлення у випадку втрати,
пошкодження або затримки вантажу
1. The carrier is presumed, in absence of proof to the 1. За відсутності доказів про протилежне,
contrary, to have delivered the goods according to вважається, що перевізник передав вантаж
their description in the contract particulars unless відповідно до його опису у договірних
notice of loss of or damage to the goods, indicating положеннях, якщо повідомлення у випадку втрати
the general nature of such loss or damage, was given або пошкодження вантажу, що вказує на
to the carrier or the performing party that delivered загальний характер такої втрати або
the goods before or at the time of the delivery, or, if пошкодження, не було направлено перевізнику
the loss or damage is not apparent, within seven або виконуючій стороні, яка передала вантаж до
working days at the place of delivery after the або на момент його здавання, або, якщо така
delivery of the goods. втрата або пошкодження не є видимим, протягом
сімох робочих днів у місці здавання вантажу після
його здавання.
2. Failure to provide the notice referred to in this article 2. Ненадання повідомлення, зазначеного у цій
to the carrier or the performing party shall not affect the статті, перевізнику або виконуючій стороні не
right to claim compensation for loss of or впливає на право вимагати відшкодування за
damage to the goods under this Convention, nor shall it втрату або пошкодження вантажу згідно з цією
affect the allocation of the burden of proof set out Конвенцією, а також не впливає на доведення
in article 17. вини, як викладено у статті 17.
3. The notice referred to in this article is not required in 3. Повідомлення, зазначене у цій статті, не
respect of loss or damage that is ascertained in a вимагається стосовно втрати або пошкодження
joint inspection of the goods by the person to which вантажу, які були встановлені під час спільної
they have been delivered and the carrier or the перевірки вантажу особою, якій він був
maritime performing party against which liability is переданий, та перевізником або морською
being asserted. виконуючою стороною, на яких покладається
відповідальність.
4. No compensation in respect of delay is payable 4. Відшкодування у зв’язку з затримкою вантажу
unless notice of loss due to delay was given to the не підлягає сплаті, якщо повідомлення про
carrier within twenty-one consecutive days of затримку вантажу не було направлено
delivery of the goods. перевізнику протягом двадцяти одного дня після
здавання вантажу.
5. When the notice referred to in this article is given to 5. Якщо повідомлення, наведене у цій статті, було
the performing party that delivered the goods, it has the направлено виконуючій стороні, яка передала
same effect as if that notice was given to the carrier, вантаж, воно має таку ж силу, як якби воно було
and notice given to the carrier has the same направлено перевізнику, а повідомлення,
направлене перевізнику, має таку ж силу, як якби
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effect as a notice given to a maritime performing воно було направлено морській виконуючій
party. стороні.
6. In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or 6. У випадку фактичної або передбачуваної
damage, the parties to the dispute shall give all втрати або пошкодження вантажу сторони спору
reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and надають одна одній усі прийнятні можливості для
tallying the goods and shall provide access to records перевірки та перерахування місць вантажу і
and documents relevant to the carriage of the goods. забезпечують доступ до записів та документів, що
<…> стосуються перевезення вантажу. <…>
Article 60. Limits of liability for loss caused by delay Стаття 60. Межі відповідальності за втрату
вантажу, спричинену затримкою
Subject to article 61, paragraph 2, compensation for З урахуванням пункту 2 статті 61 відшкодування
loss of or damage to the goods due to delay shall be за втрату або пошкодження вантажу через
calculated in accordance with article 22 and liability затримку обчислюється відповідно до статті 22, а
for economic loss due to delay is limited to an відповідальність за економічні збитки через
amount equivalent to two and one-half times the затримку обмежується до суми, що дорівнює 2,5-
freight payable on the goods delayed. The total кратному розміру фрахту, що підлягає сплаті у
amount payable pursuant to this article and article 59, зв’язку з затримкою вантажу. Загальна сума, що
paragraph 1, may not exceed the limit that would be підлягає сплаті відповідно до цієї статті та пункту
established pursuant to article 59, paragraph 1, in 1 статті 59, не може перевищувати межу, яка була
respect of the total loss of the goods concerned. б встановлена відповідно до пункту 1 статті 59
стосовно повної втрати зазначеного вантажу.
Task 5.23. Read the following information on the frequently confused synonyms.
Be prepared to explain the difference between the notions. Translate the
texts into Ukrainian.
Liability ➢ Generally, liability refers to the state of being responsible for something, and
this term can refer to any money or service owed to another party. Tax
for example, can refer to the property taxes that a homeowner owes to the
municipal government or the income tax he owes to the federal government.
Liability may also refer to the legal liability of a business or individual. For
example, many businesses take out liability insurance in case a customer or
employee sues them for negligence.
➢ A liability is a company’s financial debt or obligations that arise during the
course of its business operations. Liabilities are settled over time through the
transfer of economic benefits including money, goods or services. Recorded
on the right side of the balance sheet, liabilities include loans, accounts
payable, mortgages, deferred revenues and accrued expenses. Liabilities are
vital aspect of a company because they are used to finance operations and
for large expansions. They can also make transactions between businesses
more efficient. For example, in most cases, if a wine supplier sells a case of
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wine to a restaurant, it does not demand payment when it delivers the goods.
Rather, it invoices the restaurant for the purchase to streamline the drop-off
and make paying easier for the restaurant. The outstanding money that the
restaurant owes to its wine supplier is considered a liability. In contrast, the
wine supplier considers the money it is owed to be an asset.
Responsibility ➢ If you have responsibility for something or someone, or if they are your
responsibility, it is your job or duty to deal with them and to take decisions
relating to them. Your responsibilities are the duties that you have because of
your job or position.
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Task 5.25. Do the two-way translation of the instrument below. Consider the
emphasised words and phrases.
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(Hamburg Rules)
PART II. LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER ЧАСТИНА II. ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ
ПЕРЕВІЗНИКА
Article 4. Period of responsibility Стаття 4. Період відповідальності
1. The responsibility of the carrier for the goods 1. Відповідальність перевізника за вантаж
under this Convention covers the period during відповідно до цієї Конвенції охоплює період,
which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the протягом якого вантаж знаходився у віданні
port of loading, during the carriage and at the port перевізника в порту завантажування, протягом
of discharge. перевезення і в порту вивантаження.
2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this article, the 2. Для цілей пункту 1 цієї статті вважається, що
carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods вантаж знаходиться у віданні перевізника
(a) from the time he has taken over the goods from: (а) з моменту, коли він прийняв вантаж від:
(i) the shipper, or a person acting on his behalf; or (і) відправника вантажу або особи, що діє від
його імені, або
(ii) an authority or other third party to whom, (іі) будь-якого органу або третьої сторони, яким у
pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the силу закону або правил, що застосовуються в
port of loading, the goods must be handed over for порту завантажування, вантаж має бути
shipment; переданий для завантаження на судно.
(b) until the time he has delivered the goods: (б) до моменту, коли він здав вантаж:
(i) by handing over the goods to the consignee; or (і) шляхом передачі вантажу отримувачу
вантажу; або
(ii) in cases where the consignee does not receive the (іі) у випадку, коли отримувач вантажу не
goods from the carrier, by placing them at the отримує вантажу від перевізника, шляхом
disposal of the consignee in accordance with the передачі вантажу у розпорядження отримувача
contract or with the law or with the usage of the відповідно до договору, або закону, або звичаю
particular trade, applicable at the port of discharge; в цій галузі торгівлі, які застосовуються в порту
or вивантаження; або
(iii) by handing over the goods to an authority or
(ііі) шляхом передачі вантажу будь-якому органу або
other third party to whom, pursuant to law or
третій стороні, яким у силу закону або
regulations applicable at the port of discharge, the
правил, що застосовуються в порту вивантаження,
goods must be handed over.
вантаж має бути переданий.
3. In paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, reference to the
3. У пунктах 1 і 2 цієї статті посилання на
carrier or to the consignee means, in addition to the
перевізника або отримувача вантажу означає окрім
carrier or the consignee, the servants or agents,
перевізника або отримувача вантажу також
respectively of the carrier or the consignee.
службовців або представників, відповідно,
перевізника або отримувача вантажу.
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available on demand to the carrier and the перевізнику й особі, яка виставляє вимогу, на їх
claimant. запит.
5. With respect to live animals, the carrier is not liable 5. Стосовно живих тварин перевізник не несе
for loss, damage or delay in delivery resulting from any відповідальності за втрату, пошкодження або
special risks inherent in that kind of carriage. If the затримку здачі вантажу внаслідок будь-яких
carrier proves that he has complied with any special особливих ризиків, притаманних такому типу
instructions given to him by the shipper respecting the перевезень. Якщо перевізник доведе, що він
animals and that, in the дотримувався спеціальних інструкцій, наданих
circumstances of the case, the loss, damage or delay йому відправником вантажу щодо тварин, і що,
in delivery could be attributed to such risks, it is враховуючи конкретні обставини, втрату,
presumed that the loss, damage or delay in delivery пошкодження або затримку здачі вантажу можна
was so caused, unless there is proof that all or a part of було б віднести до таких ризиків, вважається, що
the loss, damage or delay in delivery resulted from fault втрата, пошкодження або затримка здачі вантажу
or neglect on the part of the carrier, his сталися внаслідок таких ризиків, якщо не
servants or agents. доведено, що повна або часткова втрата,
пошкодження або затримка здачі вантажу сталися з
вини або недбалості з боку перевізника, його
службовців або представників.
6. The carrier is not liable, except in general 6. Перевізник не несе відповідальності, за винятком
average, where loss, damage or delay in delivery загальної аварії, у випадках, коли втрата,
resulted from measures to save life or from пошкодження або затримка здачі вантажу сталися
reasonable measures to save property at sea. внаслідок заходів по рятуванню життя або
належних заходів по рятуванню майна на морі.
7. Where fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his 7. У випадках, коли вина або недбалість
servants or agents combines with another cause to перевізника, його службовців або представників
produce loss, damage or delay in delivery, the carrier поєднується з іншою причиною появи втрати,
is liable only to the extent that the loss, damage or пошкодження або затримки здачі вантажу,
delay in delivery is attributable to such fault or перевізник несе відповідальність лише тією
neglect, provided that the carrier proves the amount мірою, якою втрата, пошкодження або затримка
of the loss, damage or delay in delivery not здачі вантажу обумовлені виною або недбалістю
attributable thereto. перевізника, його службовців або представників,
за умови, якщо перевізник доведе обсяг втрати,
пошкодження або затримки здачі вантажу, які
сталися не за його вини.
Article 6. Limits of liability Стаття 6. Межі відповідальності
1. (a) The liability of the carrier for loss resulting 1. (а) Відповідальність перевізника за збитки, які
from loss of or damage to goods according to the сталися внаслідок втрати або пошкодження
provisions of article 5 is limited to an amount вантажу, відповідно до положень статті 5,
equivalent to 835 units of account per package or обмежена сумою, що дорівнює 835
other shipping unit or 2.5 units of account per розрахунковим одиницям за місце вантажу або
kilogram of gross weight of the goods lost or іншу одиницю відвантаження або 2,5
damaged, whichever is the higher. розрахунковим одиницям за кілограм ваги
брутто втраченого або пошкодженого вантажу
в залежності від того, яка сума є більшою.
(b) The liability of the carrier for delay in delivery (б) Відповідальність перевізника за затримку здачі
according to the provisions of article 5 is limited to вантажу відповідно до положень статті 5
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an amount equivalent to two and a half times the обмежується до суми, що дорівнює 2,5-
freight payable for the goods delayed, but not кратному розміру фрахту, що підлягає сплаті
exceeding the total freight payable under the по відношенню до затриманого вантажу, але не
contract of carriage of goods by sea. перевищує загального розміру фрахту, що
підлягає сплаті згідно з договором про морське
перевезення вантажів.
(c) In no case shall the aggregate liability of the (в) У жодному випадку сукупна
carrier, under both subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this відповідальність перевізника згідно з
paragraph, exceed the limitation which would be підпунктами (а) і (б) цього пункту не перевищує
established under subparagraph (a) of this paragraph обмеження, яке було б встановлено згідно
for total loss of the goods with respect to which such підпункту (а) цього пункту за повну втрату
liability was incurred. вантажу, стосовно якої виникла б така
відповідальність.
2. For the purpose of calculating which amount is the 2. З метою обчислення суми, яка є більшою
higher in accordance with paragraph 1 (a) of this відповідно до пункту 1 (а) цієї статті,
article, the following rules apply: застосовуються наступні правила:
(a) Where a container, pallet or similar article of (а) Коли для об’єднання товарів
transport is used to consolidate goods, the package or використовуються контейнери, палети або подібні
other shipping units enumerated in the bill of lading, if засоби транспортування, місця або інші
issued, or otherwise in any other одиниці відвантаження, перераховані у
document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea, коносаменті, якщо його було видано, або в
as packed in such article of transport are іншому документі, що підтверджує договір про
deemed packages or shipping units. Except as морське перевезення, як такі, що були упаковані
aforesaid the goods in such article of transport are в подібному засобі транспортування,
deemed one shipping unit. розглядаються як місця або одиниці
відвантаження. За вищевказаним винятком
вантаж у такому засобі транспортування вважається
однією одиницею відвантаження.
(b) In cases where the article of transport itself has (б) У тих випадках, коли сам засіб
been lost or damaged, that article of transport, if not транспортування втрачено або пошкоджено,
owned or otherwise supplied by the carrier, is такий засіб транспортування, якщо він не
considered one separate shipping unit. знаходиться у власності перевізника або в
інший спосіб не надається перевізником,
вважається окремою одиницею відвантаження.
3. Unit of account means the unit of account 3. Розрахункова одиниця означає розрахункову
mentioned in article 26. одиницю, згадану в статті 26.
4. За згодою між перевізником і відправником
4. By agreement between the carrier and the
вантажу можуть бути встановлені межі
shipper, limits of liability exceeding those provided
відповідальності, що перевищують передбачені
for in paragraph 1 may be fixed.
пунктом 1.
Article 7. Application to non-contractual claims Стаття 7. Застосування стосовно
позадоговірних вимог
1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in
1. Заперечення відповідача та межі
this Convention apply in any action against the
відповідальності, що передбачені цією
carrier in respect of loss of or damage to the goods
Конвенцією, застосовуються при будь-якому
covered by the contract of carriage by sea, as well
позові проти перевізника стосовно втрати або
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4. Where and to the extent that both the carrier and 4. У тих випадках і тією мірою, якою і перевізник і
the actual carrier are liable, their liability is joint and фактичний перевізник несуть відповідальність,
several. їх відповідальність є солідарною.
5. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from 5. Суми, які можуть бути стягнуті з перевізника,
the carrier, the actual carrier and their servants and фактичного перевізника, їх службовців або
agents shall not exceed the limits of liability представників, не перевищують у сукупності межі
provided for in this Convention. відповідальності, які передбачені цією Конвенцією.
6. Ніщо в цій статті не впливає на будь-яке
6. Nothing in this article shall prejudice any right
право регресу у відносинах між перевізником і
of recourse as between the carrier and the actual
фактичним перевізником.
carrier.
Article 26. Unit of account Стаття 26. Розрахункова одиниця
1. The unit of account referred to in article 6 of this 1. Розрахункова одиниця, що згадана у статті 6
Convention is the special drawing right as defined цієї Конвенції, є одиницею «спеціального права
by the International Monetary Fund. The amounts запозичення» за визначенням Міжнародного
mentioned in article 6 are to be converted into the валютного фонду. Суми, згадані у статті 6,
national currency of a State according to the value конвертуються у національну валюту держави
of such currency at the date of judgement or the відповідно до вартості такої валюти на дату
date agreed upon by the parties. The value of a рішення суду або на дату, узгоджену
national currency, in terms of the special drawing учасниками. Вартість в одиницях
right, of a Contracting State which is a member of «спеціального права запозичення» національної
the International Monetary Fund is to be валюти Договірної держави, яка є державою-
calculated in accordance with the method of членом Міжнародного валютного фонду,
valuation applied by the International Monetary обчислюється відповідно до методу визначення
Fund in effect at the date in question for its вартості, який застосовується Міжнародним
operations and transactions. The value of a national валютним фондом на зазначену дату для
currency, in terms of the special drawing right, of a проведення своїх власних операцій та
Contracting State which is not a member of the транзакцій. Вартість в одиницях «спеціального
International Monetary Fund is to be calculated in a права запозичення» національної валюти
manner determined by that State. Договірної держави, яка не є державою-членом
Міжнародного валютного фонду, обчислюється у
спосіб, що визначається такою державою.
2. Nevertheless, those States which are not members of 2. Тим не менш, держави, які не є державами-
the International Monetary Fund and whose law does членами Міжнародного валютного фонду і чиє
not permit the application of the provisions законодавство не дозволяє застосувати
of paragraph 1 of this article may, at the time of положення пункту 1 цієї статті, можуть під час
signature, or at the time of ratification, підписання, ратифікації, прийняття,
acceptance, approval or accession or at any time затвердження або приєднання або у будь-який
thereafter, declare that the limits of liability час після цього заявити, що межі
provided for in this Convention to be applied in відповідальності, які передбачені цією
their territories shall be fixed as 12,500 monetary Конвенцією і застосовуються на їх територіях,
units per package or other shipping unit or 37.5 визначаються на рівні 12500 валютних одиниць за
monetary units per kilogram of gross weight of the місце або іншу одиницю відвантаження або 37,5
goods. валютних одиниць за кілограм ваги брутто
вантажу.
3. The monetary unit referred to in paragraph 2 of this 3. Валютна одиниця, зазначена у пункті 2 цієї
article corresponds to sixty-five and a half статті, відповідає шістдесяти п’яти з половиною
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milligrams of gold of millesimal fineness nine міліграм золота проби дев’ятсот тисячних.
hundred. The conversion of the amounts referred to in Конвертація у національну валюту, зазначена в
paragraph 2 into the national currency is to be made пункті 2, здійснюється згідно з законодавством
according to the law of the State concerned. відповідної держави.
4. The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of 4. Обчислення, згадані в останньому реченні
paragraph 1 and the conversion mentioned in paragraph пункту 1, та конвертація, згадана в пункті 3 цієї
3 of this article are to be made in such a manner as to статті, здійснюються в такий спосіб, щоб виразити
express in the national currency of the Contracting State у національній валюті Договірної держави,
as far as possible the same real value for the amounts наскільки це можливо, таку саме реальну вартість
in article 6 as is expressed there in units of account. сум, зазначених у статті 6, яка виражена у тій
Contracting States must communicate to the статті у розрахункових одиницях. Договірні держави
depositary the manner of мають повідомити депозитарію спосіб
calculation pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article, or обчислювання згідно з пунктом 1 цієї статті або, у
the result of the conversion mentioned in відповідному
paragraph 3 of this article, as the case may be, at the випадку, результат конвертації, згаданий у пункті 3
time of signature or when depositing their цієї статті, під час підписання або передачі на
instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or зберігання їх ратифікаційних грамот,
accession, or when availing themselves of the option документів про прийняття, затвердження або
provided for in paragraph 2 of this article and whenever приєднання, або при використанні права вибору,
there is a change in the manner of such calculation що передбачено пунктом 2 цієї статті, а також
or in the result of such conversion. кожного разу, коли відбуваються зміни у способі
обчислення або у результатах
конвертації.
Task 5.27. Read the following information on the Charter Party terms. Be prepared
to explain their meaning. Translate them into Ukrainian.
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Dead Freight the amount paid by or recoverable from a charterer of a ship for such part of
ship's capacity as the charterer has contracted for but fails to occupy; also: the
unoccupied space in such a ship
Demurrage specialized (law, sailing) money that must be paid when a chartered (= rented)
ship is used for longer than agreed, or when goods are collected later than the
agreed time after being taken off a chartered ship. Under the “Laytime
Definitions for Charter Parties 2013”, DEMURRAGE shall mean an agreed
amount payable to the owner in respect of delay to the Vessel once the
has expired, for which the owner is not responsible. Demurrage shall not be
subject to exceptions which apply to Laytime unless specifically stated in the
Charter Party.
Laytime under the “Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013”, shall mean the
of time agreed between the parties during which the owner will make and keep
the Vessel available for loading or discharging without payment additional to
the freight.
Notice of under the “Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013”, shall mean the notice
Readiness to the charterer, shipper, receiver or other person as required by the Charter
Party that the Vessel has arrived at the Port or Berth, as the case may be, and is
ready to load or discharge
Time Lost under the “Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013”, shall mean that if no
Waiting for loading or discharging Berth is available and the Vessel is unable to tender
Berth to Count Notice of Readiness at the waiting-place then any time lost to the Vessel is
as Loading or counted as if Laytime were running, or as time on Demurrage if Laytime has
Discharging expired. Such time ceases to count once the Berth becomes available. When
Time or as Vessel reaches a place where she is able to tender Notice of Readiness,
Laytime or time on Demurrage resumes after such tender and, in respect of Laytime, on
expiry of any notice time provided in the Charter Party.
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Task 5.29. Do the two-way translation of the instrument below. Consider the
emphasised words and phrases.
5
Переклад українською мовою запропоновано авторами навчального посібника.
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otherwise have knowledge of their dangerous робить, а перевізник або фактичний перевізник в
character: інший спосіб не усвідомлюють небезпечний
характер вантажу:
(a) the shipper is liable to the carrier and any actual (а) відправник вантажу є відповідальним перед
carrier for the loss resulting from the shipment of перевізником і будь-яким фактичним
such goods, and перевізником за збитки внаслідок
відвантаження такого вантажу і
(b) the goods may at any time be unloaded, destroyed or (б) вантаж може бути у будь-який час
rendered innocuous, as the circumstances may вивантажений, знищений або знешкоджений, як
require, without payment of compensation. того можуть вимагати обставини, без виплати
компенсації.
3. The provisions of paragraph 2 of this article may 3. Жодна особа не може посилатися на
not be invoked by any person if during the carriage he положення пункту 2 цієї статті, якщо під час
has taken the goods in his charge with перевезення вона прийняла вантаж до свого
knowledge of their dangerous character. відання, усвідомлюючи його небезпечний
характер.
4. If, in cases where the provisions of paragraph 2, 4. Якщо – у випадку, коли положення підпункту
subparagraph (b), of this article do not apply or may (б) пункту 2 цієї статті не застосовуються або на
not be invoked, dangerous goods become an actual них не можна посилатися, – небезпечний вантаж
danger to life or property, they may be unloaded, становить реальну загрозу життю або майну,
destroyed or rendered innocuous, as the його можна вивантажити, знищити або
circumstances may require, without payment of знешкодити, як того можуть вимагати обставини,
compensation except where there is an obligation to без виплати компенсації окрім випадків, коли
contribute in general average or where the carrier is існують зобов’язання взяти участь у покритті
liable in accordance with the provisions of article 5. збитків по загальний аварії або якщо перевізник
несе відповідальність згідно з положеннями статті
5.
PART V. CLAIMS AND ACTIONS ЧАСТИНА V. ВИМОГИ ТА ПОЗОВИ
Article 19. Notice of loss, damage or delay Стаття 19. Повідомлення про втрату,
пошкодження або затримку
1. Unless notice of loss or damage, specifying the 1. Якщо повідомлення про втрату або
general nature of such loss or damage, is given in пошкодження вантажу, у якому зазначається
writing by the consignee to the carrier not later than загальний характер такої втрати або
the working day after the day when the goods пошкодження, не надається у письмовому
were handed over to the consignee, such handing вигляді отримувачем вантажу перевізнику не
over is prima facie evidence of the delivery by the пізніше одного робочого дня після дня передачі
carrier of the goods as described in the document of вантажу отримувачу вантажу, така передача є
transport or, if no such document has been issued, доказом prima facie здачі вантажу перевізником
in good condition. <…> відповідно до транспортного документа, або,
якщо такий документ не видавався, у
хорошому стані. <…>
3. If the state of the goods at the time they were handed 3. Якщо стан вантажу при його передачі
over to the consignee has been the subject of a joint отримувачу був предметом спільного огляду або
survey or inspection by the parties, notice перевірки учасниками, повідомлення у
in writing need not be given of loss or damage письмовому вигляді не вимагається стосовно
ascertained during such survey or inspection. <…>
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CONSIDER:
Task 5.30. Translate the following text from Ukrainian into English.
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Task 5.31. Study the following active vocabulary items before reading the text.
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to procure the goods already so постачати вантаж, що вже був зданий в такий
delivered спосіб
to provide rules and guidance передбачати правила та інструкції
Task 5.32. Translate the following into Ukrainian. Consider the emphasized words
and phrases.
The Incoterms® rules have become an essential part of the daily language of trade. They
have been incorporated in contracts for the sale of goods worldwide and provide rules and
guidance to importers, exporters, lawyers, transporters, insurers and students of
international trade.
Below are short descriptions of the 11 rules from the Incoterms® 2010 edition. These
should be read in the context of the full official text of the rules which can be obtained
from the ICC Business Bookstore.
These extracts can be reproduced provided that the source is cited and a link to the ICC
Business Bookstore is mentioned.
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“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the
buyer at the seller’s premises or at another named place (i.e., works, factory, warehouse,
etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it
need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.
“Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person
nominated by the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named place. The parties are
well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery,
as the risk passes to the buyer at that point.
“Carriage Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person
nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed between parties)
and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the
goods to the named place of destination.
“Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or
another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed
between parties) and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage
necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination. The seller also contracts
for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the
carriage. The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance
only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will
need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance
arrangements.
“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded
from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named
terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes a place, whether
covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo
terminal. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them
at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.
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“Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the
disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named
place of destination. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named
place.
“Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed
at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready
for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all the costs and risks
involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear
the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and
import and to carry out all customs formalities.
“Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside
the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of
shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside
the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.
“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated
by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.
The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel,
and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.
“Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or
procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods
passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the
costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.
“Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel
or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods
passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the
costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller
also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the
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goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to
obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance
protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its
own extra insurance arrangements.
Task 5.33. Study the difference between the following terms. Translate the text into
Ukrainian.
All the ports are hidden in every port because through one
port you can reach all the ports! Anywhere is actually
everywhere because there is a hidden door in anywhere
opening to everywhere!
Mehmet Murat ildan 6
6
Contemporary Turkish Novelist & Playwright, Thinker Mehmet Murat ildan (MMI), Member of the International PEN
Writers
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Task 5.34. Translate the following into English. Consider the emphasised words
and phrases.
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A company manufactures large tanks at its production site in Germany and sells them to
a customer in Switzerland. The buyer and seller have agreed “CPT Zürich Incoterms®
2010” as delivery conditions. The company employs a service provider to transport the
tanks to Switzerland. During transportation, the tanks are damaged and the customer
refuses to accept them. He demands the delivery of new tanks.
Is responsibility for the damage to the tanks to be borne by the
or seller? buyer
Can the buyer refuse to pay for the goods or is he bound to pay the
sale price despite the damage?
Has the seller discharged his obligation to deliver the goods?
It is worth taking the time to consider the implications of delivery conditions before
concluding a transaction in order to often avoid disputes later on. AWB's consultants will
help you identify the most suitable Incoterms® for your transaction or formulate a
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separate clause regulating the terms and conditions of delivery. They will analyse the
planned transaction and propose solutions that reflect your individual needs.
AWB can also provide assistance in existing disputes concerning the interpretation of
delivery terms – especially those involving damage to consignments.
The interpretation of Incoterms® is straightforward: in the case of supplies made CPT the
seller is responsible for arranging transportation and bears the related costs. However, the
risk of losing the goods is borne by the buyer as from the contractual place of delivery.
Therefore, if it cannot be determined who was liable for the damage to the goods, the
buyer is responsible for the damage due to the early transfer of risk. Therefore, the
customer cannot demand that the company supply new tanks.
Here are some of the most common mistakes made by importers and exporters:
✓ Use of a traditional “sea and inland waterway only” rule such as FOB or CIF for
containerised goods, instead of the “all transport modes” rule e.g. FCA or CIP. This
exposes the exporter to unnecessary risks. A dramatic recent example was the
Japanese tsunami in March 2011, which wrecked the Sendai container terminal. Many
hundreds of consignments awaiting despatch were damaged. Exporters who were
using the wrong rule found themselves responsible for losses that could have been
avoided!
✓ Making assumptions about passing of title to the goods, based on the Incoterms rule
in use. The Incoterms rules are silent on when title passes from seller to buyer; this
needs to be defined separately in the sales contract.
✓ Failure to specify the port/place with sufficient precision, e.g. “FCA Chicago”, which
could refer to many places within a wide area.
✓ Attempting to use DDP without thinking through whether the seller can undertake all
the necessary formalities in the buyer’s country, e.g. paying GST or VAT.
✓ Attempting to use EXW without thinking through the implications of the buyer being
required to complete export procedures – in many countries it will be necessary for
the exporter to communicate with the authorities in a number of different ways.
✓ Use of CIP or CIF without checking whether the level of insurance in force matches
the requirements of the commercial contract – these Incoterms rules only require a
minimal level of cover, which may be inadequate.
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✓ Where there is more than one carrier, failure to think through the implications of the
risk transferring on taking in charge by the first carrier – from the buyer’s perspective,
this may turn out to be a small haulage company in another country, so redress may
be difficult in the event of loss or damage
✓ Failure to establish how terminal handling charges (THC) are going to be treated at
the point of arrival. Carriers’ practices vary a good deal here. Some carriers absorb
THC’s and include them in their freight charges; however others do not.
✓ Where payment is with a letter of credit or a documentary collection, failure to align
the Incoterms rule with the security requirements or the requirements of the banks.
✓ When DAT or DAP is used with a “post-clearance” delivery point, failure to think
through the liaison required between the carrier and the customs authorities – can lead
to delays and extra costs.
Yes. Many companies have complex agreements with their counterparties and service
providers, which will be time-consuming to redraft. Therefore, parties are free to continue
to refer to Incoterms 2000 (or any other revision!) – provided that this is specified
unambiguously in their agreements.
Where possible use CIF, CIP, CFR or CPT. For all these rules, delivery takes place before
the main carriage. The carrier gives the seller a transport document which (usually) serves
as a mechanism for control of the goods – it will be presented to a bank under the letter of
credit, and then passed on to the buyer so that the goods can be claimed. All the other
rules are potentially problematical in one way or another.
For example, with FCA, the buyer is in control of the main transport, and there are
circumstances in which the buyer may be able to frustrate the transaction.
Conversely with DAT, the buyer can be at risk, because seller may be able to get paid
under the letter of credit before fulfilling the delivery obligation.
Use of the rules is not limited to cross-border trading. The Incoterms rules are also
applicable to transactions where the buyer and seller are in the same country, or both
within a customs union such as the European Union. All the provisions of the rules are
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written with this in mind, e.g. if there are issues with import duty or taxes, they need only
be considered where appropriate.
The Incoterms rules are silent on the issue of when title in the goods passes from seller to
buyer. This should be dealt with elsewhere in the commercial agreement. The issue of
title to the goods is related to that of revenue recognition, which matters to those
organisations who want the best figures in their financial reports.
Revenue recognition is defined by accounting standards such as GAAP, and the point of
delivery (as defined by the Incoterms rule) is one factor in the decision on this matter.
Hence rules such as DAP and DAT would tend to be disadvantageous in this respect.
Since 9/11 and incidents such as the oil tanker bombing in the Gulf of Aden in 2002,
cargo security is now high on the transport industry agenda.
The Incoterms rules themselves only set out generalities such as the requirement for the
parties to cooperate with each other in the provision of security-related information.
In practice, the most relevant security framework is often the International Ship and Port
Security code ISPS Code, which is an amendment to the International Convention for the
Safety at Sea (SOLAS).
Responsibility for security policy rests with designated persons both at the ship level and
for shipping terminals. Carriers will often levy a small charge for security/ISPS, which
will be borne by whoever contracts with the carrier.
Yes. It is possible to add extra words to an Incoterms rule, so as to cater for special
situations and/or to achieve more precise definition of obligations.
For some types of cargo, costs arise from stowing the cargo on the vessel.
So, the Incoterms rule “FOB stowed” will make it clear that the seller is
responsible not only for loading the cargo on board, but also for stowing it.
The rule “DDP, VAT unpaid” – seller is responsible for paying import duty,
but not for paying VAT.
The rule “EXW, loaded” – seller loads goods onto vehicle.
By qualifying a rule, there is the danger of introducing ambiguity.
expressions such as “Liner terms” and “Liner out” are open to
different interpretations. “EXW, loaded” – there are different views as to
whether loading is at the buyer’s or at the seller’s risk.
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In general, the rules are silent on the matter of insurance – the buyer and the seller each
decide whether they wish to insure the cargo for that part of the journey for which they
bear the risk of loss or damage.
However, the CIF and CIP rules have specific provisions. In both cases, the seller is
required to buy cargo insurance for the portion of the journey where the seller is “off
risk”, once the goods have been delivered to the carrier. This insurance is for the benefit
of the buyer, who must claim from the insurer if necessary.
The letter of credit environment is by definition one of limited trust – sellers have
concerns about getting paid, buyers want to be sure that the goods they ordered are
supplied as per the contract, within the agreed timeframe etc.
A key principle of letter of credit usage is that all the documents called for should be ones
that can be supplied by the seller (e.g. the commercial invoice) or whose issue is under
the control of the seller – for example, the transport document, where the carrier takes
instructions from the seller.
The “C” rules work best with letters of credit. Other rules all present problems, but there
may be workarounds.
Task 5.35. Read the following text. Consider the emphasized words and phrases.
Translate the text into Ukrainian.
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Carriage by sea can be a complicated business, since the exporter and the importer both
have to observe a variety of rules and regulations which have been made over the
years. These involve a great deal of paperwork.
When arrangements have been made for shipping the goods, the consignors will write
to the buyers to inform them that the merchandise is on the way. This communication is
known as an advice of dispatch, and normally the information is typed on a printed
form. Sometimes, however, a letter is written instead, and occasionally a form is sent
together with a covering note.
The invoice is the account of what the buyers have purchased and what they have to pay.
The final account, made out when the goods have been dispatched, is usually referred to
as the commercial invoice. When there is no bill of lading, as in transport by road or
rail, the invoice is used when payment is made through а bank.
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collection and payment is through banking channels, such as under a letter of credit
or documentary collection, negotiable bills of lading are required (except for air
shipments). The exporter must endorse the bill of lading and deliver it to the bank in
order to receive payment.
There are four types of bills of lading: inland, ocean, through and air waybill.
➢ Inland Bill of Lading – a contract between a shipper and transportation company
used when transporting goods overland to an exporter’s international carrier.
➢ Ocean Bill of Lading – a contract between an exporter and an international
carrier for transport of merchandise to a specified foreign market overseas.
➢ Through Bill of Lading – a document that establishes the terms between a
shipper and transportation company covering both the domestic and
international transport of export goods between specified points for a specified
charge. For example, an air shipment can be covered with a through bill of lading;
however, ocean shipments require both an inland bill of lading (for domestic
transport) and an ocean bill of lading (for international transport).
➢ Air Waybill – an air waybill is a bill of lading which covers both domestic and
international flights transporting goods to a specified destination. It establishes the
terms between a shipper and an air transportation company for the transport of
goods. Included in the document are the conditions, limits of liability, shipping
instructions, description of commodity, and applicable transportation charges.
In addition, the air waybill is a non-negotiable document which serves as a receipt
for the shipper, indicating that the carrier has accepted the goods listed and
undertakes to carry the consignment to the airport of destination according to
specified conditions.
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archaic wording;
9) may contain annexes dealing with special arrangements <…>;
10) may have sensitive clauses in an addendum and/or side letter. Side letters are
legally not so important as addenda;
11) should be signed by a broker representing each party to the contract, unless their
principals sign instead;
12) should ideally be balanced so that it does not favour one party to the disadvantage
of the other. (Some charter parties, such as SUGAR CHARTER 1999, are
sometimes accused of being biased).
Numerous charter party forms are in use for different trades and purposes. The use of
an “off-the-shelf” form which has been carefully drafted, amended and improved over
7
The name of the organisation is BIMCO (The Baltic and International Maritime Council) registered with the Central
Business Register of Denmark, hereinafter referred to as BIMCO, as adopted at the General Meeting in Rome, June 2017.
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the years to avoid legal pitfalls is generally preferred by brokers and shipping
practitioners to creating a totally new document for an individual charter.
For the carriage of dry cargoes, the BALTIME and the NYPE (New York Produce
Exchange) form of Charter Party are commonly used. Generally speaking, the BALTIME
is more in favour of the Shipowner, whereas the NYPE is more advantageous to the
Charterer. <…>
In short, the main characteristics of a Time Charter Party are as follows:
• the Shipowner takes care for a seaworthy ship with valid classification and
employs the Captain and the Crew, enabling the ship to safely sail between the
ports as ordered by the Charterer;
• the Charterer takes care for the loading, stowage, lashing/securing and discharge
of the cargoes and gives the Captain orders and instructions as to the cargoes to be
shipped to and from various ports;
• the Charterer orders and pays for the vessel’s bunkers.
In the tanker business, other types of Time Charter Parties are used in which the main
characteristics are similar as above.
VOYAGE CHARTER PARTY (V/C)
The form commonly used for dry cargo is the GENCON Charter Party, but there are
many other forms. In the tanker trade the ASBATANKVOY Charter Party is the most
popular form. The principle in all such forms is that the type of cargoes and the ports
between which the cargoes are being carried are known beforehand. On Liner
Terms, the Shipowner takes care for loading, stowage and discharge, whereas on FIOS
terms (Free In Out Stowed) the Charterer takes care for it. In both cases it is not the
Charterer who gives instructions to the Captain, but always the Shipowner.
Consequently, the liabilities for a Voyage Charterer are slightly less than for a Time
Charterer.
BOOKING NOTE (B/N)
contract is that the terms and conditions of the Booking Note are superseded by the
Bills of Lading conditions at the time of actual shipment of the goods.
<…>
TIME CHARTER PARTY FORMS
Examples of time charter party forms in use are as follows:
Codename Trade Remarks
ASBATIME Dry cargo tramp or liner American form
BALTIME Dry cargo tramp or liner BIMCO form. Boxed layout. Popular in
short sea trades
INTERTANKTIME Tanker INTERTANKO form. Used by independent
owners
LINERTIME Dry cargo liner BIMCO form. Boxed layout
NEW YORK Dry cargo tramp or liner Most commonly used time C/P form. 1946
PRODUCE version more popular than 1993 version
EXCHANGE (NYPE)
Offshore service Shell form. 1986 revision of SHELL
SHELL VESSEL
SUPPLY
TIME
TEXACOTIME Tanker Texaco form. Various versions
<…>
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Task 5.36. Do the two-way translation of the instrument below. Consider the
emphasised words and phrases.
8
Переклад українською мовою запропоновано авторами навчального посібника.
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(b) the apparent condition of the goods; (б) видимий стан вантажу;
(c) the name and principal place of business of the (в) найменування перевізника та місце
знаходження його основного комерційного
carrier;
підприємства;
(d) the name of the shipper; (г) найменування відправника вантажу;
(e) the consignee if named by the shipper; (ґ) найменування отримувача вантажу, якщо воно
зазначене відправником вантажу;
(f) the port of loading under the contract of carriage
(д) порт завантажування відповідно до договору
by sea and the date on which the goods were taken
морського перевезення й дата приймання
over by the carrier at the port of loading;
вантажу перевізником у порту завантажування;
(g) the port of discharge under the contract of
(е) порт вивантаження відповідно до договору
carriage by sea;
морського перевезення;
(є) кількість оригіналів коносаменту, якщо їх
(h) the number of originals of the bill of lading, if
більше ніж один;
more than one;
(i) the place of issuance of the bill of lading; (ж) місце видачі коносамента;
(j) the signature of the carrier or a person acting on (з) підпис перевізника або особи, яка діє від його
his behalf; імені;
(k) the freight to the extent payable by the
(и) фрахт у розмірі, що належить до сплати
consignee or other indication that freight is payable by
отримувачем вантажу, або інше зазначення того,
him;
що фрахт має бути сплачений ним;
(l) the statement referred to in paragraph 3 of article 23;
(і) вказівка, зазначена у пункті 3 статті 23;
(m) the statement, if applicable, that the goods shall or
may be carried on deck;
(ї) вказівка, у відповідних випадках, про те, що
(n) the date or the period of delivery of the goods at the вантаж має або може перевозитися на палубі;
port of discharge if expressly agreed upon between
(й) дата або період здачі вантажу в порту
the parties; and
вивантаження, якщо вони безпосередньо
(o) any increased limit or limits of liability where узгоджені учасниками; і
agreed in accordance with paragraph 4 of article 6.
(к) підвищена межа або межі відповідальності,
2. After the goods have been loaded on board, if the якщо вони узгоджені згідно пункту 4 статті 6.
shipper so demands, the carrier must issue to the
2. Після того, як вантаж буде завантажений на
shipper a “shipped” bill of lading which, in addition to
борт, перевізник, на вимогу відправника
the particulars required under paragraph 1 of this
вантажу, має видати відправнику вантажу
article, must state that the goods are on board a named
«бортовий» коносамент, у якому додатково до
ship or ships, and the date or dates of loading. If the
даних, що вимагаються згідно з пунктом 1 цієї
carrier has previously issued to the shipper a
статті, обов’язково вказується, що вантаж
bill of lading or other document of title with respect to
знаходиться на борту зазначеного судна або суден,
any of such goods, on request of the carrier the shipper
а також дата або дати завантажування. Якщо
must surrender such document in exchange for a
перевізник раніше видав відправнику вантажу
“shipped” bill of lading. The carrier may amend any
коносамент або інший
previously issued document in order to meet the
товаророзпорядчий документ стосовно такого
shippers demand for a “shipped” bill of lading if, as
вантажу, то, на прохання перевізника, відправник
amended, such document includes all
вантажу має повернути такий
документ в обмін на «бортовий» коносамент.
Перевізник може задовольнити вимогу
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omitted relates to particulars furnished by the shipper Якщо у останньому випадку випущене
for insertion in the bill of lading, the carrier has no right застереження стосується даних, представлених
of indemnity from the shipper pursuant to paragraph 1 відправником вантажу для внесення до
of this article. коносаменту, перевізник не має права вимагати
від відправника вантажу відшкодування збитків у
відповідності до пункту 1 цієї статті.
4. In the case of intended fraud referred to in 4. У випадку навмисного введення в оману, як
paragraph 3 of this article, the carrier is liable, зазначено в пункті 3 цієї статті, перевізник несе
without the benefit of the limitation of liability відповідальність, не користуючись правом на
provided for in this Convention, for the loss incurred обмеження відповідальності, що передбачено
by a third party, including a consignee, because he цією Конвенцією, за збитки, яких зазнала третя
has acted in reliance on the description of the goods сторона, включаючи отримувача вантажу,
in the bill of lading. оскільки вона діяла, покладаючись на опис
вантажу в коносаменті.
Article 18. Documents other than bills of lading Стаття 18. Інші документи, відмінні від
коносамента
Where a carrier issues a document other than a bill of Коли перевізник видає інший документ,
lading to evidence the receipt of the goods to be відмінний від коносамента, на підтвердження
carried, such a document is prima facie evidence of отримання вантажу для перевезення, такий
the conclusion of the contract of carriage by sea and документ є доказом prima facie укладання
the taking over by the carrier of the goods as therein договору про морське перевезення і приймання
described. перевізником вантажу, як його описано у цьому
документі.
PART VI. SUPPLEMENTARY ЧАСТИНА VI. ДОДАТКОВІ
PROVISIONS ПОЛОЖЕННЯ
Article 23. Contractual stipulations Стаття 23. Договірні умови
1. Any stipulation in a contract of carriage by sea,1. Будь-яка умова в договорі про морське
in a bill of lading, or in any other document перевезення, коносаменті, або в будь-якому
evidencing the contract of carriage by sea is null іншому документі, що підтверджує договір про
and void to the extent that it derogates, directly or
морське перевезення, є недійсною тією мірою,
indirectly, from the provisions of this Convention. якою вона протирічить прямо або
The nullity of such a stipulation does not affect the
опосередковано положенням цієї Конвенції.
validity of the other provisions of the contract or Недійсність такої умови не впливає на дійсність
document of which it forms a part. A clause інших положень договору або документу,
assigning benefit of insurance of goods in favour частиною якого вона є. Застереження про
of the carrier, or any similar clause, is null and void.
переуступлення прав страхування вантажу на
користь перевізника або будь-яке подібне
застереження є недійсним.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of 2. Незважаючи на положення пункту 1 цієї
this article, a carrier may increase his статті, перевізник може збільшити свою
responsibilities and obligations under this відповідальність та зобов’язання згідно з цією
Convention. Конвенцією.
3. Where a bill of lading or any other document 3. У випадках, коли видається коносамент або будь-
evidencing the contract of carriage by sea is issued, it який інший документ, що підтверджує договір про
must contain a statement that the carriage is subject to морське перевезення, він має містити вказівку про
the provisions of this Convention which nullify те, що перевезення регулюється
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any stipulation derogating therefrom to the положеннями цієї Конвенції, які позбавляють
detriment of the shipper or the consignee. юридичної сили будь-яку умову, що
протирічить цим положенням на шкоду
відправнику або отримувачу вантажу.
4. Where the claimant in respect of the goods has 4. У тих випадках, коли особа, яка виставляє
incurred loss as a result of a stipulation which is null вимогу стосовно вантажу, зазнала збитків через
and void by virtue of the present article, or as a умову, яка в силу цієї статті є недійсною, або через
result of the omission of the statement referred to in відсутність вказівки, згаданої в пункті 3 цієї
paragraph 3 of this article, the carrier must pay статті, перевізник має сплатити компенсацію
compensation to the extent required in order to give the в потрібному розмірі, щоб відшкодувати цій особі
claimant compensation in accordance with the відповідно до положень цієї Конвенції будь- яку
provisions of this Convention for any loss of or втрату вантажу або його пошкодження, а також
damage to the goods as well as for delay in delivery. затримку здачі вантажу. Перевізник має, крім того,
The carrier must, in addition, pay compensation for компенсувати витрати, яких зазнала ця особа, з
costs incurred by the claimant for the purpose of метою здійснення свого права за
exercising his right, provided that costs incurred in умови, що витрати, зазнані у зв’язку з позовом на
the action where the foregoing provision is основі вищезгаданого положення, визначаються
invoked are to be determined in accordance with the відповідно до законодавства держави, у якій
law of the State where proceedings are instituted. розпочато провадження у
справі.
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Task 5.38. Translate the following into Ukrainian. Consider the emphasised words
and phrases.
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of packing, and, in the case of dangerous goods, their generally recognised description; g)
the number of packages and their special marks and numbers; h) the gross weight of
the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed; i) charges relating to the carriage
(carriage charges, supplementary charges, customs duties and other charges incurred
from the making of the contract to the time of delivery); j) the requisite instructions for
Customs and other formalities; k) a statement that the carriage is subject,
notwithstanding any clause to the contrary, to the provisions of this Convention.
2. Where applicable, the consignment note shall also contain the following particulars:
a) a statement that transhipment is not allowed; b) the charges which the sender
undertakes to pay; c) the amount of “cash on delivery” charges; d) a declaration of the
value of the goods and the amount representing special interest in delivery; e) the
sender’s instructions to the carrier regarding insurance of the goods; f) the agreed time-
limit within which the carriage is to be carried out; g) a list of the documents handed to
the carrier.
3. The parties may enter in the consignment note any other particulars which they
may deem useful.
Article 7
1. The sender shall be responsible for all expenses, loss and damage sustained by the
carrier by reason of the inaccuracy or inadequacy of: a) the particulars specified in
article 6, paragraph 1, (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) and (j); b) the particulars specified in article
6, paragraph 2; c) any other particulars or instructions given by him to enable the
consignment note to be made out or for the purpose of their being entered therein.
2. If, at the request of the sender, the carrier enters in the consignment note the particulars
referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, he shall be deemed, unless the contrary is
proved, to have done so on behalf of the sender.
3. If the consignment note does not contain the statement specified in article 6, paragraph
1 (k), the carrier shall be liable for all expenses, loss and damage sustained through
such omission by the person entitled to dispose of the goods.
Article 8
1. On taking over the goods, the carrier shall check: a) the accuracy of the statements
in the consignment note as to the number of packages and their marks and numbers, and
b) the apparent condition of the goods and their packaging.
2. Where the carrier has no reasonable means of checking the accuracy of the
statements referred to in paragraph 1 (a) of this article, he shall enter his reservations in
the consignment note together with the grounds on which they are based. He shall
likewise specify the grounds for any reservations which he makes with regard to the
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apparent condition of the goods and their packaging. Such reservations shall not bind the
sender unless he has expressly agreed to be bound by them in the consignment note.
3. The sender shall be entitled to require the carrier to check the gross weight of the
goods or their quantity otherwise expressed. He may also require the contents of the
packages to be checked. The carrier shall be entitled to claim the cost of such checking.
The result of the checks shall be entered in the consignment note.
Article 9
1. The consignment note shall be prima facie evidence of the making of the contract of
carriage, the conditions of the contract and the receipt of the goods by the carrier.
2. If the consignment note contains no specific reservations by the carrier, it shall be
presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the goods and their packaging appeared
to be in good condition when the carrier took them over and that the number of packages,
their marks and numbers corresponded with the statements in the consignment note.
Article 10
The sender shall be liable to the carrier for damage to persons, equipment or other
goods, and for any expenses due to defective packing of the goods, unless the defect was
apparent or known to the carrier at the time when he took over the goods and he made no
reservations concerning it.
Article 11
1. For the purposes of the Customs or other formalities which have to be completed
before delivery of the goods, the sender shall attach the necessary documents to the
consignment note or place them at the disposal of the carrier and shall furnish him
with all the information which he requires.
2. The carrier shall not be under any duty to enquire into either the accuracy or the
adequacy of such documents and information. The sender shall be liable to the carrier for
any damage caused by the absence, inadequacy or irregularity of such documents and
information, except in the case of some wrongful act or neglect on the part of the
carrier.
3. The liability of the carrier for the consequences arising from the loss or incorrect use of
the documents specified in and accompanying the consignment note or deposited with
the carrier shall be that of an agent, provided that the compensation payable by the
carrier shall not exceed that payable in the event of loss of the goods.
Article 12
1. The sender has the right to dispose of the goods, in particular by asking the carrier to
stop the goods in transit, to change the place at which delivery is to take place or to
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deliver the goods to a consignee other than the consignee indicated in the consignment
note.
2. This right shall cease to exist when the second copy of the consignment note is handed
to the consignee or when the consignee exercises his right under article 13, paragraph 1;
from that time onwards, the carrier shall obey the orders of the consignee.
3. The consignee shall, however, have the right of disposal from the time when the
consignment note is drawn up, if the sender makes an entry to that effect in the
consignment note.
4. If in exercising his right of disposal the consignee has ordered the delivery of the
goods to another person, that other person shall not be entitled to name other
consignees.
5. The exercise of the right of disposal shall be subject to the following conditions: a) that
the sender or, in the case referred to in paragraph 3 of this article, the consignee who
wishes to exercise the right produces the first copy of the consignment note on which
the new instructions to the carrier have been entered and indemnifies the carrier against
all expenses, loss and damage involved in carrying out such instructions; b) that the
carrying out of such instructions is possible at the time when the instructions reach
the person who is to carry them out and does not either interfere with the normal
working of the carrier’s undertaking or prejudice the senders or consignees of other
consignments; c) that the instructions do not result in a division of the consignment.
<…>
Task 5.39. Study the stages of shipping goods and the documentation required at
each stage. Translate the terms into Ukrainian.
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