Drilling Fluid

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Schlumberger Private
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and
Conditioning Equipment
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Equipment
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Systems of Rotary Drilling
 Three systems of rotary drilling operation:

1) Rotating system
2) Hoisting system
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3) Circulating system
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Equipment
Circulating System
 Circulating system includes the following.

 Drilling mud
 Pumping and Conditioning Equipment
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Equipment
Drilling Fluid
 Drilling Fluid:
Drilling fluid has mainly two types.
 Liquid
 may be water, oil or mixture of water and oil with additives.
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 mostly called drilling mud
 water base mud 95% in drilling operation, cheap as compare
to oil base.
 Oil base mud harder to dispose off, effects on environment
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 Gas
 May be dry air or gas, or may be air or gas mixed with water
and foaming agent to form mist or foam.
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 Used in special conditions.
 Its disadvantages limit its use.

Equipment
Key Drilling Fluid Functions

Maintain
Transmit
bore hole
Information
stability
Minimise
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Suspend barite
loss of fluid under static and
to the formation dynamic
conditions
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Lubricate
the drill string Remove drill
cuttings and
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cavings
Control from the well
formation
pressure
Protect the Provide hydraulic
productive
horse power
formation
Equipment
Functions of the Circulating System
 Circulating a fluid while drilling:

 Cleans the bottom of hole
 Regrinding the chips already broken off from formation
is wasted effort.
 High velocity stream creates turbulence and removes
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cuttings off bottom.
 Transport cuttings to surface
 Annular Velocity
• The annular velocity contributes major factor in
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transporting cuttings from bottom to surface.
• Liquid mud requires annular velocity 100 to 200 ft
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per hr.
• Gas or air fluid requires annular velocity 3000 ft
per hr.

Equipment
Functions of the Circulating System (con’d)
 Cools the bit and lubricates the drill stem

 Supports the walls of the well bore
 Prevents entry of formation fluid into well bore
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which can cause kick or if not controlled, leads
to blow out
 Transmits hydraulic power to down hole motors
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 Reveals the presence of oil, gas or water from
the formation being drilled
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 Reveals information about the formation, through
the cuttings

Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud
 Properties of Drilling mud are its

 Density
 Viscosity
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 Gel strength
 Filtration.
 Ph
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Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
 Density
 The density or weight of the mud and its height
determines the hydrostatic pressure of mud column to
prevent the kick.
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 Too heavy column of mud can fracture the formation
and lead to lost circulation.
 Excessive mud weight can slow down ROP.
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 Barite, BaSo4, is the most common weighting material
with SG 4.2 TO 4.35.
 Barite does not hydrate or react with water.
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 Other weighting material are calcium carbonate, sodium
chloride and some other inorganic salts.

Equipment
Testing of Mud Properties (water base)
 Mud Weight
 Density is expressed in weight per unit volume
i.e Kg/m3, PPG, SG, PCF, PSI/FT
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 Device used to measure mud density is mud
balance
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Equipment
Mud Weight Test by Pressurized Mud Balance
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Equipment

Viscosity
Viscosity is resistance to flow which is developed
with following materials.
1.Bentonite - Naturally occurring clay, used in fresh
water
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2.Attapulgite is used when make up water is salty.
3.Polymer - a chemical that consists of large
molecules in repeating structure
▪Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and Starch
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▪Polymers dissolve in water and increase
viscosity without added solids.
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▪Polymers form more powerful collides and gel
than Bentonite.
▪Polymers affect other mud properties of mud
than viscosity and are so more useful.

Equipment
▪Viscosity is decreased by adding water or

chemicals. Water decreases the density
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where as chemicals do not.
▪Chemical used to reduce viscosity and gel
strength are called dispersants which are
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Lignite's, polyphosphates and
lignosulphates used in water base mud.
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▪Lignite's and Lignosulphates also reduce
the fluid loss and the thickness of the filter
cake.

Equipment
Disadvantages if viscosity is too high

• Requires high pump pressure, wear & tear of
mud pump
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• Swabbing which can cause a kick
• Surge pressure, fracture formation, cause lost
circulation
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Equipment
Measuring Viscosity by Marsh Funnel
 1 quart or 1 Liter of clean fresh
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water at a temperature of 21
deg. Cent. flows out of funnel
in 26 seconds.
 Funnel viscosity is based on
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how long it takes 1 qt or liter of
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mud to flow through the funnel.

Equipment
Plastic Viscosity (Pv), Yield Point (Yp) and Gel strength

Plastic Viscosity (Pv)
Plastic viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow. It
is measured by direct indicating viscometer and
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its units are centipoises.
Pv = 600 rpm reading-300 rpm reading
Units in centipoises
Yield Point (Yp)
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It is the measure of forces required to start the
mud to flow. It is measured by direct indicating
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viscometer
Yp = 300 rpm reading – plastic viscosity
Units in lbs per 100 sq-ft

Equipment
Direct Indicating Viscometer
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Equipment
Direct Indicating Viscometer
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Equipment
Gel Strength
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•It is the measure of mud ability that holds
cuttings in place when circulation is stopped and
prevents cutting from falling back to bottom.
•High gel strength may require high pump
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pressure to break circulation and can cause
formation break down.
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•Bentonite increases gel strength as well as
viscosity.

Equipment

Testing Gel Strength
Requires two tests
The 1st, 30 second test shows how quickly the
mud gels. The sample remains undisturbed for
30 seconds and reading is taken at 3 rpm of
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direct indicating viscometer which gives
initial gel strength, in lb/100 sq-ft.
The 2nd 10 minutes test shows how strongly it
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gels. The sample remains undisturbed for 10
minutes and reading is taken at 3 rpm of direct
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indicating viscometer which gives 10 minute
gel strength in lb/100 sq-ft.

Equipment
Filtration:
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▪ Filtration takes place when the mud hydrostatic
forces the liquid part (water or oil) of drilling mud into
the permeable formation.
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▪In case of shale, no cake forms. Water in the mud
contacts the shale surface where there is just enough
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permeability which causes the shale to swell and
slough.

Equipment
Filter Cake
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Equipment
Fluid loss
Liquid part (water or oil) of the mud that flows into
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the formation is called fluid loss.
Disadvantages
▪The cake thickness is proportional to fluid loss which
reduces the hole dia. and can lead to pipe sticking.
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▪High fluid loss may cause sloughing and caving of
shale formations
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▪High fluid loss in porous formation can also hinder
the interpretation of electric logs.

Equipment
Fluid Loss
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Equipment
 Prevention of Fluid loss

▪ Water sensitive formations cause sloughing
and caving which increases hole size and
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viscosity and damage the producing zone.
Calcium Hydro oxide Ca (OH)2, Gypsum Ca
SO4, Calcium Chloride CaCL2 are used to
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inhibit the mud. oi

Equipment
High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press
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Equipment
High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press
 Filter Press measures filtration rate. A
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Equipment
 Ph
 The Ph of a fluid is its relative acidity or
alkalinity.
 Distilled water is neither acid nor alkaline
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which has Ph of 7.
 Ph scale is from 0 to 14.
 Mud must be alkaline with a Ph of 8 to 13 to
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allow the chemicals in the mud to work well
and minimize corrosion.
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 Most commonly used chemical to increase Ph
is Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydro oxide), Na OH.

Equipment
Ph Meter
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Equipment
 Other Additives
 To improve the mud properties , other additives are as
follows.
 Flocculants cause drilled solid to stick together
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 Corrosion Control Agents reduce corrosion to the metal
parts that salts in the mud can cause.
 De-foamers breaks up the foams when formation gas
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contaminates the mud.
 Anti differential sticking additives help free sticking
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pipe
 Emulsifier improve lubricating properties, lower fluid
loss and help prevent the bit from balling.

Equipment
Oil Base Mud
 Liquid phase is oil, diesel or synthetic oil.

 Oil base Mud > oil, emulsifier, stabilizing agent,
salt and water less than 5%
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 Oil emulsion mud > water base mud with some oil
added.
 Invert - emulsion mud or invert oil mud > oil base
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mud with some water added (10 to 60 %).
 Synthetic Mud > vegetable and mineral oil, less
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environmentally hazardous

Equipment
Oil Mud
 Oil mud is used for following reasons.

 Protecting producing formations
 Drilling water-soluble formations
 Drilling deep, high temperature holes
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 Preventing differential pressure sticking
 Coring
 Minimizing gelation and corrosion problems (when used
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as a packer fluid).
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Mitigate severe drill string corrosion
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 Preventing entrainment of gas
 Drilling troublesome shales

Equipment
Oil Emulsion Mud
 Advantage of oil emulsion mud

 Any mud with water content more than 30% does
not burn.
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 Costs less than oil base mud.
 Disadvantage of oil emulsion mud
 High water loss
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Equipment
Oil Base Mud (cont’d)
 Disadvantages of oil base mud

1. It is expensive
2. The problem of contamination from ground water
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3. Its flammability
4. Safety and health concerns for the crew
(slipperiness and dirtiness are objectionable and
can cause accidents)
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Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System
 Equipment used to move a liquid drilling fluid of

Circulating System is as below.
I. Mud Tanks i.e. Active tank, Reserve tank, Slug
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pit, Trip tank etc.
a. With enough mud storage capacity for
cleaning, conditioning and mixing of mud.
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b. Act as reservoir for cooling off return mud.
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Equipment
Mud Pumps
I. Mud Pumps
a. Heart of circulating system
b. Two or three mud pumps
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c. Large GPM required for top holes and high
pressure for greater depths.
d. One pump as stand by.
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Equipment
Mud Pumps
 Reciprocating Pump
 Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement
pump.
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 Single acting pump > 3 pistons moving inside
liners in one direction.
 Double Acting Pump > 2 pistons moving inside
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two liners in both direction.
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Equipment
Mud Pumps
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Equipment
Triplex Pump
.
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Equipment
Duplex Pump
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Equipment
Triplex Mud Pump
 Major Components of Power end

 Electric Motor
 Chain and sprockets or Belts and Pulleys
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 Pinion Shaft or Jack shaft
 Bull Gear
 Bull Gear or Herringbone gear
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 Crank Shaft
 Connecting Rod
 Cross Head
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 Pony Rods,
 Main Bearing, Eccentric Bearings, Jack shaft Bearings

Equipment
Major Components of Power End
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Equipment
Lubricating System
 Bearings and cross heads requires lubrication.

 Built in System > Crank shafts picks up the oil
from sump and sprays
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 External lube oil pump
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Equipment
Lubricating System
Wipers on pony rod as barrier
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Equipment
Fluid End
 Suction and discharge sections

 Major Parts
 Module, Liner, Piston, Piston rubber (Natural
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Rubber or oil resistant synthetic rubber), Piston
Rod, Seat, Valve
 Liner Packing > weep hole
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Equipment
Fluid End
 Volumetric Efficiency
 Ratio of theoretical volume and Actual Volume
 Duplex Pump efficiency no more than 90%.
 Triplex closer to 100 %. 97% is most common.
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 What causes Drop in Efficiency
 Mud cut with air and gas is the most frequent cause of
reduction in efficiency.
 Poor Suction
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 Leakage of mud between piston and liner
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 Leakage in valve and seat
 Leakage in Liner and fluid end body

Equipment
Controlling Pump Output
 Pump speed and pressures are varied by changing

the input power or changing the horse power.
 Pressure rating of different size of liners is the
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limit to max. operating pressure of the system.
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Equipment
Suction
 For 100% volumetric efficiency, flooded suction is

required
 Flooded suction means suction full of mud without
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air
 If suction is not full, air will enter which reduces
efficiency.
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 Supercharging ( centrifugal pump) pump ensures
flooded suction
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Equipment
Fluid knocking
 Fluid Knocking also called hydraulic hammer or water hammer

 It is due to the insufficient suction head (Incoming mud can not
keep up with the piston speed).
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 Effect of fluid knocking
 Metal fatigue in the pump parts and discharge line
 Suction valve strike harder on seat causing premature
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failure of valve seals.
 Piston rod carries the shock to power end causing added
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stress.

Equipment
Fluid Knocking
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Equipment
Pulsation Dampener
 Suction Dampener
 Discharge line Dampener
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Equipment
Pulsation Dampener
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Equipment
Pressure Relief Valve
 Protects the pump when discharge line or bit nozzle

gets plugged
 Discharge line > should be short, preferably without
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bends, rigidly anchored.
 Slope in discharge line
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Equipment
Priming
 Fill up the pump prior to run it > dry liner may ruin
the piston.
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Equipment
Lubricating and Cooling
 The piston rubber can burn and damage liner in 30

minutes if not cooled.
 Cooling spray should completely flush the entire
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stroke area.
 Check angle and direction of cooling water nozzles
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 Inspect your fluid end parts when pump not in use.
 Check suction strainer when pump not in use
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Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
III.Shale Shakers
a. The 1st equipment to remove cuttings from return
mud.
b. Two or three shale shakers on a rig
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IV. Sand Trap
Drilled solid fall through shale shaker screens into sand
trap.
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a. 10 to 20 bbls capacity
b. Sloping sides
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c. Solids larger than 74 micron settle out in sand trap

Equipment
V. De-sander
VI.De-slitter
VII.Mud cleaner
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VIII.Mud Gas Separators
IX. Mud Agitators
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Equipment
 Shale Shaker
 Mud flow on the screen is controlled by changing
angle of screen either uphill or down hill.
 To determine right size of screen, the mud
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should travel down one-half to two third of the
length of screen before completely passing
through it.
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 The greater the screen mesh size, smaller the
particle size
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 20 mesh screen > 765 micron
 100 mesh screen > 149 micron

Equipment
 Shale Shakers (cont’d)

 Salts dissolved in mud can cause screen
plugging. The dissolved salts coat the screen
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wires as the water evaporates and leave the
coats on the screen mesh wall. When salt is
hardened, it causes plugging. So regular screen
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washing is required.
 Pyramid screens have 40% more surface area
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than a flat screen which almost double the screen
flow capacity.

Equipment
 Shale Shakers (cont’d)

 Shale shaker can remove particle above 74
micron.
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Equipment
Solid Control Equipment
 Desander and Desilter

 Shale Shaker removes solids ranging up to 74
micron.
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 Desander removes solids ranging 74 to 40
micron.
 Dessilter removes solids ranging 40 to 20
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micron.
 Mud Cleaner removes solids ranging 20 to 7
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micron.
 Centrifuge removes solids ranging 7 to 4 micron.

Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
 Desander
 More useful while drilling top holes as it removes
large solid build up in the mud.
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 Usually has 1 to 3 cones.
 Cone diameter is 6 to 12 inches.
 It is installed down stream shale shaker
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Equipment
Hydro cyclone
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Equipment
 Desilter
 Cone size is 3 to 5” dia.
 Removes solids 10 to 20 micron
 Desilting the drilling mud can drastically reduce
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• mud pump wear,
• hole problem,
• bits wear,
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• time required to drill the hole,
• amount of water required for mud treatment.
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Equipment
 Operating pressure of Desander and desilter

 Desander operates at 25 to 35 psi
 Desilter operates at 30 to 45 psi
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 Never use centrifugal pump that is used for
desander or desilter for any other purpose.
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Equipment
 Maintenance of hydro cyclone

 Most common problem are cones wear due to
excessive pump pressure
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 Plugging due to large cuttings which come from
shale shaker torn screen.
 Inspect centrifugal pump for proper discharge
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and operating pressure.
 Regular inspection and cleaning of cones helps
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avoid plugging problem.

Equipment
 Mud Cleaner
 The hydocylone
removes the silt and
discharge to next down
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stream tank.
 The underflow of hydro
cyclone goes to fine
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mesh screen. The
drilled solid larger than
screen size go to waste
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pit.

Equipment
Drilling Mud
The End
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Equipment

Drilling Fluid

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https://oil-com.blogspot.

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Systems of Rotary Drilling

 Three systems of rotary drilling operation:

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

 Circulating system includes the following.

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Key Drilling Fluid Functions

Functions of the Circulating System

 Circulating a fluid while drilling:

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Functions of the Circulating System (con’d)

 Cools the bit and lubricates the drill stem

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud

 Properties of Drilling mud are its

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Testing of Mud Properties (water base)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Mud Weight Test by Pressurized Mud Balance

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

▪Viscosity is decreased by adding water or

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Disadvantages if viscosity is too high

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Measuring Viscosity by Marsh Funnel

 1 quart or 1 Liter of clean fresh

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Plastic Viscosity (Pv), Yield Point (Yp) and Gel strength

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Direct Indicating Viscometer

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Direct Indicating Viscometer

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

 Prevention of Fluid loss

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press

 Filter Press measures filtration rate. A

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning

Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning