ST.

VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO

MAMATID, CABUYAO, LAGUNA

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

OPLAN TAPHANG OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

IN CABUYAO CITY, LAGUNA

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminology
St. Vincent College of Cabuyao
Barangay Mamatid, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Magallones, Micah A.
Dalisay, Jake L.
December 2022
 ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION

Providing a safe, thriving environment for students to learn and staff to work is

the foremost goal of any school setting. Since its inception at the Single Convention on

Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the global war on drugs has remained a contentious issue.

International evidence has illustrated that there was no clear link between a punitive

approach or decriminalization and the increase or decrease of drug users. Despite this,

some countries continue to adopt an enforcement-centric approach on the war on drugs.

At the same time, the Philippines welcomed the new administration under Pres. Rodrigo

Duterte in 2016. The country also faced the administration’s intensified campaign against

the use of illegal drugs.

Consistent with its campaign promise, the Duterte administration has

demonstrated a significant degree of political will to curb the proliferation of illegal drugs

in the country. According to the Philippine National Police (PNP), in the short period

from July 1 to Oct 3, 2016—less than 100 days—there were a total of 732,149 surrenders

and 22,415 arrests. These surrenders and arrests were part of the government’s efforts to

reduce the supply of illegal drugs through PNP’s Double Barrel campaign.

The Double Barrel plan is composed of Project Tokhang (i.e. Toktok-Hangyo or

“knock and negotiate”) for the lower barrel, where the targets were the small-time drug

pushers and users while for the upper barrel is the Project HVT (high-value target) which

targets the big-time suppliers of illegal drugs and users.

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The PNP has also moved on to include a modified Tokhang called “Taphang”

(Tapok Hangyo) wherein compared to “OPLAN TOKHANG”, “OPLAN TAPHANG”

targets the non-users of illegal drugs like homeowners of subdivisions, condos, business

establishments, and government agencies would be gathered to discuss and advance the

anti-drugs campaign.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the program of Philippine National

Police about the “war on drugs” in the implementation program conducted on “Oplan

Taphang” of the Philippine National Police in Cabuyao City, Laguna.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cabuyao is a component city in the landlocked province of Laguna. The city has a

land area of 43.30 square kilometers or 16.72 square miles which constitutes 2.25% of

Laguna's total area. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 355,330. This

represented 10.51% of the total population of Laguna province, or 2.19% of the overall

population of the CALABARZON region. Based on these figures, the population density

is computed at 8,206 inhabitants per square kilometer or 21,252 inhabitants per

square mile. It has eighteen (18) Barangays. On the drug situation, all barangays were

drug affected. The number of drug personalities in AOR listed in BADAC and PNP is

three hundred thirty two (332) users/pushers. From July 1, 2016 as new administration

started, Cabuyao Police Station conducted “OPLAN TOKHANG “and aggressive police

operations that resulted to the arrest of three (3) drug personalities and surrender of ninety

eight (98) users/pushers which includes two (2) Barangay Captains and seven (7)
 ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
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Barangay Kagawads. Further, This Police Station have also recorded two (2) shooting

incidents on listed drug personalities that resulted to the wounding of one (1) and the

other is killed both by unidentified assailants. For period July 1- to September 26, 2016,

this Station were able to apprehend Thirteen (13) suspects thru Buy-Bust Operations and

Two (2) Search Warrant for Violation of Republic Act 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous

Drug Act of 2002) This station is continuously conducting “TOKHANG”, “TAPHANG”

and police operations to neutralize drug personalities who do not surrender and

monitoring to the surrenderers in compliance with the directives from higher

headquarters to wit.

There is no denying that Cabuyao Police Station has to contend with its limited

resources and manpower capability while it remains considerably dependent on other

bilateral units in pursuit of the Project “Double Barrel”. Likewise, there are some

problems that have cropped in the present implementation of Project “Double Barrel”

such as the welfare of the surrenderers; the status of the informants/assets; the support of

the Local Government Units in terms of rehabilitation and livelihood programs intended

for the surrenderers and other issues of concerns. The Spiritual upliftment, Awareness of

Legal Mandates relative to Drug abuse and prevention, Sports Festival, Community

Service, Technical Services Training and Livelihood Project (e.g. Food Processing,

Automotive, Masonry, livestock production, carpentry, culinary, dressmaking) for the

surrenderers. To date, a total of two hundred twenty nine (229) surrenderers will be

benefited with the aforesaid training. These surrenderers signed the Pledge of

Commitment and had undergone series of medical/spiritual/legal/psychological/physical

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treatment. This Police Station also conducts the following activities: Drug Symposium

and film showing to all Schools at all levels; Dialogues to the general populace;

Forums/Focus Group Discussion with the Municipal Anti-Drug Abuse Council

(MADAC), Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (MADAC) composed of lateral and

bilateral units such as judiciary/education sector/religious sector/medical sector/social

sector/media & communication/ Barangay Officials.

The undoubtedly challenges the Cabuyao Police Station, hence the need for the

assessment of the extent of the factors contributory to the problems met in existing

guidelines, procedures and tasks of Cabuyao Police Station in the conduct of Project

“Double Barrel” which includes “Oplan Tokhang” and “Oplan Taphang”.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This present study is based on the idea of Duval and Wicklund on Self-awareness

theory.

Duval and Wicklund in their 1972 landmark book entitled A theory of objective

self-awareness, stated that when we focus our attention on ourselves, we evaluate and

compare our current behaviour to our internal standards and values. This elicits a state of

objective self-awareness. We become self-conscious as objective evaluators of ourselves.

However, self-awareness is not to be confused with self-consciousness

In relation to this study, being aware to the psychological effects of the use of

illegal drugs and how to avoid using it is very important in our generation, especially to

students because they are the ones who are easily tempted because of depression.
 ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
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Figure 1: Self-awareness Theory, proposed by Duval and Wicklund (1972)

Mirror, audience, photo, Self- Unpleasant

hear name awareness Self-discrepancies

“Change!” “Escape!”
(match behaviour to (withdraw from self-
standard) awareness)

HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

respondents and the implementation of “Oplan Taphang” in Cabuyao City, Laguna.

 ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Framework of this study presented is an overview of the work to

be done.

Input Process Output

1. Demographic Profile

1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
1.3. Length of
Service
Survey Questionnaire
2. Level of
Implementation of Implementation project for
Oplan Taphang in Data Gathering
Cabuyao, Laguna the surrenderers of oplan
Data Processing Taphang
2.1. Education
Data Analysis
2.2. Program
2.3. Procedure Data Interpretation
3. Relationship between
the demographic profile
of respondents and
implementation of
“Oplan Taphang”

The table shows the input which is demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of age, gender, and length of service. It also shows the level of implementation og

Oplan Taphang in Cabuyao, Laguna in terms of education, program, and procedure. And,

the relationship of the demographic profile of the respondents to the implementation of

Oplan Taphang.

Process includes the survey questionnaire, data gathering, data processing, data

analysis, and data interpretation. Finally, Output shows the implementation projects to be

supervise by the Philippine National Police in the Cabuyao City, Laguna.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of “Oplan TapHang” of

Philippine National Police in Cabuyao City, Laguna.

Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Gender; and

1.3. Length of Service

2. What is the level of implementation of “Oplan Taphang” in Cabuyao City,

laguna in terms of:

2.1. Education;

2.2. Programs; and

2.3. Procedure

3. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

respondents and the implementation of “Oplan Taphang”?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of this research study is expected to benefit the following:

Community – To give an outlook of the functions of the projects of Philippine

National Police (PNP) on war-on-drugs

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Students – To widen their awareness about the projects of our government

focusing on war-on-drugs

PNP – To help them in endorsing their programs to the community.

Government – To give them idea that they also need to extend their programs for

non-users of illegal drugs so it will help them be more aware and everyone in the

community will support them in their fight against the use of illegal drugs.

Family – To widen their awareness about the campaign for the use of illegal

drugs.

Researchers - To serve as their preliminary idea or source of data on their future

research, particularly if the future proponents will take the same course.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the level of implementation of “Oplan Taphang” of the

Philippine National Police in Cabuyao, Laguna. This study is limited to the twenty (20)

respondents which are the uniformed personnel of the Philippine National Police in

Cahuyao, Laguna.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally to provide a better and common

understanding of the readers and researchers:

AWARENESS – knowing and understanding a lot about what is happening in the

world or around you

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DOUBLE BARREL PLAN - is composed of Project Tokhang (i.e. Toktok-

Hangyo or “knock and negotiate”) for the lower barrel and Project HVT (high-value

target) for the upper barrel.

EDUCATION – the action or process of educating or of being educated

HANGYO – means request

MATERIAL – something used in doing a particular activity

PROCEDURE – a series of actions that are done in a certain way or order

PROJECT HVT - Operations here targets illegal drug personalities and

syndicates

TAPHANG – derived from Cebuano words “tapok” and “hangyo”. It is the

modified TOKHANG

TAPOK – means gather

TOKHANG – derived from Cebuano words “tok-tok” (knock) and “hangyo”

(Request)
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Sereta et al (2016) claims that drug abuse has invaded homes, schools and

work places affecting individuals of all ages and classes. Some argues that this

disturbing scenario has largely been caused by high rates of unemployment,

media influence on the youth, breakdown of traditional system that had checks

and balances on individuals’ behavior, poverty and ignorance of the effects of

drugs. In a nutshell drugs have many negative effects to the individual, family and

society at large. In this regard communities all over the world have been

preoccupied with search for programs to help those affected by drugs. Different

societies worldwide have sought different ways of assisting those addicted to

change their behavior. It is from this understanding that rehabilitation program is

crucial as intervention measures arises for behavior modification.

Barry et al (2014) said that drug addiction is often treated as a subcategory

of mental illness, and insurance plans group them together under the rubric of

“behavioral health.” Given starkly different public views about drug addiction and
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mental illness, advocates may need to adopt different approaches to reduce stigma

and advance public policy.

Journey Pure (2017). Drug dependence has two components: physical

dependency and psychological dependency. Physical dependency occurs when a

drug has been used habitually and the body has become accustomed to its

effects. Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually

and the mind has become emotional reliant to its effects, either to elicit pleasure

or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of functioning without it.

Wyrwisz (2015) said that the critics of the American war on drugs use also

many other arguments. It was estimated that the expenses on this war so far

constituted more than the unimaginable number of trillion dollars. It is more

common to capture someone for the drug offense than a murderer. The drug war

‘machinery’ is thus expanding, in the form of the enlargement of police, the

prison system and its headquarters, computers, weapons, or cars. The percentage

of the population behind the prison bars is the highest in the U.S. Because of the

drug legislation about half millions of Americans are imprisoned now, often with

broken career and family life, which is not good for the society as a whole. More

and more radical voices appear which try to focus the eyes of public opinion on

the fact that disproportionally more Afro-Americans are imprisoned. Regardless

of that aspect, the use of drugs has not decreased during the war that lasts several

decades in the U.S. And what has not been destroyed by drugs, has been

destroyed by the war on drugs

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Mkhize (2015) said that our young people feel hopeless with no jobs or

education opportunities, which makes them venture into drugs. Education plays a

big role for the community and parents if they are to understand what it means to

be a drug addict, because it is a sickness.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Mazo (2017) In September 2016, the local chief executive gathered

representatives from the different sectors and volunteers to map out plans to

tackle the influx of drug surrenderees in response to the Oplan “tok-hang” of the

PNP. The group drew-up a Transformational Rehabilitation Plan that was a

Community-Based Approach to Drug Prevention, Intervention and Moral

Recovery Program. The program, a 3-Phases modular approach, was

implemented with the general objective to enable the participant to

understand the process of healing and recovery from their old lifestyles and

embrace the new life for the future. Based on the feedback from the surrenderees

and their families, the program was effective because it really addressed the

inner core of their problems .

Barrera (2017) said that previous research and commentaries took a

rationalist approach in making sense of the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte,

and his “war on drugs.” An array of descriptors has been assigned to him, ranging

from a psychopath, murderer, to crisis-performing populist. Based on Barrera’s

paper, he deviated from his perspective by placing culture at the core of Duterte’s
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war on drugs. Findings show that Duterte’s stories illustrate an apocalyptic genre

within a heroic saga. He views himself as situated in a continuous array of battles

against the dark forces of drugs and criminals. In describing the country’s drug

situation, he has been weaving stories containing extreme polarization between

characters, ideal motivations, and extraordinary objects of struggle. These stories,

in turn, have influenced him to launch a violent war on drugs and disconnected

and affiliated him to new alliances. The findings show how finite cultural,

narrative resources incite human actions and suggest ways of enhancing dialog as

a means of thinking about, not just with, stories in the current war on drugs in the

country.

Reyes (2016) claims that Duterte’s “war on drugs”, state power is

exercised through the body in a spectacle of humiliation and violence. The

analysis draws from the work of Foucault (1979) on the political value of a

spectacle of the body to explain the distinctive character of Duterte’s violent war

on drugs; of Feldman (1991) on the use of the body as an object in which violence

is embodied to send political messages; of Agamben (1995) on eliminating life

supposedly devoid of value; and on Mumford et al. (2007), who pointed to the

popularity of “violent ideological leaders.” Reyes argued that, under the Duterte

administration, criminals are humiliated and killed in a spectacle of violence that

politicises their lives, sending a message that intimidates others. In the process,

law-abiding citizens are meant to feel safe, which is seen as likely to increase the

newly elected president’s popularity and his power as chief executive. Duterte has
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thereby politicised life, not only putting criminals outside the benefit of state

protection but actively targeting them.

Chapman and Fabor (2017) said that to wage his war on drugs, President

Duterte compiled and publicized a list of suspects, apparently obtaining names

from local police officers and elected officials. He variously described his lists as

identifying some 600,000 to more than a million persons (Fenton, 2017). In

addition to ordinary citizens, these lists name officials, including judges, members

of Congress, and police, and military officers, often without evidence (Amnesty

International, 2016). He has also publicly praised the extrajudicial killing of

suspected drug dealers and drug users and actively encouraged the killing of drug

addicts, offering huge bounties to those who turn in drug lords, dead or alive.

Seeking to eliminate the Philippines’ addiction problem by encouraging

and sanctioning the murder of alleged drug users and sellers is neither an effective

way to control addiction nor ethically acceptable.

Caday (2015) said that drug abuse is one of the world’s most pressing

problems threatening people of every age, socio-economic background,

geographic region, educational level, and ethnic or racial identity. What is

alarming is its gradual change from social disease into a household companion in

many communities where people regard its presence as a normal thing in the

society.
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The War on drugs is one of the Philippine government’s priority

programs due to the proliferation of illegal drugs. The widespread sale of these

illegal drugs has become a public health concern. As a result of the campaign

against drugs, thousands surrendered which prompted the government to

conduct moral recovery community-based programs nationwide.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Holmes (2017) said that Duterte’s overheated rhetoric on the drug war

hides his simplistic solution to a complex problem. A recent international study

showed that violent “drug wars” around the world have done little to lessen the

dangers posed by drugs and often target the most vulnerable in society, prompting

one of the authors to predict that without first addressing poverty, exclusion, and

the public health issues involved, Duterte’s drug war inevitably “will fail.”

Baker III (2016) claims that several factors allow the drug trade to flourish

in East and Southeast Asia. The rule of law remains weak in many countries,

leaving state institutions susceptible to corruption. Already porous borders

between countries have been opened further to enhance economic development in

the region, and while this has had positive effects, it also benefits the drug trade.

Geographically, Southeast Asia is a convenient hub for drug distribution, and the

poverty and insecurity that pervade much of the region have created a homegrown

market for the drugs.

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Kennert and Eligh (2019) for instance, from a security perspective,

scholars argue that the law enforcement and security sector’s involvement in, and

protection of, the drug trade in the Philippines thrive because of the weak and

misguided rule of law and absence of an accountable judiciary as early as the

Ferdinand Marcos period. As such, the drug war has become a mechanism to

boost police authority on the streets combined with opportunism and mindset for

stoic obedience, thus resulting to hyper punitive policing.

Johnson and Fernquest (2018) the extralegal punishment of criminals,

which has become a de facto state policy, represents humiliation and politicization

of criminals. Sociologists use respective labels such as “spectacle of violence”

(Reyes 2016) on how this approach intimidates others, and as “penal populism,”

in which governing through killing remains popular even though it is ineffective

as crime control.

Raphelson (2017) Duterte’s drug war has also prompted external scrutiny

by human rights organizations due to extrajudicial killing of individuals within

poverty-stricken neighborhoods. Most individuals who are executed in the streets

during the crackdown are breadwinners of their family, resulting in the difficulty

of the remaining family members, mainly poor women and children to financially

support themselves (Aldamas, 2018). However, the people living within these

neighborhoods have noted that the rich offenders involved in the drug trade are

treated quite differently. They usually become informants for law enforcement

after being jailed, instead of being murdered like poorer individuals. This could
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potentially result in drug dealers continuing their activities after getting released

(Wells, 2017)

For more than decades, illegal drugs are one of the major problems of

countries all over the world. The current situation on war against drugs in the

world is very horrible that has an effect in the society and economy of the

country. Philippines is one of the countries which is affected by illegal drugs.

LOCAL STUDIES

Safety Global (2016) claims that certain areas of the Philippines have

remained dangerous for foreign visitors due to a high risk of crime and sectarian

violence, especially western Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago.

During the violence following the war on drugs there has been an

increased threat towards foreign citizens throughout the entire country. In

November 2016 there were multiple kidnappings of tourists and foreign visitors,

and several countries foreign offices are advising a high degree of caution when

travelling through the country.

There have been almost 6,000 reported deaths across the Philippines as a

result of drug-related violence since 1 July. More than 2,000 of the casualties

were reported during official police operations, the rest during vigilante and

extrajudicial killings. Violence from and against drug gangs has increased under
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the president Rodrigo Duterte, who has made the drug war one of the main issues

of his Government.

Revita (2016) The anti-illegal drug (AID) campaign is being carried out

under the national agenda to uplift the dignity and human rights of Filipinos

through inclusive development. In his inaugural state of the nation address,

President Rodrigo R. Duterte has stated the following commitment there can

never be real, tangible and felt development without making our people feel

secure. And it is our duty to uplift our people’s welfare. Demographics underline

this concern: the Philippines has over 30million boys and girls under the age of 14

years. It is in this context that addressing drug abuse and the manufacture,

distribution and sale of drugs in the country is seen as an important element in

supporting human development and in securing real and inclusive economic

growth. The approach is comprehensive, covering information and education

campaigns, community organization and mobilization, and police-community

partnerships to ensure public order and safety.

Dauag (2017) said that the Duterte Administration pointed out the drug

issue in the Philippines as an impediment to development and public safety.

Bearing in mind the aftermath of the war on drugs, the study emphasizes

the critical role of education.

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Geronimo (2017) claims that people are very much aware now about

addiction. Maybe we need to be more scientific about it – studies and all. We lack

the literature, that's why we're having a hard time coming up with a program.

Guidelines in the implementation of barangay drug clearing program to

foster the involvement of the local communities in the suppression of illegal drug

activities have been issued by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDIES

The researchers have selected these literatures and studies to understand

the psychological effects of using illegal drugs and how the government was

dealing with it. This study aims to make the public official of Philippine National

Police in Cabuyao Laguna be aware about the programs of our government that

were being moved to lessen drug related crimes.

Related local and foreign literatures and related local and foreign studies

have certain similarities and differences about the effects of using illegal drugs,

governmental solutions on how to prevent it and the awareness of every citizens

on the issue.

This study has relation with the literatures and studies with regards on the

awareness on the programs that was the government was conducting to stop the

use of illegal drugs in our country and how aware are the police officer of
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Philippine National Police in Cabuyao Laguna specially the community and the

youth.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used the descriptive method of research. A defined, descriptive

method is to describe and to interpret the research. Also, it is concern with the

conditions of the relationship that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and

processes that are going on, effects that are being felt or trends that are

developing.

The researchers used this particular research design and employed the use

of survey questionnaire in gathering data and/or information to conclude the

“Oplan Taphang” in selected public officers of Philippines National Police in

Cabuyao City Laguna.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The researchers used purposive random sampling technique to get a

needed respondent. The researchers got 50 respondents from the total participants

of the “OPLAN TAPHANG” conducted in Cabuyao City Laguna.

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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher collected and gathered data by distributed survey forms to

50 respondents from public officers of Cabuyao PNP. Survey is a Fact-Finding

study with adequate and accurate interpretation.

The information and response of the public officers of cabuyao PNP was

processed and subject to the statistical treatment. The findings were extracted and

analyzed base on the processed data.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION

The researchers have developed self-made questionnaire surveys to gather

needed information from the respondents. The questionnaire prepared by the

researchers were verified and validated by the professors for further comments

and revisions before getting to the desirable questionnaire. Upon validation of the

questionnaires the researchers administered it to the respondents.

The survey questionnaire prepared by the researchers was divided into

four parts. On the first part, it consists the Demographic Profile of the respondents

which include the age, gender, civil status. On the second part is the level of

awareness of public officers about “Oplan Taphang”.

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The researchers also adopted Likert’s scale using five (5) as the highest

and one (1) as the lowest in the rating as used in the survey questionnaire.

Likert’s Scale

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation Abbreviation

5 4.6 - 5.0 Strongly Agree SA

4 3.6 – 4.5 Agree A

3 2.6 – 3.5 Moderately Agree MA
2 1.6 – 2.5 Disagree D
1 1 – 1.5 Strongly Disagree SD

VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT

The researcher used a researcher – questionnaire utilized in data gathering.

They disseminated a survey questionnaire to respondents to have additional

information and broaden the range of discussion about the Level of Awareness

about “Oplan Taphang” Among Public officers of PNP in Cabuyao City Laguna

and to seek a possible measure to minimize the effects of the said problem.

The first part of the questionnaire referred to the demographic profile of a

respondent which are the public officers of PNP in Cabuyao City Laguna which

includes the variables such as age, gender. The second part of the questionnaire

referred to the level of awareness about “Oplan Taphang” among public officers

of PNP in Cabuyao City Laguna. which includes the variables education, material

and procedure.
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STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data gathered by the researchers were subjected to descriptive

statistic.

In the descriptive statistic, the frequency and the percentage distribution,

weighted mean.

A. PERCENTAGE

These descriptive measures were used in presenting the profile or

the respondents in terms of the following:

Age and Gender

FORMULA: F
P= --------- x 100
N

Where P= Percentage
F= Frequency of response
N= Number of sample

B. WEIGHTED MEAN

A measure of central tendency and a form of arithmetic mean that give

different observations on equal weight in accordance with the unequal relative

importance.

FORMULA: X= E x n
ST. VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
MAMATID, CABUYAO, LAGUNA

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Where X - WEIGHTED MEAN

n - Number of Respondents

N – Total number of respondents

C. RANKING

In order to give proper interpretation after weighted means are given and

verbal interpretation, they were ranked according to the size of their magnitudes

from the highest to lowest (1 is the highest, 5 is the lowest) to determine

importance of their position of related to the order item.