Joints Articulation, Arthrosis Structural Classification

◼ Based on what is between bones:

◼ A joint is a point of contact between
two bones, between bone and ❑ Space present? (synovial cavity)
cartilage, or between bone and teeth. ❑ Type of connective tissue present
◼ The scientific study of joints is termed ◼ Types

◼
arthrology.
Classifications 1❑ Fibrous joints
◼ no cavity, just dense irregular connective tissue

A❑ Structurally: by their anatomy

◼ Fibrous, cartilaginous, or
synovial 2❑ Cartilaginous joints
no cavity, bones held together by cartilage

B
◼

❑ Functionally: by the degree of

movement they permit

◼ Immovable, slightly movable,
3❑ Synovial joints
◼ have synovial cavity, dense irregular tissue of
and freely movable articular capsule, and often by accessory
ligaments

Functional Classification Fibrous Joints

-Permit little or no movement
◼

◼
Based on degree of movement they permit
Types
1
◼ Suture (Adults – Synarthrosis; Infants - Amphiarthrosis)
❑ Joined by thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
Example: between bones of skull
1
❑

❑ Synarthrosis: immovable ❑ Synostosis (Synarthrosis) – suture replaced by bone

◼ Coronal suture, epiphyseal cartilage
2 ❑ Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
◼ Tibia-fibula, Teeth, intervertebral jts, pelvic symphysis

3 ❑ Diarthrosis: freely movable

◼ Most joints of the body
◼ All diarthrotic joints are synovial
Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints
-Permit little or no movement -Permit little or no movement
2 ◼ Syndesmosis
❑ Greater distance between bones and greater amount of dense
3
◼
❑
Interosseous membrane (amphiarthrosis)
Has greater amount of dense irregular connective tissue, binds
irregular connective tissue neighboring long bones
❑ Examples ❑ Examples: extensive membranes between shafts of some long bones
◼ Distal tibia to distal fibula, “tibiofibular joint” (amphiarthrosis)
◼ Radius-ulna
◼ Gomphosis (amphiarthrosis) “dentoalveolar joint”: tooth root in
socket (alveolar process) of mandible or maxilla ◼ Tibia-fibula

Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints

- lacks a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement. - lacks a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement.
- the articulating bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage - the articulating bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

1
◼ Synchondrosis (amphiarthrosis-synarthrosis)
❑ Hyaline cartilage connects two areas of bone
2 ◼ Symphysis (amphiarthrosis)
❑ End of articulating bones are covered w/ hyaline cartilage, but a
❑ Example: Manubrium and 1st rib broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
❑ All occur in the midline of the body
❑ Examples: pubic symphysis, sternal angle and intervertebral
discs

In an x-ray of a young person’s skeleton, the

synchondroses are easily seen as thin dark areas
between the white-appearing bone tissue
Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints: Structure
- lacks a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement. Because the synovial cavity allows
- the articulating bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage ◼ Synovial cavity (Joint cavity) considerable movement at a joint, all
❑ space containing fluid; allows synovial joints are classified functionally

3
considerable joint movement as freely movable (diarthroses).
◼ Epiphyseal cartilages
◼ Articular cartilage
❑ Hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone ❑ A layer of hyaline cartilage that
formation, not joints associated with movements covers ends of bones, absorbs
❑ Examples: epiphyseal (growth) plate that connects the epiphysis shock and reduces friction
and diaphysis of a growing bone ◼ Articular capsule (Joint capsule)
❑ Unites articulating bones
❑ 2 Layers:

• Functionally, epiphyseal cartilage is an

immovable joint (synarthrosis).
• When bone elongation ceases, bone
replaces the hyaline cartilage, and becomes
a synostosis, a bony joint.
1
❑ Inner layer: synovial membrane
(areolar connective tissue with elastic
fibers) that secretes synovial fluid
(reduces friction, supplies nutrients)
2
❑ Outer layer: fibrous membrane, dense
irregular connective tissue
(continuation of periosteum in between
the bones)

Synovial Joints: Structure Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

◼ In some cases synovial joints include:
◼ Gliding
❑ Accessory ligaments
❑ Flat bone surfaces moving across each other
◼ Extracapsular ligaments – outside the articular capsule; Example: fibular
and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint
❑ Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints
◼ Intracapsular ligaments – within the articular capsule but excluded from
synovial cavity; Example: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee ◼ Angular Movements
joint
• There is an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
❑ Menisci (articular discs) • The major angular movements are flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
❑ Articular fat pads hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
❑ Labrum
◼ Prominent in ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hips
❑ Bursae
◼ Sacs made of synovial membranes containing fluid

◼ Located where friction can occur

◼ Examples: between skin-bone, tendons-bones, muscles-

bones, ligaments-bones
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Gliding Movements at Synovial Joints
Gliding movements consist
◼ Angular Movements of side-to-side and back-and-
forth motions.
◼ Flexion
❑ Decrease in angle between articulating bones
◼ Extension
❑ Increase in angle between articulating bones
❑ In anatomical position the body is in full extension
◼ Hyperextension
❑ Bending beyond 180o degrees, such as moving
humerus backwards behind anatomical position

Angular Movements at Synovial Joints Angular Movements at Synovial Joints

In angular movements, there is an increase or decrease In angular movements, there is an increase or decrease
in the angle between articulating bones. in the angle between articulating bones.
Angular Movements at Synovial Joints Angular Movements at Synovial Joints
In angular movements, there is an increase or decrease In angular movements, there is an increase or decrease
in the angle between articulating bones. in the angle between articulating bones.

Movements Angular Movements at Synovial Joints

Abduction and adduction usually occur along the frontal plane.
◼ Abduction
❑ Movement of bone away from midline
◼ Adduction
❑ Movement of bone toward midline
◼ Circumduction
❑ Movement of distal end in a circle
◼ Rotation
❑ Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Angular Movements at Synovial Joints Angular Movements at Synovial Joints
Abduction and adduction usually occur along the frontal plane. Circumduction is the movement of the
distal end of a body part in a circle.

Rotation at Synovial Joints Special Movements

In rotation, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
◼ Elevation
❑ Movement upward
❑ Closing mouth at the TMJ
◼ Depression
❑ Movement downward
❑ Open mouth to depress the mandible
❑ Return shrugged shoulders (depress
scapula and clavicle)
◼ Protraction
❑ Movement forward
❑ Protract mandible at TMJ
❑ Protract clavicles at the acromioclavicular
and sternoclavicular jts by crossing arms
◼ Retraction
❑ Movement backward into anatomical
position
Special Movements at Synovial Joints Special Movements at Synovial Joints
Special movements occur only at certain synovial joints. Special movements occur only at certain synovial joints.

Special Movements Special Movements at Synovial Joints

◼ Inversion ◼ Supination
❑ Move soles medially ❑ Movement of forearm so
palms face forward or
◼ Eversion upward
❑ Move soles laterally
◼ Pronation
◼ Dorsiflexion ❑ Movement of forearm so
❑ Bend foot toward dorsum palms face backward or
(“stand on heels”) downward
◼ Plantar flexion ◼ Opposition
❑ Bend foot toward plantar ❑ Movement of the thumb at
surface (“stand on toes”) the carpometacarpal joint
in which the thumb moves
across the palm to touch
the tips of the fingers on
the same hand
 Summary of Movements
at Synovial Joints
Six Types of
Synovial Joints
◼ Planar joints
❑ Articulating surfaces flat or
slightly curved
❑ permit back-and-forth and
side-to-side movements
between the flat surfaces of
bones, but they may also
rotate against one another
❑ Examples: between carpals,
tarsals, sternum-clavicle,
scapula-clavicle,
sternocostal jt,
verterbrocostal jt
❑ Movements: gliding
Six Types of
Synovial Joints
◼ Although all synovial joints
have many characteristics in
common, the shapes of the
articulating surfaces vary =
many types of movements are
possible.
◼ Synovial joints are divided into
six categories based on type of
movement:
❑ plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid,
saddle, and ball-and-socket.
Six Types of
Synovial Joints
◼ Hinge joints
❑ Ginglymus joint
❑ Convex-to-concave surfaces
❑ As the name implies, hinge joints
produce an angular, opening-and-
closing motion like that of a hinged
door
❑ In most joint movements, one bone
remains in a fixed position while the
other moves around an axis.
❑ Examples: elbow, knee, ankle,
interphalangeal
❑ Movements: flexion (F) and
extension (E) only