学校代码：10225

学 号：2018411053

专 业 学 位 论 文

委内瑞拉生物质
能源产业发展战略研究
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申请学位类别： 硕 士
企 业 管 理
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 University Code：10225
Register Code ：2018411053

Dissertation for the Degree of Master

Research on the Development Strategy of

Venezuela’s Biomass Energy Industry

Candidate: Romero Hung, Manuel Alejandro

Supervisor:
Associate Supervisor:
Academic Degree Applied for:
Speciality: Msc. Business Administration
Date of Oral Examination:
University: Northeast Forestry University
 Abstract

摘要

目前的工作旨在提供有助于更好地了解委内瑞拉当前可再生能源全景
的元素，以及开发、使用和消费生物质能源行业的发展情况，除了评估多
重变量与该部门相关，例如应用资源、绿色政策、经济模式和发展。研究
这个领域的主要原因是分析努力，比较，在发现的部分中获得区分的质量
和特征。实际上，分析区域所附问题的可变性表明生物质发电厂项目进展
中存在失败的情况和异常情况，这使得进展困难。论文中运用了帕累托
图、表格交叉影响、比较图等方法来描述情况，并附上研究对人口影响的
规律和规则。然而，这些工厂的各个负责机构，都在运用模式和策略解决
和处理生物质项目，并配合属于国家的法律和政策。
在学位论文中，有概念、背景历史、图表、全球生产和生物燃料的消
费，这些生物燃料具有最苛刻的全球经济影响，影响了当地和区域的可再
生能源产业。此外，在本研究中解释的目的之一是分析在制定生物质行业
业务计划时要考虑的最相关因素的目的和目标。之后，描述了一个典型的
化石能源企业的开发组织，在国际和地方立法框架内，寻求将其商业模式
完全转变为生物质能。为此，收集、表征和应用一组潜在相关的管理模
型，以便研究它们对生产质量和最终业务效率的理论影响。
调查的结果表明，现有的生物质公司没有应用方法和技术来改进他们
的工作，特别是在缺乏财政资源、机械、设备和材料的废物收集和有机废
物方面。这可以提高运营效率。这仅仅是由于缺乏对这些项目的管理、合
作和承诺。
关键词 合作模式，企业管理，环境政策管理，企业，生物能源工
厂。

I
 Abstract

Abstract
The present work aims to contribute elements that contribute to a better understanding
of the current panorama of renewable energies in Venezuela, and the situation with respect to
the development of the industries of exploitation, use and consumption of energy from biomass,
besides evaluating the multiples variables linked to this sector, such as applied resources, green
policy, economic models, and development. The main reason to study this area is to analyze the
efforts, comparison, getting the qualities and features distinguished in parts found. In effect, the
variability of issues attached in the analyzed areas shows conditions and anomalies that fail in
the progress of biomass plant projects, which makes it difficult to progress. In the dissertation
is applied methods like Pareto’s Diagram, Table Cross Impact, and Comparative Chart, in
reasons to describe the situation, also attaching laws and rules concerning study the effects on
the population. However, each organization in charge of these plants, are applying models and
strategies in ways to solve and handle the projects for biomass, as well as cooperating with the
laws and policy that belongs to the state.
Inside the dissertation thesis, there are concepts, background history, graphs maps, global
production, and consumption of biofuels with the most demanding global economics which
influence in the local and regional industries of renewable energy. Also, in one of the purposes
explained in this study that the purpose and aim to analyze the most relevant factors to be
considered when elaborating a business plan for the biomass sector. Later, is described the
development organization of a typical fossil-based energy enterprise seeking to transform its
business model into biomass exclusively, within the international and local legislative
framework. For this, is collected, characterize, and apply a set of potentially relevant
management models so to study their theoretical effect on production quality and definitive
business efficiency.
As a result of the investigations carried out, it was observed that in the existing biomass
companies, methods and techniques are not being applied to improve their work, particularly in
waste collection and organic waste, which lack financial resources, machinery, equipment, and
materials that can increase efficiency in operations. This is simply due to a lack of stewardship,
cooperation, and commitment to these projects.

Keywords: Cooperative Models, Business Administration, Environmental Policy

Management, Enterprises, Bioenergy Plants.

-II-
 摘要

目录
摘要 ............................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ II
目录 .............................................................................................................................................III
English Catalog .......................................................................................................................... IV
1 介绍 ............................................................................................................................................2
1.1 研究背景 .................................................................................................................................2
1.2 研究目的和意义 ....................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 研究目的.............................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 研究意义.............................................................................................................................5
1.3 国内外研究综 ........................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 国外研究现状 .....................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 国内研究现状 .....................................................................................................................8
1.3.3 国内外文献研究评价.........................................................................................................9
1.4 研究的主要内容，方法和技术路线.....................................................................................9
1.4.1 研究内容.............................................................................................................................9
1.4.2 研究方法...........................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 技术路线...........................................................................................................................11
2 理论基础与现状分析 ..............................................................................................................12
2.1 生物质能源概念和分类 ......................................................................................................12
2.1.1 生物质能源的定义 ...........................................................................................................13
2.1.2 生物质能源的分类 ...........................................................................................................13
2.2 生物质能源产业发展理论基础 ..........................................................................................13
2.2.1 战略管理理论 ...................................................................................................................14
2.2.2 系统理论 ............................................................................................................................15
2.2.3 可特续发展理论 ...............................................................................................................15
2.2.4. 生态经济学理论 ..............................................................................................................16
2.2.5 循坏经济理论 ...................................................................................................................16
2.3 本章小结 ..............................................................................................................................17
3 委内瑞拉生物质能源长野发展现状 .....................................................................................19
3.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展现状分析 ..........................................................................19
3.1.1 沼气利用 ...........................................................................................................................19
3.1.2 生物质发电 .....................................................................................................................20
3.1.3 生物质固体成型燃燃料 ...................................................................................................21
3.1.4 生物燃料 .........................................................................................................................21

III
 目录

3.2 委内瑞拉生物质能源长野发展存在的问题.......................................................................21
3.2.1 生物质能源的供需问题.....................................................................................................22
3.2.2 产业布局问题....................................................................................................................23
3.2.3 产业化水平问题................................................................................................................24
3.2.4 产业综合效益问题............................................................................................................25
3.2.5 长野政策问题....................................................................................................................27
3.3 本章小结..............................................................................................................................31
4. 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展坏境分析............................................................................32
4.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业总体环境分析..........................................................................32
4.1.1 政治环境...........................................................................................................................32
4.1.2 经济环境...........................................................................................................................33
4.1.3 自然环境...........................................................................................................................41
4.1.4 技术环境...........................................................................................................................42
4.1.5 社会环境...........................................................................................................................43
4.1.6 市场环境...........................................................................................................................43
4.2 委内瑞拉发展生物质能源产业的 SWOT 分析................................................................45
4.2.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展的机...............................................................................46
4.2.2 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展的挑战...........................................................................47
4.2.3 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展的机................................................................................49
4.2.5 SWOT 分析结论..............................................................................................................51
4.3 本章小结..............................................................................................................................52
5 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略选择.............................................................................54
5.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略思路，原测和目标.................................................55
5.1.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略思路......................................................................55
5.1.2 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略原测......................................................................56
5.1.3 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发炸战略目标......................................................................56
5.2 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略的确定.....................................................................58
5.2.1 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略的主要内容..........................................................59
5.2.2 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略的实施步..............................................................59
5.2.3 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略的重点..................................................................59
5.3 本章小结.............................................................................................................................59
6 委内瑞拉生物质能源产业发展战略实施的保障借施........................................................61
6.1 组织及运营构架保障措施.................................................................................................61
6.2 政策及激励措施.................................................................................................................62
6.3 技术保障措施.....................................................................................................................64
6.4 本章小结.............................................................................................................................64
结论……....................................................................................................................................65
-IV-
 目录

参考文献.....................................................................................................................................66
附录.............................................................................................................................................78
攻读学位期间发表的学术论文.................................................................................................89
致谢.............................................................................................................................................91
个人简历.....................................................................................................................................92

V
 摘要

English Catalog

English Catalog

摘要 ............................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ II
目录 .............................................................................................................................................III
English Catalog .......................................................................................................................... IV
1Introduction .................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Research Background ..............................................................................................................2
1.2 Research Purpose and Significance.........................................................................................4
1.2.1 Research Purpose..................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Research Significance...........................................................................................................5
1.3 Comprehensive Research at Local and Abroad.......................................................................6
1.3.1 Status of Foreign Research ...................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Current Status of Domestical Research................................................................................8
1.3.3 Literature Research and Evaluation ot home and abroad.....................................................9
1.4The main content, methods and technical routes of the research ............................................9
1.4.1 Research Content..................................................................................................................9
1.4.2 Research Methods…...........................................................................................................10
1.4.3 Technical Route…...............................................................................................................11
2Theoretical Basis and Current Situation Analysis .....................................................................12
2.1 The concept and classification of biomass energy ................................................................12
2.1.1 Definition of Biomass Energy ............................................................................................13
2.2 Theoretical Basis for the Development of Biomass Energy Industry ...................................13
2.2.1 Strategic Management Theory ...........................................................................................14
2.2.2 System Theory....................................................................................................................15
2.2.3 Sustainable Development Theory ......................................................................................15
2.2.4. Ecological Economics Theory ..........................................................................................16
2.2.5 Circular Economics Theory ...............................................................................................16
2.3 Summary of this chapter .......................................................................................................17
3 Development Status of Biomass Energy in Venezuela ............................................................19
3.1 Analysis of the status quo of the development biomass energy industry ..............................19
3.1.1 Biogas Utilization...............................................................................................................19
3.1.2 Biomass Power Generation ..............................................................................................20
3.1.3 Biomass Solid Briquette Fuel .............................................................................................21

VI
 目录

3.1.4 Biofuels ..............................................................................................................................21

3.2 Problems in the development of biomass energy in Venezuela.............................................21
3.2.1 The supply and demand of biomass energy........................................................................22
3.2.2 Industrial layout issues ......................................................................................................23
3.2.3 The level of industrialization..............................................................................................24
3.2.4 The problem of comprehensive industrial layout...............................................................25
3.2.5 Policy Issues.......................................................................................................................27
3.3 Summary of this chapter.......................................................................................................31
4. Analysis of the development environment of Venezuela's Biomass Industry........................32
4.1 Overall environmental analysis of Venezuela's Biomass Energy Industry..........................32
4.1.1 Political Environment.......................................................................................................32
4.1.2 Economic environment.....................................................................................................33
4.1.3 Natural Environment........................................................................................................41
4.1.4 Technical Environment....................................................................................................42
4.1.5 Social Environment..........................................................................................................43
4.1.6 Market Environment........................................................................................................43
4.2 SWOT Analysis of the development of biomass energy industry in Venezuela………….45
4.2.1 Opportunities for the development of the Venezuela's Biomass Industry………………46
4.2.2 Challenges in the development of Venezuelan's Biomass Industry.................................47
4.2.3Opportunities for the development of Venezuela's Biomass Industry..............................49
4.2.5 SWOT Analysis...............................................................................................................51
4.3 Summary of this chapter.....................................................................................................52
5 Strategic choices for the development of Venezuela's Biomass Industry..............................54
5.1 Strategic ideas, original estimates, and goals for the development.....................................55
5.1.1 Development strategy of Venezuela's biomass energy industry......................................55
5.1.3 Strategic Goals of Venezuela's biomass energy industry ...............................................56
5.2 Determination of the development strategy of Venezuela Biomass..................................56
5.2.1 Main content of Venezuela's Biomass Energy Industry..................................................58
5.2.2 Implementation steps of Venezuela's biomass energy ...................................................59
5.2.3 The focus of Venezuela's biomass energy industry strategy..........................................59
5.3 Summary of this chapter...................................................................................................59
6 Guarantees for the implementation of Venezuela's Biomass Energy Industry Development
Strategies..................................................................................................................................61
6.1 Organizational and Operational framework safeguard measures......................................61
6.2 Policies and incentives........................................................................................................62
6.3 Technical safeguard measures.............................................................................................64
6.5 Summary of this chapter.....................................................................................................64
VII
 目录

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................65
References.................................................................................................................................66
Appendix...................................................................................................................................78
Academics papers published during the period........................................................................89
Thanksgiving............................................................................................................................91
Curriculum Vitae .....................................................................................................................92

VIII
 目录

1 NTRODUCTION
In the first chapter, makes a demonstration about the research methodologies that are taught to
be able to achieve with the studies that are projected in this thesis, introducing first into the global
situation until the local views. Also, by asking questions of interest and how this research study was
approached. The information worked at, is entering in relation with the starting part of history with the
renewables energies and the studies already done.

1.1 Research Background

The humanity has always depended on energetical resources, in ways to survive and carry out
its daily activities. However, many disturbances and imbalances in the environment have occurred in
recent decades that have ultimately harmed humans. By the declarations of Velasco (2009) due to the
rise of population in the cities in the recent decades, the demand of the industries that have the task of
maintaining and solving the habits of mass consumption, has triggered a lack of control over the
extraction of the earth's resources, most of them no renewable energy, and the environment became a
situation where may occurs the exhaustion and scarce of energy, resulting in some damage to nature
and climate changes, which as a response from world governments have generated movements about
increased agricultural production and usability of alternative techniques, high prices of oil, establishing
a reasonable economic framework for the profitability of renewables energies. In addition, the
governments have made successive efforts to tilt dependence on energy towards an infinite and
renewable source, without worrying about the depletion of any specific resource, also supporting
technological and scientific operations to increase and expand the industries that are focused on the
area, such as wind, hydraulic, solar, geothermal and biomass.
Starting in the year 1970, scientists became interested in replacing fossil fuels, because its more
reliable, and less required expensive products, as Bracho and Murova (2017) marked in the analysis.
By the causes of world changes and acceptation of issues with the challenges of the
environment, the United Nations (2016) set goals for handle the situations of affordable and clean
energy, is the main objective, the establishment of Sustainable Development based into modeling
technologies to access clean fuel, integrating bioenergy into end-use application in buildings, transport,
and industry. However, the governments of the international community must be confirmed with the
projects of global renewable energy, respecting the standard rules marked by the Institute for Energy
Economics and Financial Analysis (2018) for control and management of gas emission into the energy
use, and the memorandum of Kyoto Protocol (1998) for accepting the agreements about the global
warming and the damage effects with CO2 emission.
In previous research in this area, based on the development of industries and plants that operate
2
 目录

with renewable and non-renewable energies in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in this
dissertation is attached the approach that has been taken concerning with production and actions above
the fossil resources, based mainly on biofuels and its derivates, such as oil, gas, coal, among other
minerals. Therefore, projects related to wind, hydraulic, solar, and even geothermal energy systems
have had more depth of development, although few studies have been focused on the biomass section.
One of the most important companies in the nation and one of those that handle the affairs of
the energy sector is the corporation “Petroleum of Venezuela” (Abbreviation: PDVSA), internationally
recognized for its efficiency and the political and economic role it has in many areas, and above all,
the industry controls all energy projects that are executed in the territory. Among other cases, it also
conforms to the territory of the Amazon, which has several natural resources. It means all researchers
and academics are based on this public company of the Venezuelan State. This corporation is founded
in the year 1976, currently active in operation for more than 46 years, which had an acceptable
envelope with the national and international economy based on natural resources and is the head of the
efficiency and development for industrial energy. However, in the recent decades, was running by
some problems of efficiency,
About the hypothesis planned, is presented some characteristics, which in the process of time, a
huge of unexpected anomalies can occurs and affect the industry system. In addition, the rate level of
consumption requirement will not be appropriated to the real part of planning part. Management
practices of human resources and its operative member, influence in the quality of project. The
biomass planning production is adaptative with the innovation technologies. Measure and detailed cost
is relative to the expected part, which could be lower or highest investment. Some event unexpected
might occurs in the future, affecting and modifying the planned objective. And the dependence and
rules of the government and its position in relation to protection environment and motivation to
improve the renewable energy, the biomass project also receives an important influence.
Due to the compilations made by other authors, this thesis also has the objective and purpose of
collecting information and data on the efficiency of the biofuel and biomass industries, in addition to
analyzing and describing the factors of business production models that are employing.

3
 目录

To achieve these main objectives also needs to attach more sub objectives, also identified as the
background problem:

Objectives:

A. How to choose the best and appropriated model strategies for improve the process of
biomass production?

B. Which kind of optimal resources are being used for developing the biomass plants?

The scope of this study are the followed points:

A. The research is limited by the unknow information of specific structures about the status
from biomass industries, which in this dissertation are filling and contributing with the
currently panorama.

B. Available data resources in disposition suited for the investigation.

The following questions are those that this thesis manages to answer: what is known and has
been made of biomass in Venezuela? What are the gaps and investigations that have not been done?
Where are the regions where the implementation of biomass facilities is feasible? What are the
characteristics of the economic and political engine they must operate in these sectors? What are the
similarities to China's energy projects? What types of methods are used, and the structural unions run
by public and private companies? Are the projects working and having enough results?

1.1.1 Research Purpose and Significance

1.2.1 Research purposes
This research is done with the purpose to introduce into a deep knowledge and understanding
about the productions and operations that biomass companies carry out in Venezuela and seeks other
types of values in the theoretical framework, in ways to evaluate and describe the effectiveness.
To know the whole situation, in the dissertation is attached some relevant points that are being
focused:
1) One of the reasons is dealt with in the description of the knowledge of the political,
economic, geographical, environmental, and cultural framework that exists in Venezuela, since the
country has active natural resources that have a relevant worldwide demand, such as fossil resources,
biofuels, and other elements.
2) At present, due to the problems of climate change and the imbalance that is occurring in the
environment, and the alterations that the ecosystem has suffered, many initiatives projects have been
4
 目录

reduced, such as the areas of chemistry, agriculture, and livestock, innovations, and technologies.
However, the part on the principles of management, organization, and analysis of micro-enterprises
into a theoretical framework and legitimate should need to be focused for achieving a determined
project.
3) Another purpose considered is to explore the current panorama of recent decades, its results
and how the companies are demonstrating the effectiveness and quality that are operating in such
projects.
Mostly of the information extracted about Venezuelan’s environment, comes from via web and
its institutions with the public available data. Only is being known through other analysts and authors
that had done a hypothetical analysis of the issue. The content of this topic are lacks current in the
information, due to the national problems linked to political and social movements that are running,
which in part is distant from the objectives for continue the quality and efficiency of these works. In
part, this thesis is upgrading and enhancing the recent scenery of its activities linked to the industrial
management and business administration.

1.2.2 Research significance

It is relevant to highlight the energy potential of the country, the strengths, and the
opportunities that this region contains. The main reason for the research is to make some analysis and
approaches on the questions and development issues, to have a description, and to know more details
about the characteristics. It is necessary to make known in the institutes and educational centers of
China about the diversities that the country Venezuela had since it is necessary to make known the
natural resources and its potentialities.
It should also be noted that the performance at the national and international level on the
dependence of the resources and the geographical space of the Amazon, either in part with the
maritime connections, land, air, climate, or other characteristics that are found and have been applied
functionalities of extraction and use of energy resources. Mostly of natural resources are managed with
scarce standards because it has a positive impact on the economic sectors of companies and countries.
Studying the geographic region of the Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela is important and a key point
for generating biomass companies because there are many natural resources on the South American
continent that are well utilized.
This thesis comprises many faculties and provides certain qualities that can be shaped around
other branches of forestry engineering and energy affairs, national and international politics,
economics, social and natural sciences. It contains elements that are of public interest, current events,
main sources from institutes that are based on these areas and collects points that have been made in
the history and performance of biomass.
In additional words, the contribution of this thesis is attached to the researchers and academist
interested in the environment of Venezuela and its biodiversity, which also is observed into the relation

5
 目录

of potential commercial issues related to the natural resources and its activities.

1.2 Comprehensive research at home and abroad

1.3.3 Research and Evaluation of domestic and foreign literature
The authors and investigations found, are studying some alternatives for developing the
production of renewable energy, the usability of vegetation and its components (wood pellets,
sugarcane, biofuels), methods of collection and administration of residual ways, commercial trends,
and theoretical organizations which reflects the part of cities and land fields. However, evaluating the
content part from these investigations, needs to apply more criteria with detailed information of
organizational management and prediction effects that could emerge in the environment.

1.3.1 Status of foreign research

In the following description, is attached the studies carried out in Venezuela on issues about
Biomass, that have employed methods and tools that in this dissertation is using.
In the UDO-Agrícola Scientific Journal of 2013, a postgraduate work was published by
Professionals from the Institute of Agronomy and the Institute of Agricultural Engineering, entities
attached to the Faculty of Agronomy of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), which the
investigation consist in comparing the biomass between two potato growers of Argentine and
Canadian origin respectively in the Chirgua region, Carabobo State. In it, they conclusively favored
the use of Canadian seeds for providing a higher quality final biomass. Also, is discussed that
Venezuela was applying some methods used from different regions and making adaptable to the
environment that the nation possesses.

In the year 2011, the dissertation from the author Moisés Laguna G. regarding the production in
Venezuela about ethanol was applying sugar cane in the corn as raw material. This method also has
been managed by the Deanery of Administration and Accounting of the Lisandro Alvarado University
of Barquisimeto, Lara’s State. Concerning it, the author concluded among others that "The global
production potential of agrofuels is currently limited and would only be a partial solution to the
replacement of conventional fuels and would require the design of engines for vehicles adapted to this
biofuel". It means, the quality and efficiency of natural resources from the agricultural production of
the nation contains all the conditions for develop the biomass industry.

According to a study carried out by the Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology for
Development (CYTED), year 2018, the Biometrans Magazine worked in the investigation about the
process of biomethane for transportation fuel from biomass waste, which Venezuela presents potential

6
 目录

significance in the production of biomass from the residues of the cultivation of items such as sugar
cane, corn, rice, palm oil, banana, cocoa, and coffee.

In other mentions, Luis Salvador Velásquez Rosas, Master in Renewable Energies at the School
of Industrial Organization, Madrid, Spain, with his article called "Biomass in Venezuela", in the year
2016, considers that three electrical engineers with the development of the sugar mills in Venezuela,
the use of bagasse (residue from the processing of Sugar Cane) has been implemented as fuel for the
production of usable steam within the industrial process and the production of electrical energy
necessary for mentioned process within the harvest periods.

In the year 2008, the Deanery of the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Andrés Bello
Catholic University (UCAB), Karem Melean and Santiago Penzo opened a dissertation thesis called
"Economic barriers for the optimization of the use of energy in the Venezuelan sugar sector",
implemented a hypothesis which is to optimize the use of sugarcane bagasse as an energy source, in
order to reduce the costs of conventional energy consumption, making the corresponding investments
for this purpose.

In the description below, are gathering similar research, projects and investigations done in focus
of America Latina and the Caribbean.
With the investigation of M. Silva, the focus of his study refereed with all the regions of Latin
America and the Caribbean, where all organic waste-based areas, are used to measure waste
management and quantity, which may apply systems and costs in addition to reducing results. In
addition to improving the economics and increasing the sustainable energy supply so that there is
managed bioenergy, these methods do not have an impact on the environment. All regions have
elements that distinguish them by the resources that produce the most. Analysis of thermochemical
techniques, combustion and incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biochemistry, anaerobic digestion,
and microbial fuels, all of which have qualities as part of biomass production [60].
Another investigation done by the author Gan J., in Republic of Chile, in the supply of biomass
energy, it is reached an agreement on the production of biomass in the region to study factors affecting
the production of functional units. The goal is primarily to develop the general manager's visualization
of the business, including program time, budget, planning, personnel control, economic market, and
results based on business strategy. This special business in Chile has similar projects and the
government is considering investing in this dynamic program [53].
The author Teresa Morato, in Bolivia, at the year 2009, studied the development of framework
locate biomass collection points to improve the biomass energy facilities, means the focus is on an
important study, including the development of a framework for locating BCP using interactive process
models in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The model uses biomass spatial

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 目录

distribution and road network maps and prioritizes areas with high biomass availability through an
iterative process. The study was conducted in the province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where there is great
potential for the use of agricultural residues for energy production. In the conclusion, the focus of the
survey is on the use of a GIS environment to locate the framework of biomass collection points. By
applying a model suitable for areas where farmland cannot enter the road, it is possible to locate BCP
in a region with high biomass and close to the road [70].

1.3.2 Status of domestic research

In the biomass related investigations carried out in China, is presented some that have been
done concerning the business environment, the application of the use and management of the
organization, and planning procedures. Therefore, is used some thesis catalogs that are also related to
this research, due to similar and objective studies.
Due to climate changes and the phenomena that have existed in recent years, there have been
some variables of imbalances that the world has. All countries with a high number of industries that
depend on the stability of nature had to implement sustainable economic methods. In the People's
Republic of China, it has launched this type of biomass, sustainability, and maintenance of renewable
energy power projects. According to the theses obtained, many descriptions and approaches like the
studies in Latin America and conform to scientific uses. About this case:
One of the investigations done, in the year 2018, the author Carter, E. and its team, published a
[131]
paper about the development of renewable, densified biomass for household energy in China,
deals with the distribution of pellets and briquettes for domestic use in heating and cooking, referred to
in areas where it is essential to resort to biomass, to the provinces of Jilin and Sichuan. In addition,
they recommend methods of transportation, storage, and operating costs, which are guided according
to the restrictions and permits that the nation may authorize.
On some issues they have in common, the author Guangpei, Xiaoyu, Shibin and Yuan, worked
in the topic called How Green Technological Innovation Ability Influences enterprises, in the year
2019, [56] also explains if these innovations have effects on improving the competencies and functions
that are stipulated, in addition to providing hypotheses and scientific dimensions if they are guided by
the treaties and agreements that promote the protection of the environment.
Also, in this study some analysis and theoretical views were used on the paper called A Study
of the Potential Estimation and Changing Trends of Woody Biomass Energy Resources in China, a
comparison is also made with the regions [123], which makes a calculate the potential resources that the
nation has, calculating the forested provinces that the statistical data account for and the increase in
woody biomass, which in turn are also influenced by changes in demand.
In this sector, is justified by Fang Q., and its team, with their research on the efficiencies of
resources and environment of biomass energy companies, done in the year 2015, which also analyze
the efficiencies and cooperation’s of renewable energy plants and the impacts on nature and society in
8
 目录

China and how the effects of pollution can be managed, focused on the development that it may have
if certain innovations are promoted. organizational [134], using theoretical methods that can be observed
in the studies of regression analysis, natural logarithm, and R&D investments.
The study of Comprehensive Evaluation of renewable energy technical plans based on data
[133]
envelopment analysis , done by Yuan Z., and its team, in the year 2018, presented proposals that
are made to obtain biomass energy production through alternative routes, either in a fast or affordable
way. Therefore, they experiment with data envelopment analysis (DEA) models, making use of
quantitative and qualitative calculations that can increase quality and efficiency.

Regarding the progress and development of China's biomass status, this paper done by Neng-
Zhi, Q., in the year 2007, also focuses on the jungle market and its resources to detect the potential of
alternative fossil fuels [62]. In other aspects, other parts done with Tang S. in the study on establish and
estimate method of compatible biomass model forests have quantitative characteristics of ecosystems,
so this study established five alternative methods for solving estimation problems. Such problems are
especially important and urgent for promoting their development [76].
Among the studies that have been carried out in this thesis, global consumption, and the
representation that China has before other continents and regions that also have the highest production
and consumption are also included, together with the statistical tables, which can be observed in
chapter 6.

1.4 Research Content and Technical Methods

1.4.1 Research Content

This research deals with the biomass energy and other relative resources under the industry of
renewables energies in Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela in a context of social and economics
panorama, using also international aspects and making a comparison. This thesis contains six (6)
chapters. In the main chapter, is developed a clear and order approach in relation to the research, ways,
and modes about how the investigation is being done, providing the faculties from the topic that is
consulted. The second chapter is about theoretical fundamental basis, which is explained all the
necessary tools and its definition that is applied in the research. The third part consist about the
environmental analysis and its natural atmosphere, studying and entering in detail with all the enough
description part for the situation. The fourth section, entering in the circumstances of the development
of industries in the biomass sector and the resources that are being worked. In the fifth chapter is
explaining about the developments strategies that is being used and how will get the expected results
to achieve the tasks of energy. In the last chapter is touching the guarantee of the biomass energy in the
national and international environment, the market and its financial movements done with small and
medium enterprises located in different regions of the country. Also, is being attached some external
9
 目录

studies from other countries that is suitable with the environment of Venezuela.

1.4.2 Research Methods

The research methods applied in this study, is demonstrated the following content parts:
• Relevance research: It includes comparisons of regions and regions from information and
activities on renewable energy in Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela to understand the quality of each
element's presence. The comparison between several elements must provide features and qualities that
take advantage of this research opportunity.
• Observational research: This research-based technique is complemented by a global analysis
of the world's biomass technologies, expressions, and rules for each problem, including the extraction,
description, and analysis of other authors in the field. Each result in this paper will be recorded and
recorded in this paper.
In other methods is assumed the data collection, which evaluating the conditions and its
hypothetical results extracted from their financial status and its laws. Moreover, in the dissertation are
used the next three methods:

1. Table of Cross Impact:

[18]
According with the investigations and several demonstrations the concepts used by Tableau .
it is one of the forward-looking technologies used to explore prospects based on a series of events that
may or may not happen in a period. In other words, the term event is referred to the hyphenation that
could be true or not, depending on whether the event occurs within the analyzed time frame, that might
affect the relationship between the status variable. The number of resources has been counted, then
applied in different sections, and evaluating its progress status. Is defined define the better suitable fact
for decide. which the data about Power Public Plants is available [21].
2. Pareto’s Diagram:
The procedures and methods attached is used to organize data in ways to measure the relevance
and importance of worked resources and its elements. The bars represent frequency, and it is aligned in
the shortest until the longest track, demonstrating a panorama situation where the analyst must attend.
Using this method might be possible to enter the analysis of failures in properties collected in the
investigation. We have numbered the number of repetitive cases and divide the characteristics [22].

3. Comparative chart:

The information organized and collected from different scopes (essays, websites, institutions,
database) is embodied into lists available to make a comparison, identifies the similarities and
differences between a variety of essential elements that implies in the analyzed case, exposing other
results and its effects developed in a different situation. Also, there are tables that are gathering tasks

10
 目录

of evaluation (legal basis, management procedures, economic situation, sustainable development),

followed by the description, which mentions the policy of actions applied. In addition part is focused
on order within the years 2006 until 2019, where appears the total results produced in biofuel energy
and other components, after proceeding how it influence in the status of enterprises. The mentioned
chart is an equal reference by the investigation from Peter Mckendry[78] , that had done an investigation
in Brazil and the UK in relation to the wood crops biomass. In addition, is provided statistical studies
of Biofuel and Fossil (production and consumption) and how is the comparison, related to the areas in
high demand that influence directly with the conditions of biomass market, and why does the
establishment of production affect these projects of renewable energy [79].

1.4.3 Research Technical Route

The next description will reach each concept to define the investigation rules:
Descriptive research: This element will focus on the system strategy of the assessment. The
working environment will be described in detail, such as biomass resources, fuel types and waste of
resources.
Empirical research: This research model is associated with the learning path and collects
knowledge extracted from the project. Empirical theory is important for observing all the features that
appear in the search tool.
Basic research: The above research methods will focus on the basic meaning of the management
part of the biomass project, and the main concepts and definitions that contribute to the research
objectives.
Conceptual research: The main definition of the structure and the building part of the study
help to improve the quality of the opinion, the concepts that are being developed for the material
management, and the appropriate definition of the environment being studied.
The methods applied for the investigation and testing of results are the next points:
1) Deductive mode: the presented investigation is looking forward the established industrial
system of Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela in a Macro Economical optic. It means, the
information is being extracted consequences by the proposition done in the elements gathered
[15]
.
2) Inductive mode: this method is used for collection and extraction of variables and components
that contributes the whole production of renewable energy focused on the steps of biomass
models. Procedures, markets, machines, resources, will be analyzed until to reach the general
conclusion [15].
In the next graphs, the figure 1.2, are attached the model of business administration of biomass
projects that in this dissertation have found. This graphic is part of the technical route.

11
 目录

2 Theoretical Review and current situation analysis

In the chapter on the theoretical basis and current situation analysis, makes a compilation of the
concepts, classifications, works, and systematic strategies, which are used in the areas of economy and
market, and have their relationships in management systems and business cooperation.

2.1 The concept and classification of biomass energy

Academic literature has begun to agree on some definition about the biomass, following every
material of biological origin excluding those that have been encompassed in geological formations
undergoing a mineralization process. The fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are excluded
[11]
from this definition of renewable biomass for reasons of time . It can be classified as natural,
residual or energy crops. If its state is considered, it can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The biomass is a
relevant element to take advantage of the wastes from the natural consumption [12].

However, is explained the diverse characteristics done for production of biomass energy and its
examples and its organic origin:

The concept of Biomass Industry, according with the studies, are the organizations and
cooperatives guided to work systematically, applying designs and project schemes in the issues of
generation of clean and renewable energy. Also providing the best management on different sectors of
the economy, technology and society must give better profit and equitable use to the consumption that
is generated. In such cases, tasks may lean into the automotive industry, district heating, wine and
beverage industry, paper industry, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, food and agriculture industry,
text industry, and wood industry [135]. The biomass industries could play roles of private administration,
mixed company, or basic state company that belongs to one of the state institutes. They also carry out
agreements with other companies, make innovations and strategies to improve the performance of the
purposes and projects that are being executed, and link cooperation’s with national and international
missions.

According with the classification of industries of biomass represents some characteristics, with
generally, those industries have procedures in different steps and areas that are working with, in any
references in relations of the production, trade and consumption [136].

From the agriculture are based in corn residues, wood pellets, (husks, gopher, leaves), rice (husks),
coffee (borra, zipote or senepe), potatoes (husks), sugar cane (bagasse, cachaça, molasses, buds), fallen
or felled trees and plants or sawmill waste (sawdust, bark, branches, and pruning). Also is attached
some animal origin of biomass energy, such like dead animals and not benefited, cattle faces or
manure.

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 目录

In the examples of Biomass human’s origin, are available to working with urban waste (sewage,
organic waste such as food waste) and waste from organic industrial processes.

Products of greater notoriety from the use of biomass is described in the next points:

Ethanol: It is an alcohol of vegetable origin, colorless, with a strong and flammable odor,
manufactured based on the fermentation and distillation of materials rich in sugars and starches or
products of fermentation of sugary or starchy substances, such as grapes, molasses from sugar cane,
beet, sorghum, corn, wheat, cassava, barley, or potato, is part of many drinks (wine, brandy, beer, etc.)
and is used mainly as a disinfectant (Bacterial Gel among others). It can also be transformed as a
Biofuel for motor vehicle fuel.

Fertilizer: From grain and cereal residues and animal manure, suitable for the industries and
plants to increase the quality of grains and food.

Foods for Livestock and poultry: from grain and cereal residues, sugarcane bagasse, meats, fish,
legumes, and vegetables in a state of decomposition and from usable organic waste.

Agglomerates for construction: from sugarcane bagasse and inorganic solid waste.

2.1.1 Definition of Biomass Energy

E. Cushions (2013, p. 12) commented that the biomass are the residual wastes from farms and
cities, in purposes of recycle, all of the materials are converted into renewable energy. Is the most
important energy source for humanity until the beginning of the industrial revolution, when it was
relegated to second place due to the massive use of fossil fuels. Biomass is understood to be all
organic matter that can be used as an energy source. The origin of biomass energy can be both animal
and plant and may have been obtained naturally or come from artificial transformations carried out in
biomass plants. This matter is converted into energy by applying different chemical processes to it.

The energy in biomass ultimately comes from the condition of the sun. Plants and animals
absorb and store a part of the solar energy that reaches the earth in the form of food and energy. When
this process is happening, the nutritional parts are receiving benefits from two sides: one may be used
[81]
for food parts, and the other is to use the application for produce new alternatives of energy.

2.2 Theoretical Framework for the development of biomass energy industry

The author Julian B. (2009, p.16), mention the definition "theory of business" of management
models contains three parts: assumptions about the environment of the organization, the core
competencies needed to accomplish the organization including its mission and specific objectives.
Some procedures steps also are being included: design, quest, scientific, and exploration [12].

13
 目录

The European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI), in the year 2010, stablished the elemental
concept of “business strategy” that is refereed to combine actions and decisions performed in the plan
to accomplish goals and secure a competitive position in the whole market [51]. It means, to include the
control, key components, management, level, and corporative mode are the main elements to develop a
strategy. It is essential and necessary to apply for all the enterprises, which is convenient to follow
some procedures.
[39]
The report from Renewable Energy Policy (2019) , the biomass is included in the meaning
point concerning the clean and recycle fount of energy, referred to biofuels, hydroelectric, solar,
because it is obtained from natural resources inexhaustible, available to regenerate by own ways.
Nowadays, the application of external and internal forces on the natural system can influence other
procedures in the advantages of its position and the application of external and internal forces on the
natural system may influence in other procedures in advantages of its position [14].

In one elemental fact, the private and public industries of Venezuela have models for individual
and collective goals by working with and through human resources to improve the project. There are
several ways to a management model, such as the rational goal model, internal process, human
relations, open systems, and ethics. In this dissertation, is analyzed and based with the mentioned
definition.

2.2.1 Strategic Management Theory

Is presented some elemental characteristics and strategic points that the thesis is being based for
progress with the investigation:

Laws and Rules: The legitimate paradigms applied in the universal sphere and the international
policies that are in place to proceed with industrial energies have been hierarchically studied. In
addition, it also focuses on the institutions that represent it, such as the United Nations, the
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). As well as in the national aspects with the legal
framework imposed in Venezuela (Hydrocarbons Law), and the local policies of the companies that act
with respect to the industrial activities.

Methods and Techniques: the current appropriate methods and uses in the distribution and
processing of organic and inorganic materials and the commercialization in the national and
international market are described, how companies have their results analysis and what operations
carry out to make an answer on the facts.

Natural Resources: the elements of bioenergetic life, as well as the flora and fauna that the
regions contain. All these characteristics can offer a contribution to research, since each one has

14
 目录

functional characteristics indicated to give a specific use, within the projects established for alternative
energies.

2.2.2 System Theory

There is the existence of several theories and methods that make capable to the workflow of big
and small plants in conjunction with the administration and management of industrial renewables
energies in Venezuela. With the step of time, these systems theories have evolutions and current
changes and addition views, in ways to make adaptable to the concreted part. However, is described in
the next most used and common points:

The theory of auction defines the relatively recent existence, which it is a branch of economic
theory that enjoys international recognition. Among them is the realization of a study, Venezuela
applied into the market of energy, some relevance and importance with its status, because it could
determine if a source is increasing or decreasing of value, due to causes and original reasons that move
the element, and the market is tracking each square. The auction in the economy field of Venezuela
had a good potential of practical utilization, therefore, it should provide the fundamental views to
develop the understanding of prices and its formation. [85]

In the ecosystem: the biodiversity demonstrates a pyramid hierarchy of development levels of

organization and complex parts into the systems, such like the biomes, communities, species,
populations, organisms, and all the qualitative elements that are conforming to this structure. [86] The
economic models for the system environment enters in interaction types with the forest, grasslands,
wetlands, and deserts that belongs to the Venezuela’s region. The dynamic space of it, create temporal
and spatial heterogeneity, which functions are primary production, decomposition, nitrogen, soil and
biological. [92]

2.2.3 Sustainable Development Theory

In the case of Venezuela, the sustainable economy is managed by a socio-economic system that
seeks to increase social well-being by promoting responsible consumption by setting up a financial
system based on companies that respect the environment and are committed to society. Which the
main objective is to reduce poverty and guarantee quality development for present and future
generations, without compromising the planet's resources, that is, without consuming more than what
nature can produce.

Thus, this socioeconomic system in Venezuela is governed by the following fundamental axes:

Environmental protection: preserving the planet's biodiversity, minimizing the impact of

pollution, and combating climate change.
15
 目录

Use of renewable energies: promote the use of alternative energies that do not pollute and
minimize the impact on the environment.

Bet on efficiency: make the most of the resources we have and take care of those scarce (such as
water), which will allow us to achieve another of the pillars of economic sustainability, which is
efficiency.

Promotion of recycling: establish a circular economy model in which the waste generated is used
to create new products, thus reducing the ecological footprint of the current production system.

Limiting consumption: limiting the use of renewable resources so that they are not used at a
higher rate than their generation. Furthermore, non-renewable resources must be gradually replaced by
renewable resources.

Improving the standard of social life: promoting, through education and innovation, equality
among people in all territories.

2.2.4 Ecological Economics Theory

The ecological economics theory in Venezuela are being managed by a scientific discipline that
integrates elements from economics, ecology, thermodynamics, ethics, and other natural and social
sciences to provide an integrated and biophysical perspective of the interwoven interactions between
economy and environment. It was consolidated as a field of work in 1980 and quickly incorporated
many researchers from different disciplines, interested in the study of environmental problems [87].

The basic problem from this science is the sustainability of interaction between the economical
subsystems and its natural system, according to it, is the availability for humanity to survive between
the environmental rules and its limitations. It has been focused on the social metabolism, which the
society takes the resources, energy, and data from the earth and is being expelled in residuals wastes.

2.2.5 Circular Economic Theory

In the section image, included in the appendix from the figure 2.4, the circular economy theory
applied to the ecological system, is observed the key elemental points and facts integrated in the
circular economics and how it is working the system. The definition of Venezuela’s biomass
administration is being done with these characteristics:

Primary Tools: the resources are collected from minerals, natural products, organic and no
organic, used for being converted into the supplies for the population.

16
 目录

Design: it is a step where is necessary to apply the architecture from the whole system, part
where is described and build the things that requires the enterprises.

Production (Manufacture): it is a step where all the products or material tools are gathered and
converted for make a procedure to

Distribution: the whole distribution part are storages and markets where is administrated the
products done in the manufacture, such as food or non-consumables products,

Consumption: this area is used for making the consumptions part into the cities and used
products for keeping the energy.

Recycling: the most used products recycled are gathered and used for a secondhand resource,
which require the attention for doing some second usability and utility related to manufacturing and
houses uses.

Wastes: when the recycling is not well done, is gathered the wastes and material raw that will
not be used for other things, it is going directly to the containers and burning areas to eliminate the
residuals, or just implement other ways to recycle the materials. Also, is separated the elements that
will not support any of the lines of renewable energy.

Industrial ecology defends that an industrial system should function as a natural ecosystem, so
that the wastes of one industry are the resources of another, reducing the use of raw materials, reducing
pollution, and treating emissions [91].

2.3 Summary of this chapter

In this chapter, is presented the elemental theories most used for study and how renewable
energy applied with the economical moments into the enterprises and industries in Venezuela. We
include points that help to make the understanding related to the theories of circular economics,
bioeconomy, the ecologic financial status of local and global statements, explanations of situations,
and introduction of details that enters in the world of ecological economics environment.

In other facts, is attached the keywords for the sustainable development environment,
introducing points that are attending the ecosystem and its progress in the society.

In the circular economy theory applied consist in the functions of the natural ecosystem, key
facts that are integrated such as consumption, renewable energy, recycling of wastes, storage and its
several collections, facts that are working to maintain the environments without harming them.

The other point, based in the ecological economics theory, makes an introduction about all the
scientific disciplines that embrace the interaction with the economy and environmental issues.

All these parameters are gathered with the system theory, which are analyzing the historical
part from all the economic and political administrations and how success had with their functions and
17
 目录

objectives, the systems calculate the efficiency and suitable part for the work.

In the index 2.2.1, the strategic management touches the points about the theory of business
part, organizational human resources, basements for improvement and suggestions to work with any
group of job, establishments for cooperation and aggregation to the works, subjected to the functions
of quality service.

The index 2.2, which explains about the theoretical bases for the development of biomass
energy industry and enterprises, enters in the global and local. On it, is included some short summaries
and concepts of basic points.

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 目录

3. Development Status of Biomass Energy in Bolivarian

Republic of Venezuela
In this chapter is entering into a deep part in the situation of Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela.
Although in a traditional and private way, the biomass has been used since colonial times or even
before. For example, farmers always used cattle manure to fertilize their land, the mills normally used
sugarcane bagasse as fuel by incinerating it for the maintenance of their furnaces or boilers, and the
excess wood from felled trees. It has been used to make coal, never has there been specific
institutional attention to this type of energy source. Particularly in the twentieth century, because our
condition as an oil and hydroelectric country allowed us to obtain from these large sources of energy at
low cost without the need to resort to alternative sources. It was only at the end of the 20th century and
the course of the 21st century that the global fall in oil prices, the deforestation of our forests and
jungles, the high degree of pollution caused by hydrocarbons, the lack of a national manufacturing
industry of oil and hydroelectric equipment, the hyperinflation that the country has been suffering for
some years with the consequent devaluation of our national currency with respect to foreign currencies
and other political and economic factors motivated the current government to promote the study and
development of energy sources alternate, including biomass.

Indeed, several universities carried out studies on the use of agricultural residues and to produce
fuels, concentrated animal feed and construction materials, among others.

For its part, the Venezuelan government began in 2008 the construction of several plants to
produce Ethanol Fuel (Biofuel) based on cassava and sugar cane, and thereby discontinue the import
of this product from neighboring Brazil and be able to replace the from oil because it is highly
polluting [77].

3.1 Analysis of Status with the development of the biomass energy industry
in Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

3.1.1 Biogas utilization

Mostly of farms In Venezuela use biogas for heat and power, it is worthwhile to consider all the
options before deciding the ways of usability, in addition, direct sale of biogas to an off-farm buyer.
Raw animal manure biogas contains 50 to 60% of methane, 35 to 50% carbon dioxide, traces of
hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen, and fractions of water vapor. For the anaerobic digestion of traces
siloxanes, sludge or landfill processes, also is gathered with biogas components. These siloxanes
19
 目录

mainly originate from silicon compounds widely used in various industrial material or frequently
attached to consumer products, like personal care products.

In the public companies of Venezuela, for example, the biogas may potentially be used in many
types of materials and tools, including: Internal Combustion (Piston), Engine – Electrical Power
Generation, Shaft Power. Gas Turbine Engine (Large) – Electrical Power Generation, Shaft Power.
Microturbine Engine (Small) – Electrical Power Generation. Stirling Heat Engine – Electrical Power
Generation. Boiler (Steam) Systems, Process Heaters (Furnaces), Space or Air Heaters, Gas Fired
Chiller – Refrigeration, Absorption Chiller – Refrigeration, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) – Large
and Small Scale – Electrical Power and Heat, Fuel Cells – Electrical Power, Heating Power.

There are a variety of end uses for biogas that applies the industries of Venezuela. Except for the
simplest thermal uses such as odor flaring or some types of heating, biogas should need to be cleaned
or processed before using it. With appropriate cleaning or update, biogas can be used in all
applications that were developed for natural gas. The basic end uses for biogas are production of heat
and steam, electricity generation and vehicle fuel [93].

3.1.2 Biomass Power Generation

In this section, is being described the methods used for the private industries. In relation to the
biomass within the exact part, is used for facility heating, electric power generation, and combined
heat and power. The biomass in the industries of Venezuela, encompasses a large variety of materials,
including wood from various sources, agricultural residues, and animal and human waste [94].
In ways to generate electric power, is represented several practical ways to produce energy. The
most common is direct combustion of biomass material, like agricultural waste or woody materials.
Other options are attached with pyrolysis and gasification. Gasification produces a synthesis gas with
energy content by heating the biomass with less oxygen than needed for the combustion. The pyrolysis
yields bio-oil is heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen. In additional part, the anaerobic
digestion makes a solution for the renewable gas when organic matter is decomposed by bacteria in the
absence of oxygen. For example, woody biomass, like pellets, wood chips, and sawdust are combusted
or gasified to generate electricity for the industries and cities. Corn stover and wheat straw residues are
baled for combustion or transformed in gas, using an anaerobic digester. Few wastes original from
animal and human wastes, are converted into a medium-energy content gas. In addition, most other
types of biomass should be used into oil through pyrolysis, which are applied in boilers and furnaces.
Analyzing the renewable energy alternatives in relation the biomass generated, the advantage is
bringing a capability to offer in the required time, meaning it is controllable and available when its

20
 目录

necessary for the customers, like fossil fuel electric generation systems. The disadvantage of biomass
for electricity generation, is that the fuel needs to be secured, delivered, includes some costs of price,
and finally is stored in places where it can be used for the future. The overview for the plants is
focuses on woody biomass used for generating electricity at commercial facility rather than a scale
project. Also, biomass combustion produces emissions of carbon, in reasons to be controlled,
monitored, according with the statements of natural care and environment.

3.1.3 Biofuels

The biofuel is being used for transportation, such like motor vehicles, airplane, ships, motobike,
and other machines that requires fuels, which could be produced directly or indirectly from resources
of biomass. Usually its liquid fuels with ethanol, mixed with fossil fuels to produce biofuels as
biodiesel. It could be used as a substitute for gasoline.

Also, in Venezuela, the use of bioenergy contains an important fact with climate change actions.
The combustion of biomass produces the same amount of CO 2 that it previously consumed, leaving the
system in balance, as well as being used to supplant other fuels that are limited to the release of carbon
dioxide. In addition, an enhancement of biomass may support climate change through reforestation
and afforestation, which is increasing the amount of CO 2 absorbed [97].

3.2 Problems in the Development of Venezuelan Biomass Energy

In the recent years, Venezuela was running with some problems related on the efficient distribution
in the electrical energy for the industries and cities, which create a consequence in problems about lack
of supply to the demands. In the next points, we are explaining each detailed that is presented:

 Blackouts and power outages: generally, the providers of the national electricity system are
covered by the Guri Dams, the Simón Bolívar Power Plant, the Tocoma Power Plant, and the
Wind Farm. One of them is due to mismanagement, low levels of the Guri reservoir, deficiency
of the thermal park, disparity in the increase in electricity supply and demand, saturation of the
distribution and transmission lines. On the other hand, part of these is also due to corruption
and bad investment of funds, which does not conclude the works that the government wants to
propose. This is the main and original problem that is affecting other sectors.

 Lack of submission of gas cooking for the houses: in the original causes of the blackouts and
power outages mentioned, also is affecting the cooking gas. Some areas of population were
using firewood for the kitchen [98]:

21
 目录

 Lack of supply of drinking and daily water: due to the lack of maintenance for the tubes and
drainage systems, there have been cuts and rationing of drinking water and daily use, for which
the population has had to resort to rivers, rains, and tanker trucks that other private companies
have taken as an initiative.

 No repair to roads and streets for land traffic: due to the problems of the domino effect, the
construction and maintenance of the roads of terrestrial transit have become scarce, which
cement and asphalt, and the machines operating, have been an effect that brought with it.

 Inflation rate: during the government of Nicolas Maduro Moros 2015-2020, the currency
"bolivar" currency lowered the value of purchasing power, which generated hyperinflation.
Due to the dependent imports, permits for the use of the dollar in the national territory, and the
printing of money. All this affected the price of costs and expenses to innovate and repower the
equipment used for industrial purposes.

 Problems of salary of workers: It should be noted that due to inflation, workers' wages were
also affected. Well, the efficiency of the services has reduced, because in addition, the workers
could not do their works and projects well in particular, they also had to address these problems.

The mentioned are the most typical problems that was running the cities. All these facts inflict
collateral damage to the production and work of renewable energies, which affects directly or
indirectly the biomass projects [99].

3.2.1 The supply and demand of biomass energy

Venezuela has a well-divided electrical matrix between fossil thermoelectric plants and large
hydroelectric plants. Non-conventional renewable energies have not yet gained ground in the country.
The existence of subsidies for fossil sources, which make these sources more than 20 competitive,
together with the lack of participation of the private market and the economic blockade suffered by the
country, limit investments in new technologies and slow a larger diversification of clean sources in the
Venezuelan electrical system. There are goals for the installation of wind systems and photovoltaic
solar systems, mainly to serve isolated communities.

In 2016, renewable sources reached 47.53% of the total installed capacity. Energy hydroelectric
stands out with 47.36% of the total, that is, practically all the renewable potential installed. In terms of
electricity generation, Venezuela had a production of 115,961 GWh in 2016, of which 54.12% came
from hydroelectric generation.

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 目录

Regarding emissions, according to data from 2017, the electricity sector accounted for 16% of
the total emissions. The participation of the energy sector was not presented. From 2013 to September
2018, US $ 257 million were invested, highlighting the amounts invested in small hydroelectric plants,
with 52.53% of this total.

In conclusion, this chapter presents the main results. In addition to the results of the audit and
respective opportunities for improvement, good practices will also be listed identified in some
countries that can serve as inspiring examples. However, for a better delimitation of the relevant topic
to each question, a brief initial overview in each part [100].

3.2.2 The problem of industrial layout

The economic crisis that Venezuela is experiencing is the deepest and longest in the last century.
Unlike previous crises, in the current one the collapse of the oil sector plays a key role. But the
recovery of this sector will be insufficient to overcome the economic calamity.

Petroleum of Venezuela (Abbreviation: PDVSA) is the most and big corporation in Venezuela, in
hands to manage the national issues. The drop in productivity fall in investments since 2009 partly
explains PDVSA's operating deterioration, reflected in the continuous decline in crude oil production;
whatever the source of the figures (PDVSA reports, direct communication from OPEC or secondary
market sources) or the concept of grouping of items (crude, condensate, or liquefied gas). The most
serious thing is the fall in the productivity of the company, around sixty percent, between 2006 and
2016. The average productivity of direct and contract workers fell from 17,800 barrels per worker in
2006 to 6,500 in 2016. The average productivity of Property, plant and equipment reached a maximum
value in 2006 of 21,000 barrels per dollar of asset value and in 2016 it fell to 7,100. This decline
makes the recovery of the sector unfeasible unless the root problems that have diverted the company's
focus from its primary objective as an oil producer are corrected.

The progressive drop in productivity is associated with the design and implementation of the
migration policy of the operating agreements, the strategic associations of the Orinoco Oil Belt and the
profit-sharing schemes of the joint venture scheme with a majority shareholding of the state. It is also
associated with the absorption of service provider companies and the fulfillment of tasks typical of a
development corporation.

In some hypothesis, companies that previously operated with operational flexibility are
financially and operationally constrained in various ways. Financially, the remittance of profits is not
approved, the aliquots are not provided for the financing of new projects, the forced financing of the
State aliquot is required, the rules of the game are changed under the figure of discretionary
23
 目录

considerations on a case-by-case basis and subjects companies to the regulatory risk of a discretionary
state. Operationally, resource management functions (procurement, personnel, collections) are
interfered with and hampered. Despite this, joint ventures have avoided an even steeper drop in oil
extraction.

The falls in productivity and investment in the oil sector create a financial deficit of colossal
magnitudes. Given the external financing difficulties that the country faces, due to the unsustainability
of its socio-economic model, the financing of this deficit has been basically monetary due to the
assistance of the Central Bank. This is the result of PDVSA's fiscal overexploitation since 1999 and
the assignment of functions that are beyond its area of competence and its reason for being.

The recovery of economic activity in Venezuela depends on the rescue of its oil industry. This
requires creating favorable conditions for the participation of private investment. But the recovery of
the oil sector, by itself, will not be enough to solve the serious deterioration in the quality of life of the
population. The proof is in the performance of the economy between 1989 and 1998: the years of the
oil opening. During this period, global growth averaged just 1.5 percent per year, even though the
three "engines" of the oil sector (exports, investment, and fiscal contribution) were at work.

The removal of implicit subsidies in the domestic market is essential for the sustainability of the
national oil industry. This implies going from the current 98 percent of subsidies to their total
elimination. Traditionally, there has been strong resistance in Venezuelan society to eliminate them.
Releasing the social restriction in this regard will require having an international aid program.

3.2.3 The level of industrialization

In the figure 3.3, is described how is the level of industrialization. In this graphic, is appreciated
the level of descension between the years 1950, until the year 2000. In addition, you can see the
installed capacities and the electrical consumptions that have been executed. For its part, as the
decades go by, this is reducing at a rate of 5-7%, which is due to the increase in population, demand
for supplies and innovations that are presented in homes, commercial areas and industrial.

3.2.4 The problem of comprehensive industrial benefits

In the socio-economic model and the role of the oil sector, the collapse of the oil sector and its
three drivers of economic growth (exports, investments, and fiscal contribution). The sector plays a
leading role in the socialism, mainly as financier, in an initial phase, of a statist model of the
production of private goods and centralist in the provision of public goods and services.

24
 目录

This model created a tremendous paradox that makes it unfeasible. On the one hand, it fosters
greater dependence on oil income, because it encourages the demands of all economic and social
sectors. On the other hand, it weakens the oil industry in fundamental aspects of the business, such as
productivity and investment, which in the long run translates into less oil income to meet the needs of
society and the industry itself.

Part of the Venezuelan is that the centralist and statist model prevent the emergence of new
economic sectors that complement oil activity, which makes the population's living conditions
increasingly precarious. The model has direct, indirect and feedback mechanisms that promote and
reproduce dependence on oil income.

Expansion of state jurisdiction amid oil price increases is not new in Venezuela. However, with
the boom that began in 2004, it reached a scale never known. The privatizations of the 1990s and the
decentralization processes in the provision of public goods and services were totally reversed.
Additionally, companies that were private from their origins, in the electrical and manufacturing
sectors, among others, passed into the hands of the State.

The direct effect of dependence on oil income is materialized to the extent that private or
decentralized activities appear as items of central government spending, which increase the fiscal
deficit and the need to demand more resources from the oil sector. The indirect effect materializes with
the fall in productivity of the multiple sectors that pass into the hands of the State. Some authors
provide evidence of these drops in productivity, which cause greater pressure on spending, since more
resources are needed to achieve the same objectives. The drop in productivity is accompanied by a
decrease in the income of state agencies and companies, and in reported and paid taxes, which tends to
increase the deficit and pressure on the use of PDVSA's economic surplus. An aggravating factor in
the loss of productivity of the statist-centralist model is the overvaluation of the exchange rate
produced by the increase in the price of oil (in the absence of macroeconomic stabilization funds) and
a deliberate policy of external indebtedness on account of such increase.

The feedback effect consists of reducing the investment component of the public sector, once the
sources of financing the fiscal deficit are exhausted due to the two previous effects in direct and
indirect. The fall in investment in non-oil companies reinforces the indirect effect because the
reduction in public investment further reinforces the fall in productivity. The dependence on oil
income is reducing the production and income generation capacity of these non-oil state companies.
As investment in the oil sector is reduced, and productivity falls, the capacity to create resources to
meet the growing needs of the rest of the economic and social sectors of the country decreases.

25
 目录

This contradiction between the increasing resource demands of all sectors of society and the fall
in oil income makes the long-term model unsustainable, even in a scenario of oil price stability. This
disparity between demand and income is aggravated by the fall in the price of oil that occurred during
2008 and 2009, but which took on a more permanent appearance as of 2014.

Instead of taking advantage of the low-price situation of 2008 and 2014 onwards to reverse the
consequences of the statist-centralist model, the government decides, on the contrary, to reinforce
them. It imposes a recessive adjustment with the restriction on imports of all productive sectors,
including the oil sector. The throttling of imports further reinforces the statist-centralist model. In this
way, the model denies the possibility that, thanks to relative prices (the most efficient resource
allocation mechanism in a modern economy), an economic reactivation occurs, both in the oil and
non-oil sectors. The result is an increase in relative price distortions, including the exchange rate (the
most important price in the economy) and fuel prices, which are kept under control. The general
control of prices of goods and services aggravates the shortage and encourages the payment of
premiums that reinforce inflation, but do not encourage production at all [101].

3.2.5 Policy Issues

In this section, is touched the Ministries in Venezuela, which there are 33 ministries and 1
ministry of state, which is conformed by a Council of Ministries. In this section is only counted 15
ministries, thus have relationship with some branches of renewable energy. Under this condition, we
are presenting the roles that are attached with the energy:

Ministry of Popular Power for National Commerce (Spanish version: Ministerio del Poder
Popular para el Comercio Nacional): the department of the government, in relation to the manage of
natural resources, It is in charge of guaranteeing to keep and maintain the national production, support
the public and private enterprises, and secure the services and its functionality, according with the
sovereignty for the country and its population, in ways to develop the commercial issues of Venezuela.
It makes legal favor to the companies that wants to purse in the projects of clean and administration of
residual wastes, biomass, health, hygienic and its promotional stuffs [104].

Ministry of Popular Power for Industries and National Production (Spanish version:
Ministerio del Poder Popular para Industrias y Producción Nacional): (Abbreviation:
MINPPIBES). It is in charge of supporting and giving legal support to the services related to the care
of the environment, work on hygiene and personal cleaning matters, promoting and providing better
facilities to the groups that are in charge of the maintenance and repair of the infrastructures, in
accordance with ecosystem protection. Urban cleaning services, which are generally state-owned, are
26
 目录

those that must pay attention to cleaning cities and fields. In addition, it evaluates if the facilities
comply with the legal regulations of the internal regulations of the state, and that in turn, does not
harm or generate any alteration to the environment [105].

Ministry of Popular Power for the Attention of Waters. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la
Atención de las Aguas. (Abbreviation: MINAGUAS) In this government office, is in charge of
evaluating, rectifying, modifying, and maintaining that all urban, industrial and commercial areas,
provide good condition and have constant connection, have the amount of clean and sufficient water.
In turn, they have relationships with the 7 Dams that exist in the country, such as the Guri Dam and the
Cachamay Dam [106].

Ministry of Popular Power for Ecological Mining Development. Ministerio del Poder Popular
de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico. (Abbreviation: MPPDME), exercise the leadership, formulation,
management, control, and evaluation of the public mining policy of Venezuela to develop the
productive chain of the mining sector, through the rational, responsible, sustainable, efficient and
sustainable use of non-renewable mineral wealth, starting from mining that allows generating sources
of employment and promoting a new national production model. In additional part, the vision from it
is the guarantee the sovereignty of the Venezuelan State over the responsible, sustainable, efficient and
sustainable use of non-renewable mineral wealth, with the minimum impact on the environment and
its biological diversity, thanks to the efficient use of science and technology, with balanced
participation of all the actors linked to the mining activity [107].

Ministry of Popular Power for Electric Energy. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía
Eléctrica (Abbreviation: MPPEE), the purpose of this ministry is the guarantee and stability of the
national electricity system, as well as everything related to the monitoring, evaluation, formulation of
policies, regulation and supervision of activities related to atomic energy and other alternatives
(biomass, wind, hydraulic. Corporación de Electricidad Nacional (CORPOELEC) is one of the
attached entities and has the operation of customer service and keeping electricity in the cities under
control [108].

Ministry of Popular Power for Transportation Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte.
(Abbreviation: MPPT). As a governing body, they are a comprehensive management organization
aimed at optimizing the land, air, water transport service, road infrastructure and its related services, to
guarantee connectivity and mobility of people within and outside the national territory, contributing to
the achievement of the maximum welfare of the population. The Institute National of Territory
Transport is one of the attached entities in functions to have connections and communication with all
the regions in the country. In ways of evaluating its work on the for the energy industry, they have
27
 目录

operated for creating better ways of communication transport, also improving the best locations and
providing equipment’s to study the options for implementing innovated technologies related to
biomass and translation of combustibles [109].

Ministry of Popular Power for Public Infrastructure (Ministerio del Poder Popular para Obras
Públicas) Abbreviation: MPPOP. The work of this ministry is responsible for inspecting the
conditions of the places where users and automobiles travel, as well as the maintenance and condition
of the infrastructures, their architectural places and the aesthetics of the buildings and streets. In the
function of this ministry, it also has its contributions to the environment, since they account for the
state of hygiene and cleanliness, in addition to allocating budgets to guarantee the stability of the
routes that industries use to transport the resources that come from areas far from the city, as well as
fields and mountains [110].

Ministry of Popular Power for Food. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Alimentación.
(Abbreviation: MINPAL), this ministry oversees the food production and processing plants comply
with the requirements of healthy eating and energy, arranged so that the population has the necessary
resources and has the possible standards so that they have good balanced nutrition. In this case,
vegetables and beef and pork have processing with respect to biomass since the residues of these
supplements have a high influence. The dependence of the products that are made in the production of
[111]
this energy element depends on the results of the consumption of the population .

Ministry of Popular Power for Planning, Ministerio del Poder Popular de Planificación,
(Abbreviation: MPPP), in this sector, it is made up of social economists, where they make
calculations regarding construction and investment projects, transport works, industrial or household
infrastructures, or other services given to public or private interests, whether in the health, commercial
or object production area [112].

Ministry of the People's Power of Petroleum, Ministerio del Poder Popular de Petróleo
(Abbreviation: MINPET), under this ministry, the main tasks and functions are based on the
administration, extraction and commercialization of petroleum and its derivatives. The main company,
one of the best known, PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela) is the institute that is assigned to work in
these industrial sectors. They are the ones who work the biofuel resources that are consumed at the
national level and have a connection with the demands that are made abroad [113].

Ministry of Popular Power for Ecosocialism. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el
Ecosocialismo. (Abbreviation: MINEC) this government office has the function of monitoring in
accordance with the “Plan de la Patria 2015-2020”, which consists of doing cultural activities and

28
 目录

educational talks related to environmental awareness, that is, that the population can acquire customs
and habits to have better care and better use of rationalization of environmental resources. Among one
of the programs that this ministry had, in mid-2015, they began to give talks regarding indiscriminate
logging, the use of firewood for biomass, burning or incineration of garbage, and other actions that
harm and they damage the ecosystem [114].

Ministry of Popular Power for Productive Agriculture and Lands. Ministerio del Poder Popular
para la Agricultura Productiva y las Tierras. (Abbreviation: MPPRE), in this government office,
they oversee designing an optimal planimetry to increase and develop the fishing, livestock, and
agricultural sectors. In addition, it has other similar tasks such as land inspection, guaranteeing the
crops and agro-industrial development of the same, in order to keep the territories adapted for planting
in good condition and that thus the fruit and vegetable harvests can be generated. Not only does it also
have these tasks, but it includes in its projects the inspection of rivers, lakes, seas, mountains, deserts,
and other geographical areas of Venezuela, which in terms of renewable and non-renewable energies,
have a lot of relationship and have these features [115].

Ministry of Popular Power of Economy, Finance and Foreign Trade (Ministerio del Poder
Popular de Economía, Finanzas y Comercio Exterior). (Abbreviation: MPPEFC). This ministry
oversees the commercial orders and control with the products that are exported and imported, which
makes a business approach with the parties that have a relationship and interest in the supplies, which
in addition to services, also maritime and air treaties are made in matters on the energy resources that
other nations depend on [116].

Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Relations. Ministerio del Poder Popular para
Relaciones Exteriores. (Abbreviation: MPPRE). In this office, oversees connecting and diplomatic
relations with the international community. In this case, they also have a development with the imports
and exports of products based on fossil fuels and some other minerals (such as gold, copper, coal,
nickel, coltan) and the establishment of trade agreements with other countries that need such sources
of energy and use for domestic use. It carries out treaties, agreements, and conventions with the
territories of the Amazon, in addition to making administrative use of the geographical area [117].

Ministry of Monitoring and Government Management. Ministerio de Seguimiento de la

Gestión del Gobierno. This is the largest central government office, where all the ministries, public
institutes, and regulations that are established in the country, are directed in this place. At the same
time, it dictates the organizations and procedures regarding the duties and functionalities that the
government has for citizen well-being and infrastructure development, in addition to making

29
 目录

connections with other countries. The government recognizes well the energy potential available for
the use and service of the Venezuelan people [118].

In this article, is mentioned all the governmental positions that cooperate with the industries and
plants of renewables and non-renewables energy. Each department has tasks and homework like a
solution and agreements with the issues planted in the city.

3.3 Summary of this chapter

The summary of this chapter introduces some contents about the analysis of efficiency with the
biomass energy industries and enterprises in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, thus is describing
some points in the next paragraphs:

 The Biogas utilization: and how does the Venezuelan government acted with the maintaining
conditions for the biogas usability with the functions for the potential energy in the country and
its market energy.

 Biomass Power Utilization: how does the biomass fulfill a social rank and comply to the
distribution of electrical energy to the cities and houses.

 Biofuels: how do the biofuels are being used and manipulated, in this case, the oil crude and its
components (gas, hydrocarbons, stones), and how is being involved within the international
community, estimates with data statistic and quantity amount.

 Biomass Solid Fuels: how is being used, extracted, and processed for the usability to the
combustible characteristics.

 Policy Issues: the eco-socialism, rentier system, politics of energy and minerals resources,
ministry of land preservation, are the keywords attached in this topic, which are important to
make a summary about its situation.

 The problem of comprehensive industrial benefits: in this quality has marked some problems
about the comprehensive area for the plants and its benefits, in accordance to the national and
international situation and how it is represented the efficiency.

30
 目录

 Level of Industrialization: in this point, is described some parameters with the steps and scales
that the power plants of renewable energy were focused.

 The problems of industrial layouts: there are some contents related with the troubles and bugs
areas that affected the industrial scales, one of them the lack of budgets and investors, bad
preparation, changes of economy and politics (governments, majors, directors, chiefs), the
administration part and decisions are taken.

 The supply and demand of biomass energy: in this part is being described the contributions
and the importance of used properties, their practices, and techniques to administrate and invest
in a correct form to use. All these methods are used in the public and private companies of
biomass in Venezuela.

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 目录

Analysis of the development environment of Venezuelan’s

Biomass Energy Industry

In the following chapter, based on the analysis of the environmental development of the biomass
energy industries in Venezuela, it reflects the environmental scenarios, recording a description of the
business management given to the area of politics, economy, nature, techniques, markets, and the
performances they have had in the social sphere. In addition, a basic study on the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analyzes is presented that reflects these scenarios and the points
that can be used to take advantage of or avoid the issues that are presented.
4.1 Analysis of the overall environment of Venezuela’s Local Biomass Sector Analysis

4.1.1 Political Environment

In the country, these are the laws and decrees that have been announced on environmental
matters. Therefore, in table 4.1, the most relevant documents for the regulation, management, and
administration in a legitimate framework, on environmental policies are presented.

Table 4.1: Laws and Decrees about control and rules of environment in Venezuela.

English Translation Spanish Translation Definition:

Criminal Ley Penal del This law promulgates criminal actions and authorized
Environmental Law: Ambiente: punishments if any person or organization performs
actions that are not allowed.

Organic Law for the Ley Orgánica de The distributions of the geographical spaces that the
Planning of the Territorio y territory has, names, characteristics,
Territory Planificación
Law of Special Zones Ley de Zonas Some reforms are used with certain zones that are
for Sustainable Especiales para el treated specially by the Venezuelan government.
Development Desarrollo
Sostenible:
Comprehensive Ley de Gestión These are the orders and rules that control how
Garbage Management Integral de Basuras: municipalities should collect garbage waste.
Law

Law for the Ley de Protección de It has a mark on which animals should be protected
Protection of Free and la Fauna Doméstica for the conservation of the environment.
Captive Domestic Libre y Cautiva:
Fauna

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 目录
Law for the Ley de Gestión de la This is a collection where frames the regions of
Management of Diversidad Biológica endangered animals, wild fauna, which are found in
Biological Diversity Venezuelan territory and explains the ways of how to
treat it.
Law on Forests and Ley de Bosques y It is dedicated to small and medium-sized
Forest Management: Manejo Forestal: organizations on the legislation of practice in forestry
matters.
Water Law Ley de Aguas The rules are established with respect to aquatic and
maritime spaces, rivers, lakes, and other areas in
relation to hydraulic energy.
Organic Ley Orgánica del It establishes the rights and principles of
Environmental Law Medio Ambiente: environmental structures and regulations that manage
the issues of natural areas.

Organic Law of Ley Orgánica del The distributions and administration that consider the
Municipal Public Poder Público capitals, cities, towns, parishes, counties, and others
Power Municipal: are established.

Fisheries and Ley de Pesca y Establishes the rules and regulations that must be
Aquaculture Law Acuicultura: taken into account when collecting food or other
supplies in the maritime area.

Planning Law Ley de planificación This memorandum is made in order to understand the
proposals of strategies and plans that must be taken
into account when projects are carried out within
Venezuelan territory.

Law on Material Ley de Sustancias This law defines the agreements and rules of the
Substances and Materiales y treaty for industrial chemical products and wastes.
Hazardous Wastes Residuos Peligrosos:

Organic Law of Ley Orgánica de la It is the law whose objectives and compliances are the
Public Administration Administración public sectors and State companies.
Pública:

4.1.2 Economic environment

Public and Mixed Companies:

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 目录

This section presents some state contractors and their balance sheets and accounting feasibility
studies that they have carried out over a period of 5 to 10 years. Companies fulfill certain roles and
functions that lead to operating and obtaining annual results, evaluating their observations and
recommending strategies for improve the efficiency and quality.

Industria Venezolana Endógena de Papel, C.A. (INVEPAL)

It is a socially owned company, which manufactures, converts, and markets paper for final use
and as a raw material for other companies. It is framed in the construction of the new socio-productive
model, with the commitment assumed by the workers, contributing with the communities and the
endogenous development of the country.

It produces paper for offices, notebooks, notebooks, blocks, envelopes, folders, and paper for
newspaper printing. It also supplies other companies with raw materials for the manufacture of toilet
paper, sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, and hand towels. Its production includes raw material for
the elaboration by others of cement bags, food, grains, fertilizers, etc. In the table 4.2, is represented
the financial index in relation to comparing the years from 2011 to 2011.

Table 4.2: Analysis of Financial Status from INVEPAL

Year Year Year Year Year Five-Year Generally accepted

international
Financial Index 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Average standards
Current Solvency or Liquidity-

Current Assets / Current Liabilities 0,34 0,29 0,16 0,30 0,58 0,27 2,5 or more
Indebtedness (Leverage) or
Leverage
Total Liabilities / Equity 0,61 No No No No No 1X1
Strength Index
Total Liabilities / Total Assets 0,38 No No No No No 0,33 or less

Immobilization Index
Construction in Progress / Equity 0,59 No No No No No

The raw material with which it works includes recyclable material from industries and public
and private institutions and that from community stores. This material is reused in their production
lines.

Recuperadora de Materias Primas, C.A. (REPMACA)

The company is basically dedicated to recovery, processing, and commercialization activities in

the Venezuelan domestic market, of all types of waste and recyclable raw materials, in the domestic,
commercial, and industrial sectors at the national level, as well as carrying out studies, projects and
programs of technical assistance for small and medium-sized industries and in general, it will carry out
all legal acts and businesses that are related to the object described. Its main headquarters is in the City
34
 目录

of Caracas, Boleíta Urbanization of the Sucre Municipality. In the next table 4.3, is represented the
analysis and financial index compilated in the industry.

Table 4.3: Analysis of Financial Status from REPMACA

Five-
Year Year Year Year Year Generally accepted
Year
international
Financial Index 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Average standards

Net Contribution Margin

Net Profit (Loss) X100 /
0,48 0,24 (17,68) (1,61) 0,54 (3,61) 0,60 X 1
Operating Income
Liquidity or Acid Test-
Current Assets-Inventories /
2,18 1,12 0,52 0,78 0,81 1,08 1,0 or more
Current Liabilities
Current Solvency-
Current Assets / Current
3,21 1,13 0,24 1,82 1,12 1,50 2,5 or more
Liabilities
Indebtedness (Leverage) or
Leverage-
Total Liabilities / Equity 3,18 44,77 (7,87) 14,28 2,70 11,41 1X1

Strength Index-

Total Liabilities / Total Assets 1,29 0,43 0,11 2,40 0,62 0,97 0,33 for 1 or less

Return on Equity-

Net Profit (Loss) / Equity 4,85 0,11 (0,38) (0,08) 0,34 0,97 0,15 X1

Operating performance

Net Profit (Loss) / Total Assets 0,43 0,06 (0,18) (0,34) (0,21) (0,05) 0,10 x1

Observations:
1. The company in the pre-operational stage, so it did not carry out profitable or productive
operations during the analyzed period.
2. Net Working Capital (Current Assets - Current Liabilities) is negative.
3. The Liquidity Index is equal to that of the Current Solvency since the company does not
present inventories.
4. Non-Current Assets are mainly made up of construction in progress and long-term advances
paid to Contractors. Existing Permanent Fixed Assets are not significant for the analysis.
5. Substantially liabilities and equity are made up of government obligations and institutional
contributions received from the national government.
6. The Financial Indices of Indebtedness, Soundness, and Immobilization for the years 2011 to
2014 were not analyzed due to the lack of Information.
Conclusions:
 Analysis of financial solvency ratios suggests that the company is not able to meet its obligations
with third parties, and that is why it is in a situation of quite acute financial and economic
stagnation.
 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the indices of indebtedness, soundness and capital immobilization
35
 目录

present an investment guarantee quite satisfactory.

Recommendations:
 This company must urgently exceed the pre-operational period. To do this, you must generate
profitable operations immediately.
 Requires significant external financing or additional contributions from shareholders to complete
the works in process and reinforce working capital.

Pulpa y Papel, C.A. (PULPACA)

It is a Socialist Company of the Venezuelan state, which is attached to the Ministry of Basic
Strategic Socialist Industries. It is within the development plans of Venezuela, for the integral use of
the Caribbean pine plantations, to add value to this matter.

It is based in the Anzoátegui State. It produces Ecological Newsprint with raw material from
the Caribbean Pine, recycled fibers, and waste chips from the sawmills in the area, in addition to the
collection of solid waste (paper and coal). In this way, is presented the table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Analysis of Financial Status from Pulpaca C.A

Year Year Year Year Year Five-Year Generally

accepted
Financial Index 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Average international
standards
Net Contribution Margin
Net Profit (Loss) X100 /
0,38 0,20 0,13 0,08 (0,29) 0,10 0,60 X 1
Operating Income
Liquidity or Acid Test-
Current Assets-Inventories
2,13 1,97 0,69 0,72 0,83 1,27 1,0 o mas
/ Current Liabilities
Current Solvency-
Current Assets / Current
2,30 2,23 1,06 1,21 1,06 1,57 2,5 o mas
Liabilities
Indebtedness (Leverage) or
Leverage
Total Liabilities / Equity 1,06 9,60 20,53 9,44 5,36 9,20 1X1

Strength Index
Total Liabilities / Total 0,33 for 1 or
0,57 0,90 1,03 1,39 1,08 0,99
Assets less
Return on Equity

Net Profit / Equity 1,00 2,87 0,82 0,30 0,29 1,06 0,15 X1

Operating performance

Net Profit / Total Assets 0,43 0,28 0,13 0,12 0,25 0,24 0,10 x1

Observations:

1. The net contribution margins were during the period analyzed were below the international
standard although they varied from negative to positive sign in the last two years.
36
 目录

2. Both the liquidity and solvency index were positive, although below the international
standard.

3. The leverage and solidity ratios show a high dependence of the company on third parties for
financing your working capital.

4. Both equity and operating performance were higher than international standards.

5. Conclusions to be recommended with this company:

6. The company is in a moderately satisfactory financial and economic situation, with good
rates of profitability and ability to pay.

7. It is in a position to comply with the obligations with third parties, pending and future with
third parties using the resources from its normal operations.

8. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is highly dependent on third parties to leverage its

operations.

Recommendations for improvement with the projects.

 Requires long-term external financing or additional contributions from shareholders.

Private Enterprise and Business:

This section represents the private sector operating in regions of Venezuela. Most of them are
working in cooperative mode with the government, following its lines of natural conservation and
renewable energy. They are considered like mixed or hybrid enterprises, which also execute other
different services about managing the energy in the cities. However, inside the documents have not
detailed information about its financial movements due to their private conditions. In the next points
are declared the organizations and gathered its description:

 Mini Bruno Sucesores, C.A.

This company has been operating for more than 50 years, processing by-products of animal
origin and transforming them into useful products for the animal feed, pet, industrial fats, and soap
industry. Its products include meat and bone meal, low ash meat, hydrolyzed feathers, and poultry
organ meats, tallow of animal origin and flavorings from chicken viscera and livers, liquids and
powders for dogs and cats. For the collection of by-products, they have their own fleet of trucks and
loaders equipped with aluminum collection boxes, which visit cattle, poultry, and pig processing plants,
butchers, supermarkets, and sausage factories, and win them over with trays and tanks for distribution.
of flour in bags or in bulk and tanker trucks for the distribution of tallow. They have two processing
plants and a collection center in the interior of the country and a subsidiary abroad.
37
 目录

 Agregados Livianos, C.A. (RELIEVE)

It is a company dedicated to the manufacture of expanded clay under the trade name "ALIVEN",
a product that is distributed nationally (both in bags and in bulk) to block companies that manufacture
light blocks, to builders who manufacture applications made with light concrete, sales of materials and
large supply chains for construction. As of 1998, it was a pioneer in the co-processing of industrial
waste from different national companies. It has a plant located in the city of Charallave, Miranda State.
It has been operating since the early 1970s and is a leading company in its industrial area.

 SERYMANCA, C.A.

The main purpose of this company is to provide liquid, semi-solid, and solid waste management
services, both industrial and domestic, industrial cleaning, maintenance of green areas and facilities.

 Sugar mills: “La sierra nevada” C.A

About the sugar mills that exist in Venezuela, the Central Azucarero El Palmar, Central
Azucarero Carora, and Central Azucarero Portuguesa stand out, all of which are privately owned.
Regarding those owned by the Venezuelan state, there are the Ezequiel Zamora Agroindustrial Sugar
Complex, Central Azucarero Sucre, Central Cariaco, and Santa Elena industry. All of them use
sugarcane residues entirely as a source of internal energy.

 Complejo Agroindustrial Azucarero Ezequiel Zamora, C.A. (CAAEZ).

This company is dedicated to the production of refined sugar from the milling of national sugar
cane and imported raw sugar, derivatives such as molasses and electricity for self-consumption. It was
created in 2001 as a socialist production company, it operates basically with state funds and is based in
the Portuguese State.

 Central Azucarero El Palmar, S.A.

This company was established in 1955 on a farm of the same name. It produces sugar and
derivatives and processes raw sugar and syrup from other plants and also processes sugar cane from
independent producers in various states of the country. It is a leading private company in the sector
that uses the “Montalbán” brand.

4.2 Biomass Companies with financial analysis.

Global movements with the production and consumption of biofuel.

38
 目录

The procedures to make this graphic statistic, is selected the regions with the most usability of
consumption and production of biofuels, such like the United States of America, Republic of China,
and Republic of Brazil. The whole European union also has been added. The total results since the
year 2012 until 2018 from the reports done by each year were calculated and unified for this graphic.
In reference to the figure 2.1 refereed to the Biofuel Production, some points of views, could be
define that the annual average in the oil price rose to $731 per barrel, up from $54.19/barrel, which is
growing by an above average 1.4 million barrels per day, or 1.5% in China that is generation around
680,000 b/d and the US is doing a 500.000 b/d, in conclusion, were the largest contributors to growth.
In the global oil production is around 2.2 million b/d. In the cases of the refinery, the results show a
960.000 b/d, down from 1.5 million in 2017[22]. It is important to consider the verification of the
number of results given over the years, since it defines profitability and the impact on renewable
energy companies, which requires an in-depth study of various areas that may be involved, to specify
the effectiveness of a project and stay long-term. In the graphic or figure 3, named: “fossil oil
production and consumption”, appears like the United States of America in the top high rank of fossil
consumption. Most of them, some supplies and derivates of oil should need to be imported and
commercialized abroad to satisfy the demand of its relatives.
Table 4.5: Original data took from the reports of BP, collected from 2008-2018
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
E.U 7.75 9.53 10.91 10.45 11.34 12.41 13.72 13.76 13.37 15.05 15.69
E.U 60.89 81.54 89.12 84.91 91.21 93.81 91.21 95.71 98.22 99.82 99.61
U.SA 20.93 23.76 28.04 31.18 29.81 31.06 32.89 33.85 35.99 37.13 38.09
U.S.A 29.7 33.9 39.3 45.7 51.7 60.2 67.2 71.5 83.1 94.5 103.8
BRAZIL 15.49 15.28 16.87 14.40 14.74 17.11 18.00 19.33 18.17 18.24 21.38
BRAZIL 6.01 1.56 2.46 2.64 2.78 2.98 3.40 4.00 3.80 4.30 5.30
CHINA 1.50 1.63 1.59 1.98 2.11 2.35 2.61 2.04 1.81 2.15 3.10
CHINA 6.4 11.0 15.9 22.8 29.4 42.3 51.1 64.1 81.7 111.4 143.5
GERMANY 2.53 2.53 3.13 3.08 2.89 3.07 3.46 3.19 3.23 3.29 3.45
GERMANY 16.5 17.2 19.1 24.1 27.4 29.3 32.3 38.4 38.3 44.4 47.3

With the data observed in the figure 4.5, Fossil Oil Production, according to the reports from
[79]
British Petroleum Company “BP Statistical Review of World Energy - 2019” it represents the
movements of the year as shown in figure 2. The consumption of biofuel by the last years has been
increased, in comparison to the production that is keeping in a line of margin. It could reach several
factors that occur in this case, such as technological developments, supplies and demands of products
that requires biofuel for daily use, the increasing percentage of the population, due to these results,
governments are trying to improve the renewable energy industries, even though the high demand that
is happening is not being satisfied. This leads to a future risk in the depletion of these biofuel resources.
The continent of Europe, the United States of America, and the Republic Popular of China are the

39
 目录

most consuming biofuels, in the next posts are Brazil and Germany. The consumption of biofuels from
China is increasing in the pyramid, however, the European Union has been consumed and established
a high percent and keeping the line. It can be due to the economic activities executed in the step of
time. In the global biofuels production is growing in 0.9%, below the 10-year average of 14.3%, for
example, Brazil is getting a +6.8% extra and the US by +2.9% for essentially all net increase.

Table 1.2: Original data took from the reports of BP, collected from 2008-2018
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
E.U 106.60 100.00 93.60 81.30 72.70 68.10 67.00 71.60 70.60 69.30 72.70
E.U 302.20 322.20 332.80 345.40 394.20 447.20 523.00 566.60 541.90 573.90 669.40
U.S.A 98.8 105.7 111.3 113.8 111.9 109.7 122.5 132.2 136.2 142.3 140.3
U.S.A 190.4 189.5 203.0 202.9 207.5 210.0 211.4 214.6 199.7 191.5 189.1
BRAZIL 60 55 49.00 51.00 51 52.00 48.10 48.10 49.00 50.00 51.00
BRAZIL 884.50 833.20 850.00 837.00 819.90 831.00 840.20 856.50 907.60 902.00 919.70
CHINA 661.20 670.20 662.50 645.90 611.30 605.20 591.20 600.20 613.30 645.40 646.80
CHINA 112.6 112.9 122.8 128.4 131.3 140.3 145.7 140.6 132.7 136.1 135.9
GERMANY 384.7 400.6 455.5 472.4 495.3 517.3 539.3 573.3 587.0 610.7 641.2
GERMANY 123.7 118.7 119.5 115.8 115.3 117.5 114.5 114.2 116.5 119.0 113.2

Among other observations found in figure 4, it follows that governments prefer to invest in other
renewable energies, such as solar, wind, and the use of fossil fuels due to the ease and flexibility of the
procedures that must be attended to obtain energy results, although the works in relation to biomass
are at a moderate level of execution. In the fewer posts, the nuclear, electricity, hydro, in the process of
time, is keeping a less amount of subsidy. According to generate energy from wastes, requires adding a
large amount of corn, pellet, and animal waste are needed to contribute to the performance of the goals
that biomass plants have. Therefore, companies also have the study of the region as in large cities,
forested areas, and key points in the provinces of any country, which have powers and are convenient
to locate these projects. In this case, if seasons occur where there is a low number of wastes, which
does not mean a factor detrimental to caring for the environment, the energy expected by the biofuels
of the same year is not obtained. In figure 2.3, is being represented by Venezuela’s energy commision,
which is evaluating the subsidy and number of investments in the energy sector [93].
Moreover, is demonstrated a survey to obtain any financial information from private companies,
due to the confidential nature that they often present. The source of information is available at
National Accounts Report of the Ministry for the Popular Power of Industries, Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela.

In the 2015 Report and Account of the Ministry for Popular Power, Industries and Commerce,
were able to obtain and review the financial indicators of the state companies mentioned in the
previous paragraph from the years 2011 to 2015. Is not obtained more recent information since the

40
 目录

Venezuelan government for strategic political reasons stopped publishing them for subsequent years.
Notwithstanding the untimely nature of the figures and the fact that the Venezuelan country has been
immersed in recent years in a process of inflation and hyperinflation of its economy, the financial
indicators previously analyzed remain quantitatively and qualitatively for the subsequent years.

For the purposes of this study, the expressions Index, Indicator or Financial Ratio are
synonymous. Below is the detail and comment on the financial indicators analyzed in State Biomass
companies, which in the figure 4.4, represent the potential wastes agro-industrial in the areas of
Venezuela. The image has been extracted from Google Maps.

It is on the way the installation of 266MW of biomass generation in the regions identified with a
better potential, located in 15 states of the country, 71mw to the 2013, and 195 to the 2014.

4.2.1 Natural Environment

The country has one of the greatest biodiversity in the world and a good ecosystem, since in the region
there are a good number of species of birds, vascular plants, amphibians, butterfly insects, as well as
species of freshwater fish. The territory offers a good climate, adapted for the experience of all living
beings, since it has a diversity of landscapes. It should be noted that it has a good region of the
Amazon, with forests that have characteristics of cloud, rainy, desert, dry forests, scrub, tropical,
subtropical, leafy, mangrove forests. In cold areas, in the paramo, the territory also has the Andes
mountain range (mountains), whose provinces are Merida. There are some sectors that also have
savannas, plains, mountain ranges, tepuis, mountains. In addition, there are lakes, rivers, lagoons,
beaches with good flora and fauna. In addition, it has a few islands and archipelagos in the Caribbean
sector. Promote the permanent updating of inventories of flora, fauna, landscapes and ecosystems,
natural heritage of all Venezuelans, with a view to assessing the environment and its conservation
needs.

 Promote the application of the biodiversity conservation strategy and its action plan,
promoting its due updating with the participation of the main actors in the matter.

 Control the illegal trade in wild animals and plants, particularly on national highways where
it appears to be a common practice.

 Promote the realization of scientific events of wide scope and high level, with professionals
from all over the country, in order to exchange information on fundamental biodiversity for
its valuation, conservation, and management, and undertake joint actions among the main
actors to fill the gaps that they could exist by taxa or key groups of species.

41
 目录

4.2.2 Technical Environment

In the figure 4.3, is represented the line graphic of organization and management cooperation
in the whole system that is working between the production of electrical energy and the economic
aspects introduced for its usability. This graph represents a scheme of group of organizations parts
[94]
done for research projects .

In the figure 4.4, is mentioned the Conceptual Map in related to Biomass Projects and its
cooperative administration handled inside the industries. Most of this scheme is being followed by
the corporations and plants that belong to the Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela. In this part, is
described the next elements that contain this scheme:

1. Biomass Projects:

i. Laws and Government: These are the internal and external policies considered
by the companies, the follow-up and the fulfillment of these, which are reached
into treaties and agreements that can guarantee the procedures that are
executed.

ii. Population Demand and Needing’s: the company evaluates the requests that
people interested in the energy services provided by the company are looking for,
a list is executed, and their data is attached.

iii. Available Resources: the company evaluates the requests that people interested
in the energy services provided by the company are looking for, a list is executed,
and their data is attached.

iv. Cost of Implementation: the expenses and benefits that the company may have
been calculated.

2. Execution

a. Scalability and Innovation: this section searches for methods and technologies that
can improve and provide good service to projects. Scalability seeks to adapt itself
according to any eventuality that arises.

b. Results

i. Evaluation: the main department will consider for analyze the environment and
the results obtained.

ii. Improvement: is the area where things are updated and upgraded with the
resources that possess the company.
42
 目录

iii. Maintenance of Quality: the type of quality work that is obtained is added to
increase and take care of the routes that are executed.

3. Cooperative Organizations: within the projects, there are also relationships of companies, jobs,
external organizations that are interested in participating in a voluntary way and contributing
with objectives. In addition, at this stage negotiations are held that can favor the parties that are
integral to the area.

4. Administration Management: this section includes the management and administration of the
works, in that it includes coordination of employees, investment of goods and capital, among
other matters.

4.2.3 Social Environment

In several technical issues related to social capital and urbanism ecology, in figure 4.4, is observed the
interrelation between social capital and urban ecology, which is a demonstration about the discipline
that is trying about the studies of integral development with the urban populations, meanwhile,
sustainable development assigns the elements to consider for the increasing and ordering from the
variables, in ways that could make an evolution in positive manners in the quality of life. On it, is
optimal to establish a socioecological effect.

4.2.4 Market environment

Into the market environment, here is attached in the table 3.1, about the products that each region is
producing the vegetables adapted for doing biomass process. Each region from the environment
security of Venezuela [96] contains a rich part of energetical resources that could be worked. Mostly of
these products are targeted to population consumption, after the wastes are used for other issues in
recyclable ways.

Table 3.1: products and resources done by each region of Venezuela.

Anzoátegui Forestry, Corn, sorghum, Coffee and forestry.

Garlic, banana, sugar cane, coffee, beans, onion, potato, banana, and
TACHIRA
tomato.

MÉRIDA Garlic, celery, beans, cocoa, coffee, cassava, banana, carrot.

Coffee, banana, sugar cane, corn, potato, banana, beet, yucca,
TRUJILLO
mushroom
43
 目录

Potatoes, banana, sisal, onion, tomato, grapes, sugar cane, rice,

LARA
beans, pineapple and coffee

YARACUY
Sugar cane, corn, bananas, vegetables, cocoa, coconuts, African palm,
and fruits

Avocado, coffee, beans, onion, corn, paprika, quinchoncho, sugar

Aragua
cane, cotton, cocoa and sorghum.

Barinas Cotton, sesame, banana, corn, yam and banana. Rice and sorghum.

Cojedes Rice, tobacco, sesame, cotton, corn, cassava, wood.

Grain legume corn, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, sugar cane, vegetables,

Carabobo
coconut.

Coffee, corn, orange, oil palm, sorghum, tomato and cassava, sugar
Monagas
cane, cotton, cocoa, peanuts

Sucre Cocoa, coconut, sugar cane, coffee, cassava, cotton.

Apure Cotton, beans, banana, corn, rice and cassava.

Falcón Sugar cane, coconut, corn, melon, yam, squash, and sorghum.

Miranda Cocoa, fruits, flowers, vegetables, cereals.

Guarico Rice, beans, beans, corn, mango, pin, sorghum and tomato.

Rice, coffee, cotton, corn, sesame, sugar cane, beans, patilla,

Portuguesa
sorghum and forestry.
Delta
Amacuro
Rice, corn, coconut, banana, yucca, pineapple, hearts of palm.

ZULIA Cotton, banana, coconut, beans, melon, plantain, and sorghum.

4.3 SWOT analysis of the development of biomass energy industry in Venezuela

In order to get the information in relation to the opportunities, weaknesses, strengths, and
[98]
advantages that the biomass energy industry of Venezuela had developed . In the appendix, is saved
a graphic is appreciated all these characteristics with its indications, at figure 3.1.

44
 目录

There are several ways that is concluded with the analysis, each element contains four views that
are the most relevant issues:

 Strengths:

1. The unique and rich biodiversity in the world.

2. Extensive and varied territories (desert areas, forests, cold, rainy) that are conditioned and
have not suffered ecosystem alterations.

3. Possession of regions with abundant natural resources, with a habitat of flora and fauna.

4. Low levels of environmental pollution.

 Weaknesses:

1. Lack of infrastructure, as well as equipment and enough tools that can be adapted and
required for biomass work.

2. Motivation of staff, uncertainties, ignorance of environmental principles and standards, and

education of the population due to the information.

3. Personnel not prepared or without innate experiences to operate in the system.

4. Lack of funding, resources, as well as organizations and legal teams willing to cooperate
with these works.

 Opportunities

1. Operational areas that can be exploited, used and proposed facilities and initiatives.

2. Favoring of regulations and laws that can support renewable energy projects, even more
inclined to the biomass sector.

3. Optimal and conditioned environments to employ jobs.

4. Local population available and interested to assume, learn and work on these projects.

 Threats:

1. Poor management and equitable administration of resources. External interests that are
unrelated or tend to commit an irregularity that harms the environment.

2. High levels of insecurity in the environment and ecosystem.

3. Sudden and baseless changes in the policies of both the company or the legislative sector.
45
 目录

4. Unexpected results due to unknown issues.

4.3.1 Opportunities for the development of Venezuela’s biomass energy industry

The opportunities for advance with the biomass energy project of Venezuela, are based with the
aperture of petrochemical sectors, energy growth, internal market, usability of liquid hydrocarbons,
environmental policy, attraction of investments, and investigations [99].

Opening and development of the petrochemical sector and valuation of gas: Venezuela has
gas resources that can support medium-scale petrochemical development (about 1,500 MPCD), which
would give gas a different valuation than fuel. What makes this industry attractive is the peculiarity
that it generates high added value for the rest of the companies and sectors of the economy. However,
it is subject to cycles of growth and stagnation, because petrochemical plants are sensitive to
economies of scale. In other words, plants are not built until there is a "captive" market for them,
which avoids a world price war for petrochemical products.

International Growing Energy Demand. The world is still hungry for energy. The world
energy projection released by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) indicates that by the year
2035 consumption will be at 346 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (MBDPE). The largest
amount of energy would be provided by liquid fuels (oil, biofuels, LGN, etc.) with 29.2%. Regarding
electricity, Venezuela could very well dedicate volumes from the Orinoco Oil Belt to the production of
electricity for export, either directly via transmission systems or by exporting the input to plants in
other countries, starting from crude oil. wad of bills.

Sincerate schemes of subsidies to energy products in the internal market: in Venezuela,

subsidies have reached very high values (inexplicable for the rest of the world) due to the application
of public policies designed on the basis that: "the people must have cheap energy because Venezuela is
a producer and exporter of hydrocarbons," which has led, for decades, to the proliferation of political
demagoguery in the price of energy. This paradigm promotes the general expectation in the population
of a right to access cheap fuels and energy, a paradigm that must be changed.

Minimize the use of liquid hydrocarbons of high export value in the internal market: many
of these hydrocarbons, for different reasons, are being imported to honor domestic demand and meet
international commitments. The large increase has been experienced by the electricity sector, with the
installation of new thermoelectric plants to face the crisis, having to consume diesel and fuel oil
because of the existing gas deficit.

46
 目录

Options to attract investments: Venezuela needs as a priority to develop its hydrocarbon

resources, especially those located in the Orinoco Oil Belt and offshore gas. In this sense, there are
endless projects where foreign capital can participate.

Environmental Policy Development Aligned with energy growth: society is increasingly

demanding with the environmental aspect. In this sense, it is necessary to develop the rules that
guarantee sustainable energy growth.

Lead Extraped Crude Investigation: of the oil reserves in Venezuela, 87% (257 billion barrels)
are of extra heavy crude oil, which forces to intensify efforts before national and international research
institutes, to obtain techniques that optimize the exploitation of this type of oil.

4.3.2 Challenges in the development of Venezuelan’s Biomass energy industry

[100]
In this section is described the challenges of the development and is attached a table about
the common problems and solutions done with its projects. In this document is presented in a brief, the
most relevant challenges that the organizations have been presented.
The main environmental problems identified by the specialists consulted during this analysis are
summarized below, ordered from greatest to least importance, according to the frequency and
coincidence in their mention. It should be noted that some of the problems addressed transcend the
time scale of the period under study, which denotes the dimension of each environmental variable and
highlights the customary appearance of similar problems year after year, a problem that seems to be
the result of a series of events, rather than the consequence of an isolated or isolable problem. It
emphasizes that some of the problems mentioned are related to each other, however, in some cases
their independent mention is maintained, to facilitate their analysis and understanding. According to
the surveys collected, they generally mark these milestones:
• Increase in air pollution in the main urban centers, mainly due to emissions from mobile sources,
whose supervision and control systems seem to have weakened in the different municipalities of the
main capitals.
• Inappropriate management of waste and solid waste (mainly domestic), both from the source
and in the transport, treatment and / or final disposal systems, particularly within large cities.
• Poor phytosanitary management of urban trees in the main cities of the country, including
inappropriate severe pruning, and loss of trees due to diseases, water stress or exposure to atmospheric
pollutants.
• Waste of water and electricity as common practices of citizens, despite the crises in the energy
and water sectors. Educational, informative, persuasive, and coercive efforts in this area seem not to
have achieved the expected results.
47
 目录

• Mismanagement of domestic species, in particular the lack of control that exists regarding the
inventory of these animals at the municipal level, their veterinary control and the removal of animals
run over in the streets, avenues and highways, the latter considered critical.
• Anarchy in the motorcycle subsector within the public transport system with uncontrolled
atmospheric and noise emissions, including the inappropriate use of roads that contribute to vehicular
chaos in the main cities, disrespect for current regulations and their specific weight in the high levels
of crime.
• Lack of efficient plans and strategies that allow knowing, understanding, managing and
generating mechanisms to minimize the impacts of climate change and promote adaptation measures
In the table 4.10, are presenting the common problems and challenges and solutions that have
presented during the project’s periods.
Table 4.10: common problems and solutions done.
Name of Description Possible solutions Sourc
problem e
Poor There is the existence of low The optimal administration and clearly [32]
Investment of investment of budgets for management of finance will make possible
Resources develop a big magnitude of the procedures. The private and public
biomass industry. investments is required to plant an optimal
disposition to convince the expansion of
biofuel projects.
Weakness of The lack and strengthens of Improve and upgrading, as well as the [33]
Infrastructures supplies for guarantee the structures and technology, also using in a
quality is the main problem good mode the weakness of materials, could
part. facilitate the infrastructure.
Method of In some regions is not well- The rotation will be implemented into [34]
Short Rotation established harvesting system periods from 3 or 4 years, extracting a vary
Wood Crops nor conventional treatments to of 5 to 30 tons.
(SRWCs) process the biomass, in fact its
limited.
Weak Route: Due to the paths and ways to In some studies, referred to Bolivia, consist [35]
connection and bring the resources, and into implementing a strategic plan called
transport of localization of renewable Biomass Collection Points (BCPs) in the
biomass industries, is hard to access geographic zones and measuring its features
and make easy the transport of of regional environment, distributing, and
biomass. transporting the species of biomass to
appropriate places, saving the resources in
specific regions for their usability, might
arrange optimal solutions.
Limited Only in specific regions are The scientific studies should need to [36]
Market and established a focus on some analyze the plants, agricultural zone, wastes
expansion of natural waste, moreover, does from the city, to make availability for
resources not have adaptability to applying to the territories. Biomass fuel is
process another resource. expensive in comparison to other fuels.
Poor attention Some governments are paying The policies refereed to the renewable [37]
from the attention to the renewable energy must need to be included in the
government energy, but mostly of them are projects of government and bring attention
not following the right to its development. Also gathering the
procedures to create a public and private sector for start with the
promotion for develop the industries of renewable energy.
biomass projects.
Secondary The process of biomass Use with caution the applied chemical and [38]
Effects and generates secondary effects control the generation of ethanol, CO2
Pollutions with the emission of NOx, emission. In accordance with the

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 目录
SO2 and CO2 established rules for security and industrial
hygiene.

Cost of An amount of budget is It’s necessary to implement optimal [39]

Operation and demanded for supply and keep
Maintenance continuously the machines and
structures for the industries.
Sometimes expenses exceed
the level of income, increasing
passive values.
conditions to control the expenses and make
a correct distribution of investments,
reducing the expenses that is not involved in
the biofuel’s generation. Also, the
preparation of personal is included to have a
good usability and performance of
materials.

4.3.3 Opportunities for the development of Venezuela’s Biomass energy industry

1. Maximizing oil and gas production

Venezuela has vast reserves of both oil and gas. So vast that the discussion about whether they
are the largest in the world or not is irrelevant. Most hydrocarbon accumulations in Venezuela will
most likely remain underground.

Now, as shown in the scenarios, there is still a window of opportunity during the next decades,
in order to maximize both oil and natural gas production efficiently, both from the point of view of low
prices. costs, such as low carbon dioxide emissions, limiting environmental impact. This should be a
fundamental pillar in Venezuela's energy strategy in the coming years.

In addition to hydrocarbons, Venezuela also has abundant renewable energy sources such as
fluvial (hydroelectric energy), wind (wind energy), and solar radiation (solar energy). This abundance
allows economies of scale and, consequently, low production costs.

2. Recovering and expanding the hydroelectric infrastructure

Hydropower is still the first renewable source of electricity generation in the world. It has
advantages over most other electrical power sources, including high efficiency, low relative operating
and maintenance costs, flexibility, and storage capacity.

In Venezuela, there is currently the fourth hydroelectric power station in the world due to its
installed capacity: the Guri dam. Originally, more than 70% of the equipment and installed capacity of
the national electricity system corresponded to hydroelectric facilities.

The recovery of the facilities and use of the installed capacity of the hydroelectric system, and
even the increase of this capacity should be another of the central objectives of the new Venezuelan
energy strategy.

3. Developing renewable energy: wind and solar

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 目录

Taking advantage of this advantage to develop wind energy installations is simple, for example,
to electrify a large part of the western part of the country that is currently affected by constant power
outages and failures.

Given its location and tropical climate, Venezuela has a high rate of solar irradiation for most of
the year, which leads to a high potential for photovoltaic energy generation. The installation of solar
panels both on land and in the sea, is another energy opportunity that the country has.

4. Hydrogen production from natural gas (blue) and renewable energy (green)

Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in the universe and is the main fuel for stars.
Hydrogen is practically not found in a free state on Earth, which is not a primary energy, but it can be
produced from water (H2O) and hydrocarbons such as natural gas (CH4). Hydrogen produced from
water and with renewable energy is called “green hydrogen”. That produced from natural gas is called
"blue hydrogen", if the carbon from the process is captured and sequestered to prevent it from being
emitted into the atmosphere. Today, about 95% of the hydrogen produced worldwide is obtained from
hydrocarbons without capturing carbon, which is why it is called “gray hydrogen”.

Currently, the main use of hydrogen is for industrial processes (production of ammonia,
methanol, and refined products), but hydrogen is also a powerful fuel (used for space rockets) whose
emission is simply water vapor. Numerous countries in Europe (Germany, Holland, United Kingdom),
in Asia (Japan, China, India), and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia) have initiated strategic programs for
the production and consumption of hydrogen as fuel.

In conclusion

A lot of analysts determine in Venezuela about economic diversification, the “post-oil

Venezuela”, which the economic diversification of the country should go through energy
diversification.

The maximization of oil and gas production, hydroelectric recovery and expansion, the
development of renewable energies, and the production of hydrogen, would allow the development of
a new infrastructure throughout the country, attracting investment, creating new companies, and news
sources. of employment and technological innovation.

The glass full (or exceeded), is to take advantage of the energy transition to turn Venezuela over
the next few decades, once again, into an energy powerhouse in the region, with the ability to export
both hydrocarbons and electricity from sources renewables and hydrogen.
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 目录

4.3.4 SWOT analysis conclusion

According to what is established by the reports and authors who contributed their analysis made
by these factors determined in the Venezuelan energy sector, it is shown that it has many variables, and
they tend to have many vertices that can change their impacts, among other words, if in such a case it
is of an eventuality or the decision of other representatives that influence each estimate. Is observed
each of these characteristics, in which they must be attended with a better concentration and assume
the responsibility, decision, actions, and approaches that are necessary to handle such cases.

Sometimes it tends to happen that the weaknesses in a system can be maneuvered to cover
advantages. In vice versa, the strengths you have are also a disadvantage and an inappropriate case that
in the long run could arise. Depending on the actions that are carried out in the present, the
mechanisms of guarantee to the results to observe cases raised and meet objectives becomes a topic
that is interesting for the researchers and scientist community.

4.4 Summary of this chapter

In this chapter is concluded that the sustainable development of biomass energy plants are
making progress in relative ways, in pair with the world changes.

In the first section, the political environment presents the decrees and statutes that are in force in
the government of Venezuela. In addition, they are also framed both in the national sphere and in
international representation.

In the second section, the economic environment establishes some analysis of financial
statements that focus the monetary distributions on the effects of investment and expenses, with
respect to the consumption of machines, workers, and other inventories for the maintenance of the care
of public facilities.

In the third and fourth section, the natural and technical environment, establish a review that
made of the regions and the number of industrial plantations that exist in the country, with the
consumption and production of voltages of energy.

In the fifth and sixth section, the social and market environment that reflect the situations that
exist in the population and citizens, the conformation of its members and how much they make use of
energy measurements.

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 目录

In the seventh section, the SWOT focused on the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and advantages that all these parameters contain, which is essential to recognize the
system itself. Also, is detailed the efforts and disadvantages that creates this panorama.

In the eight section, makes a brief description of the opportunities that these industrial projects
have achieved and the chances that they have been able to capture for the operation of their energy
proportions.

In the nineth section, the challenges, are refereed the challenges and difficulties they have
presented in the stages of their projects and what consequences it has brought to the social and
economic system. Here an evaluation of the problems that arise is made.

In conclusion, all this chapter makes an analysis on some details that are highlighted and
establishes brief descriptions on the images of these theoretical points.

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Strategic Choices for the Development of Venezuelan’s

Biomass Energy Industry

In the fifth chapter, a plan on the strategic ideas, estimated origins, and achievements that
Venezuela has made concerning the biomass energy industries, are evidencing the techniques,
procedures, and methodologies that the companies have implemented. Also is attaching details of
international agreements, political treaties on the territories and geographic space that the Venezuelan
government has control, and installed points of the industries that have a purpose to achieve the
production of energy.

5.1 The strategic ideas, original estimates, and goals for the development of Venezuelan’s

In this article, there are some demonstration and representations that the Venezuelan’s
government would like to apply like a strategic for develop [102]:

Recommendations:

 Move towards change "transformation" step by step not quickly and abruptly. Oil cannot be
given up immediately, because the damage may be by a high impact from the international and
national community of the obligation to strengthen the transition towards a low carbon
economy for the sustainable future of the planet.

 Redefine its energy model to make it less vulnerable to droughts without having to resort to dirty
energy sources that generate greenhouse gases. This implies opening new spaces for renewable
energies in the national electricity system (Alvarez, 2015).

 A change is required in the institutional structure with managers educated and trained not only in
the field of energy, specifically renewable energies, be it solar, wind or hydroelectric, but in the
managerial field.

 Hire personnel with education and training within the energy area. It is necessary to recover at
least 100 emigrated Venezuelan engineers and technicians who are experts in energy. Without
the right staff, little progress can be made.

 Generate new jobs with the implementation of renewable energies. Renewable energies have
proven to be an important economic engine since it generates more jobs.

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 Research on the Developments Strategy of Industrial Biomass in Venezuela

 Work together with the research centers located in the country to generate the necessary human
talent in energy matters. In addition, to produce research and innovations that can solve some
specific problems of an energy nature.

 Work with all the actors involved in energy matters. Including affected civil society.

 Restructure the office of the vice minister of new sources and rational use of electrical energy in
order to promote energy efficiency, the rational use of energy and the promotion of
complementary energy as part of the energy sector policies at the national level.

 Review ministerial resolutions for the reduction of electricity consumption in the public and
private sectors.

 Do not award contracts to few companies in order not to violate antitrust rules. Bidding
processes must be transparent and public.

 Successful projects must be carried out under long-term power purchase agreements with
guarantees for both the seller and the buyer.

 Buyers of renewable energy do not have to pay any sales tax and can get corporate tax
deductions. This as part of the incentives to drive the market.

 The government could apply tools to force buyers to purchase renewable energy if the auction is
a failure.

 Review renewable energy projects where a large amount of money was invested, making the
people involved responsible for them.

5.1.1 The development strategy of Venezuelan’s Biomass Energy Industry

In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the usability of resources done for production of energy,
like coal with a relevance of 30%, nuclear power with 20%, natural gas occupying the 34%, non-
biomass renewables energy using the 13% of usability. The biomass sector generates occupy in total
[78]
the 2% (71.4 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity) . According to the chart, the occupation of
renewable energy is occupying a small part from the whole consumption and demand of energy, which
demonstrate that investment is open to increase more the market and supporting the correspondent
technologies. Around all the total system electric generation, generates a total of 5,909 GWh.

In the figure 2.4 and figure 2.5 is measuring the consumption from the whole renewable energy,
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which estimate that biomass resource is consuming a total of 275 Btu, being the position number 8/14
of attended resources. In the high top of resources most used are natural gas (2,332 Btu), Motor
Gasoline Ethanol (1493 Btu) and Jet Fuel (750 Btu). It means, there is the existence of advantages
which could open the market of production and usability of biomass, and disadvantages by the low
promotion and lack of information.

5.1.3 Strategic goals of Venezuela’s biomass energy industry

This section summarizes the strategic points that Venezuela is trying to achieve, and the
government strategies associated with joint ventures and cooperation to extract and use natural
resources. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela No. 42034 of December 22, 2020, Decrees Nos. 4391 and 4392 were published the Military
Special Economic Zones located in the Aragua, Bolivar and Delta Amacuro, and Decree 4393 which
establishes the military company for the sustainable use of forestry products and natural resources
(EMASPROFORN).
The aforementioned Special Military Economic Zones have among their functions the planning
and executing programs for the activation and generation of clean, renewable and sustainable energy
sources, such as wind, solar, biomass and biofuel energy, geothermal energy and that generated by the
waves, tides and marine currents, carry out the study and execute the applicable processes for the use
of seeds, genetic material, barks, resins, plants and raw materials in all types of tropical forests or other
types of forests, including the realization of research and development of new medicines, all kinds of
research and development activities in the field of biology, botany, the identification of new species or
varieties, biotechnology and other activities of a scientific, productive, industrial or manufacturing
nature.

5.2 Determination of the development strategy of Venezuela’s biomass energy industry

In the following points, some determinations and innovations in the management area are
presented and the results they have obtained to carry out the projects, their status and effectiveness.
Using cross-impact and comparison methods to biomass companies. In this case, references from other
plants have been used, and in turn, they are observed with those that are in the country. This method
was carried out, in order to observe the effects that emerged.

Case 1: Table of Comparison of Status Biomass Enterprises [Cross Impact]:

Description of acronym:
1) AP: Approval Projects: are proposal accepted to progress with the planification and build the
status in a semester period.
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 Research on the Developments Strategy of Industrial Biomass in Venezuela

2) Cancelled Projects: some objectives are not done, because the procedures are not well
completely known, even not suitable with the economic, environmental, and social situation.
The projects are being announced, but planification changes.
3) Idle: in this sector are the unknown part with the objectives, not described and detailed. There is
a lack of data and deficiency in definition of research. However, it will not be excluded.
4) Liq: liquidated: in this part, it means about the absolutely eliminated the projects studied.
5) Op: operational: is being included in the list the plants in advance to do functionality with
resources already accepted and approved, looking forward to continuing with the planned
suggested.
6) Pro.: In Progress: several organizations are investing in the plants, which are searching future
in accordance with the results obtained.

Table 3.1. Source 4: Venezuelan’s Power Public Plants.

Resources A.P C.P I. LIQ. OP. PRO. total

Fischer 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
Gasifier 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Biomass 1 4 16 8 15 0 44
Unknown 4 22 0 4 0 4 34
Gasification 3 2 1 0 3 0 9
Thermal 1 0 0 0 3 2 6
Chemical Recovery 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Co Fire 0 1 2 0 2 1 6
H2 Gasifier 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Boiler Circulating 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
12 30 19 13 24 7 105
Source: Power Public Plant [22]

Is being done a survey of 105 cases of enterprises listed until the year 2018, with the resources
applied and its status situation. A Matrix Cross Impact, analyzing the results of statistics. The approval
[4]
projects in the same year, is done with 12 enterprises, focusing in Gasification . The cancelled
projects are 22 of “unknown” status, in total of 30. The idle situation with an amount of 19 units, and
16 enterprises gathered in the biomass solid fuel. The eliminated enterprises also are 13 in total, 8 of
them are biomass. The operational enterprises had an achieve with 15/24 of biomass, rest of them are
gasification, thermal, and co-fire. The planification status of progress, embrace a total of 7 variables,
which 2 are continuing with thermal resources.

In fact, the Biomass Solid Fuel have more controversial part for being developed, mostly of

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enterprises attempts to increase the number of productions, considered like a suitable factor with the
policy. However, other products can make production and research.

Case 2: Pareto’s Diagram.

In this case, is applied the same data，which is demonstrated in the Power Public Plant at case 2.
This diagram shows other results that could be proved on future decisions, also to measure the
importance level to check the quality of resources applied:

The results analyzed, offers a total result in the 80% that embrace four areas: cancelled projects,
operational, idle and liquidated. It means, mostly of projects have problems with development. The
operational progress is a status where is being evaluated the duration, quantity, expected situation,
[23]
extension, and reaction, with accordance of results . The approval projects and progress are
possible to post pone, even that could work by themselves. It means, that the efforts and administration
part must consider reorganizing and invest more efficiency and production, to evaluate and follow the
available resources profitable for operate such project. The cases before analyzed, is a demonstration
about the methods that could be applied.

5.2.1 Main content of Venezuela’s Biomass Energy industry development strategy

5.2.3 The focus of Venezuela’s Biomass energy industry development strategy

On the strategic approaches of the hydrocarbon industries, biofuels, the collection of biomasses.
For this analysis, the Hydrocarbons Law is used, which is all concentrated on the role offered in the
renewable energy and biomass market [129].

In properties and deposits: all the territories and regions that belong to the State, according to
the geographic administration it dominates, also have public power in the resources that they possess.

Activities related to hydrocarbons: they are aimed at promoting the integral, organic, and
sustained development of the country, attending to the rational use of the resource and the preservation
of the environment, as well as providing support and support to health, education, fund formation and
productive investment, at the end of the well-being of the population.

Competition: the policies and regulations that the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum has, has
the task of auditing, which carries out market studies, analysis, setting prices of hydrocarbons, use and
fair control of the resources that are being treated.

Primary activities: includes collection, transportation, and initial storage.

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Participation of national capital and the use of national goods and services: these activities
refer to the distillation, purification, and transformation of natural hydrocarbons, in turn refining and
marketing the products.

Obligations derived from activities on hydrocarbons: the organizations in charge of the

projects must follow the applicable standards and the best available scientific and technical practices
on safety and hygiene, environmental protection, and fair use of hydrocarbons.

State Companies: mixed companies or basic State cooperation companies, have the task of
making social contributions and of which, it is opportune and feasible for the nation.

Temporary occupation, expropriation, and easements: authorized persons with exploration,

extraction, collection, and transportation tasks have the right to request temporary occupation or
expropriation of assets. The required administrative procedures framed in the law are executed.

Unification of deposits: the nation will adopt the necessary measures to safeguard the rights of
the Republic, the national regions and bordering other countries.

Activities and Marketing: in the internal area, is being applied to support the small and
medium-sized industries, on this method the industry can carry out tasks and have a performance in
the hydrocarbon market.

5.3 Summary of this chapter

Concluding with the facts analyzed in each mark, is also done a short brief about the evolving
part and its attitude with the mentioned points that is being answered here:

First, the strategic ideas, original estimates, and goals for the development of Venezuela’s
biomass energy industry, are demonstrated the success part with the projects during the recent decades,
its expansion, and accumulated results.

Second, the section of development strategy of Venezuela's biomass energy industry, shows the
operations that are being carried out during this decade, how the Venezuelan government manages
renewable and non-renewable energy projects, the equitable distribution of electrical systems, and the
technological and business innovations that it frames in the biomass areas.

Third, the original forecast of the development strategy of the biomass energy industry in
Venezuela and the various stages that may unfold in the coming periods. In addition, the main sources
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that could enter mechanism the result of the productions and would influence the energy of the entire
country.

Fourth, the strategic goals of Venezuela's biomass energy industry explosion, mention some
reviews of plans, operations for the future, the next challenges, and solutions that the government of
Venezuela is carrying out. It is recognized that all these approaches are associated with the
constitutional and legal framework and aligned with the socialist tendencies of the XXI century.

Fifth, determination of the development strategy of Venezuela's biomass energy industry

describes the visions they want to achieve, the missions and objectives jointly set by public and private
companies.

Sixth, the main content of Venezuela's biomass energy industry development strategy collects
some content associated with the definitions, modes of operations, workers' unions, the chosen trades,
and the services they have provided.

Seventh, implementation steps of Venezuela's biomass energy industry development strategy

bring together the applications of cases, such as problems, obstacles, and other issues that the state has
been using to solve.

Nineth, the focus of Venezuela's biomass energy industry development strategy describes the
methodologies and their paradigmatic approaches based on the work of the administration that are
proposed in the industrial plants of the energy resources that the Venezuelan territory has, giving an
overview of their characteristics and elements that they contain.

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6. Guarantees for Venezuela’s Biomass Energy Industry

Development Strategy Test

In the sixth chapter, based on the guarantees of strategies and tests concerning the biomass
energy industries in Venezuela, the internal policies and technical establishments, human talents,
procedures that have been used within the system.
6.1 Organization and operation support.

Economic and industrial activity linked to biomass.

Few public and private companies are currently engaged in or include within their economic and
industrial activities the transformation or use of biomass. From our review the dissertation was able to
detect for this study three public companies, and three private companies, as well as 16 sugar mills, 10
of which are government-owned and of which only three are operating and the rest are privately
owned. Here is a brief description of them:

Figure 4.2 shows the organization chart of the corporative company of biomass enterprise
and how it is distributed in five main departments, but under the orders of a general director. Each of
the departments oversees different sub-departments and a shared responsibility. Mostly of the
industries of renewable energy in Venezuela are based with this model method of management,
continued this path by the beginning of its project.

1. General director: the main organization is settled by the general director that is handling all the
corporative project, which oversees all the structure and observe each element composed in the
system. In this part is where they took decisions and resolve the issues from the

2. First line (Orange): the departments of administration, sales, buyers, production, and
technology, oversee guarantee and establish the life in the global and local market, works in
marketing, logistic, presentation in other regions, in charge of being responsibility in the list of
buyers and sellers.

3. Second Line (Green): the departments of human resources, distribution, storage of material raw,
maintenance and services, investigation, and developments, have the responsibility to
guarantee the process of the whole organization, in ways to checking if all the missions are
completely done. This sector is important, because keeps the whole structure in active
movements.

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4. Third Line (Orange): the departments of accountant, storage of finished products, and
quality’s control, inspects and evaluates if the products are in a good condition status for being
used to the customers.

In the figure 4.3, is established the Anaerobic Digestion, procedures applied for the digestion of
biomass energy. The industries are generally using this kind of architecture for improving the qualities
[137]
of job. Annually are changing of methods, in ways to become better system of its management .

 Receiving bag is where all the wastes from crops, pellets, agricultural waste, plant materials,
swage, green or food wastes, and other materials are gathered, administered according to the
elements that could be suitable for its process. The weight and amount should need to be
enough for make capable to produce a result of energy.

 Manure Heating: these track of tube and its function is where pass the wastes, presenting the
combustion through the incineration.

 Digester: there are two types of digester, which are direct to the form of steam, and indirect,
which by the via heat exchanger, it is converting in hot water.

 Digester Heating: inside the machine is attached a digester heating, specifically for create the
floor heating, in-on-ex vessel heat exchangers.

 Post-digestion Bag: in this part is located the splurge and residuals that is generated by the same
digestion,

 Warm: these steps of tube made the function to liberate and burn the gas produced by the
decomposition of facts done.

 Storage: this track is saved all the energy available to send to the cogeneration part.

 Biogas: by the breakdown of organic wastes of matter, makes the mixture of gases by the
absence of oxygen, which the elements are carbon dioxide and methane.

 Purification: increase the concentration of methane and make a fuel for calorific value. Could
be achieved by decreasing the carbon dioxide.

 Cogeneration: it is the part where the wastes are being managed and ready to provide the
electrical resources for the cities and plants, could be for cooling, heat and power.

6.2 Policies and incentives

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In this section, is described the energy policy and the original motives of the Executive Power in
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which has had to coordinate and design through its political
bodies. During the decades that the country has passed, through different governments, they have
made internal changes regarding the management and administration of the biofuel industries. With
this, is presented the following points:

Hydrocarbons Law: these periods had begun since the government of Juan Vicente Gomez, in
1913, with the discovery of the first Venezuelan oil field in the state of Zulia, which with this brought
about the installation of the first oil refining plants. made by transnationals. The hydrocarbons law
established a 15% royalty and the right to revert to the government half of the area of a concession.
Due to its boom, the effectiveness of these had even reached 250,000 barrels per day, thus becoming
the largest oil producer in the world.

Oil Rent: in 1938 there were increases in royalties, exploration and exploitation taxes. Some
advances were enacted that establishes the refining of 10% of the crude, and the exploitation could not
be less than 16%. The State obtained 12% income tax and a 50% operating profit.

Defense of Petroleum: the state-owned company Corporación Venezolana de Petróleo (CPV)

was founded in 1960, this time with the function of entering the phases of exploration, exploitation,
refining, and transportation of hydrocarbons. Also, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) was founded, with the objective of regulating oil prices together with other nations that also
had the same operation of this energy. Then this organization would be successful worldwide.

Oil Nationalization: oil was nationalized in 1971, with the government of Carlos Andrés Pérez,
which marked a new concept and hierarchical direction for entities in fuel works, and this brought with
it the total ownership and control of all concessions.

Internationalization of PDVSA: in this period, it was exploring other markets, increasing

production, supplying oil to other countries, and establishing a commercialization guarantee with
heavy crude, and a cooperative alliance with the international community based on political and
economic agreements.

Oil Opening: in 1992, operating agreements and strategic associations were established for the
development of the oil market, in which it consists of cooperating with national and international
private organizations, and the execution of investments that wanted to make exploration, production,
refining, commercialization of oil and its derivatives.

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Oil Sowing Plan: during the government of Hugo Chávez, they had concluded the oil opening,
and in turn, joint ventures were founded, in which they consist of being private companies guided by
state policies. Strategic objectives were set on the development of infrastructures and energy
integration, refining, search for energy reserves, exploration and exploitation in the Orinoco and
Caribbean regions. In other stocks, many shares that they owned in other countries were also sold.

For this, we give some summaries regarding the histories of the changes and incentive policies
that have been executed during all the presidential terms.

6.3 Technical safeguard measures

In the next map, in the figure 4.1, National Accounts Report of the Ministry for the Popular
Power of Industries, it is a comparison of Venezuelan Oil Industry Footprint to Population, which is
appreciated all the locations part in the oil font.

6.4 Summary of this chapter

The summary of this chapter demonstrates each characteristic and how it has been developed:

 Organization and operation support: here are attached the conceptual diagrams and graphics
that they must manage basic industries, which is applied both in public and in organizations
and private contractors.
 Policies and Rules Managed: mentions the ministries in charge of mineral resources, the
regulations, memorandums, statutes, and conventions that the Venezuelan government have
made and the values that they have provided. It should be noted that these points also have
historical and government originalities that have elapsed throughout the existence of the
political government.
 Technical guarantee safeguard issues: it does this in conjunction with the technical guarantees
that have been applied throughout the course of the governments of former President Hugo
Chávez and Nicolas Maduro Moro.

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结论
The present article made a research with several documents, reports, and conference, that
demonstrate the effectiveness, operation, and quality of the private sectors as a good advance to
produce renewable energy. However, one of the challenges is the costs and price to implement. In the
public sector, promoted by the rules of government, are running in the same challenges. In addition,
they do not comply with the requirements of the environmental conditions of the area. Some reasons
explained about plants with certain resources, such as pyrolysis, which are not being approved.
Nowadays the implementation of biomass production for the enterprises is increasing over time,
becoming a more competitive challenge, in reasons for the effectiveness of this plan to produce
renewable energy. The models of business and strategies are important facts to include and improve in
the methods. Many enterprises are looking for the best methods and ways to apply to their
organization, understanding the social, politics, and economic conditions respecting the place that they
could expand. Furthermore, the teams need to work on decisions and evaluation for improving and
rectify the implementation of biomass model solutions, such like optimize maintenance resources,
optimize capital equipment life, minimize energy usage, minimize inventory on hand, in ways to
proceed with one of the most important elements from the construction of organization.
The research was accomplished an extensive literature review concerning Business Models for
Enterprises and Biomass Fuels to try to identify the possible combination. Under this context was
defined clear the strategies for tracking the control process and application of the effectiveness of
renewable energy.
The knowledge and appropriation of theories and recognition for practice events done by the
users assigned in this charge is elemental and essential, thus it can influence the optimization and right
decisions management. Is being in discussion and permanent searching the main objective to apply
specific methods in the common life of citizens the sustainability of renewable energy. The green
policy is one of the options that governments want to implement, in way to organize strategies of
actions relating to the environment and climate changes [80].
The first part had described the introduction of content, making a summary of causes, and
gathering documents and information on a global status, by the biomass enterprises, results found,
laws, and organizations in movement to the purpose. The theories, analysis for objectives, are attached
in the stage.
In the second part, referred to the models and optimal methods done for reach to the results,
collecting the data and reports from enterprises and applied resources.

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In the third part, consist into results and finding, the last part of the paper, submitting a main
description to the problems of management in the biomass projects, which applies graphs models,
comparative chart, and diagrams.

The situation with Power Public Administration Plants: the public investment is balanced
between country and international financing. Many efforts have been attempted to execute for the
emergence of new companies by scientific teams to implement non-renewable energy generation and
distribution methods. Private companies do have the option for openings and specifications in relations
to functions of biomass production, although they require a higher cost and work. The investors are
overwhelmingly domestic renewable energy projects.

General Conclusions with the Biomass of Venezuela.

The financial and economic analysis, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of the companies selected
for this study leads to the expression of the following inferential conclusions:

 In Venezuela there is a great potential for the development of the biomass industrial sector, as a
source of cheap and decontaminating energy as an alternative to the highly polluting oil and coal
industry and the extremely expensive and unstable hydroelectric energy, among others.

 Companies dedicated to biomass only require a significant initial investment, since the pre-
operative stage must be incurred in acquisition and start-up costs of industrial plants, both
regarding machinery and equipment. processing, cargo vehicles and construction or authorization
of cellars and refrigerated warehouses, in addition to training of personnel and the recruitment of
suppliers of supplies and transformation materials.

 But once the start-up stage is over, as the value of the raw material is minimal and even tends to
zero, conversion costs and manufacturing expenses will constitute the only components of the
production cost of Biomass products. Therefore, the gross profitability obtained in successive
periods will be more than enough to amortize the Pre-Operating Costs and Expenses and
remunerate the initial equity investment.

 Due to the undoubted contribution that Biomass companies make to the ecological and
environmental sanitation of a country, they deserve tax incentive policies and regulations from the
respective governments that promote their operational expansion, as well as systems of financing
with preferential treatment in terms of grace years, terms, and interest.

The thesis wants to clarify that the solutions found need private investors who can support and
solve some procedures, improve wages that are in accordance with the national economy, and attract
prepared personnel ready to reorganize production. All these factors also influence oil prices before
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OPEP and the accountability of the expected results. In the findings, is discovered that the biodiversity
is still in a healthy state, which could be actively used, although it requires better controls and a focus
on maintaining its status.

Is also concluded that the biomass companies are not applying methods and techniques to improve
their work, for example, in waste collection (urban cleaning), since they are lacking financial resources
and contribution to machinery, equipment, and materials that can facilitate operations. In other views,
it’s a simply problems due to a lack of management, cooperation, and commitment to the projects of
biomass.

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3 APPENDIX

Figure 1.1: Annual investment in marine energy, hydropower, geothermal power, biomass-fired power,
biofuels, and concentrated solar power.

Source: IRENA [7].

Figure 1.2: Technical route. Source: own study.

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Figure 1.3: Models of Business Management Projects applied into the government of Venezuela.

Figure 1.4: Biomass Projects and its cooperative administration

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Source: National Accounts Report of the Ministry for

[78]
the Popular Power of Industries – 2016. Figure 4.1

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Figure 2.4: Circular economy theory applied to the ecological system.

Organization Chart of Biomass Enterprises (Figure 4.2)

Anaerobic digestion process (Figure 4.3)

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Figure 4.4: Representation of Potential Wastes Agroindustrial in the areas of Venezuela.

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Figure 4.5: Biofuel Production (Million Tones Oil Equivalent)

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Figure 4.6: Fossil Oil Production Millions Tonnes Oil Equivalent

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Figure 4.7: Venezuela’s Energy Commision “Subsidy in the energy sector” (2020).

Figure 2.4 [21] Electricity generation by fuel type (2016)

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Figure 2.5: Venezuela Energy Consumption Estimates, 2017 [21].

[22]
Case2: Source: Power Public Plant (2018)

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Figure 3.3: installed capacity and electrical consumption in Venezuela (1950-2000)

Figure 4.4: Interrelation between social capital and urban ecology [95].

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[116] Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Exteriores. Accessed: [21/3/2021] http://www.mppre.gob.ve/

[117] Ministerio del Poder Popular del Despacho de la Presidencia y Seguimiento de la Gestión del Gobierno. Accessed:
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ambiental/

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energetico-venezolano.shtml

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攻读学位期间发表的学术文
[1] Jiang Yang, Manuel A. Romero Hung “Effects of Global and Local Markets Evolution in the
Biomass Industry as a Green Business Model”. Article published at European Research Studies
Journal (ERSJ). ISSN: 1108-2976. (Attached in Scopus database – SCI)
https://ersj.eu/journal/2109#

86
 摘要

致谢
我感谢中国邀请我来这里学习，我希望在这个国家拥有更多的发展，并希望成为世界上最好的国
家，使梦想成真，并为该制度和国家提供长寿。它的员工每天都在为此而努力，并为世界做得更好。
I thank China, for having invited me to study in this place, I hope to have more projection in this country
with all the developments and desired to become the best country in the world, making dreams reality and
providing a long life to the system and its people that everyday work for it and do a world better.
感谢东北林业大学为委内瑞拉青年敞开大门，寻求新的智慧和生命之光。它使我们有机会学习培
训专业人士，并将我们的知识付诸实践并发展我们的抱负。此外，为外国人打开桥梁和道路，他们感
到兴奋和信念，相信这个国家的教育是好的和更好的。
I thank Northeast Forestry University for opening the doors to Venezuelan youth, in search of new lights
of wisdom and life. It gives us the opportunity to study to train as professionals and put our knowledge into
practice and develop our aspirations. Also, opening bridges and paths to foreign people, who feels excited and
with faith that the education in this country is good and better.
在此心生留存的中国，我在这里生活了 3-4 年，在中国生活，我认为这已经发展并改善了我的生
活，在哈尔滨认识的朋友为我提供了很多帮助，使我了解这种模型的设计社会，我认为这就像寻找未
来及其特征的方式。
With my heart staying in this country, I hereby give my 3-4 years of life living in China, which I think I
have developed and improved my life, knowing friends in Harbin who helped me a lot to understand the design
of this model of society, which I consider it like the ways to look for the future and its characteristics.
我将全力支持正在努力辅导并尽最大努力提高该学院教育质量的名誉老师，并向姜阳老师提供帮
助，以帮助我在这条道路上解决问题，在工作中工作。掌握创建这种方式所需的所有程序，这是一个
更好的选择，也是一个决定在这所房子里读书的好决定。
I am giving all my support to the honorable teachers, who are doing a good tutoring and making the best
efforts to improve the quality of education in this institute, to the tutor Jiang Yang for helping me on this path, to
resolve problems, working in the hand with all the procedures that requires for creating this way a better option
and good decision to study in this house.
我感谢经济与商业管理学院为那些对职业感兴趣的人敞开了大门，他们一直希望成为学
生社区的一员。我们还要感谢在我的学位论文中为我提供建议，热忱地指导我们工作的教授和
导师，他们奉献了耐心，时间和精力，并知道如何指导我们做得更好。
I thank the School of Economics and Business Management, for opening the doors to those interested in
the career, who always wanted to be part of the student community. We also thank the professors and tutors who
advised me on my degree thesis, fervently guiding us in our work, who dedicate patience, time, effort and know
how to guide us to do a better job.

VI
 个人简历

Manuel Alejandro Romero Hung

国际贸易和营销顾问

国际: 委内瑞拉
出生日: 22-11-1991
电子邮件: manuelrh91@hotmail.com
语言：西班牙语（母语） 英语, 中文（流利）。

教育
• 2018 年-2021 年：东北林业大学 （企业管理 - MBA）硕士。哈尔滨，中国。
• 2017-2018 年：东北林业大学 HSK 5 级 （汉语水平考试），哈尔滨，中国。
• 2011 年-2016 年：文学学士。 国际事务，有关“全球商业：二十一世纪新兴市场”的
论文，圣玛丽大学。 加拉加斯 - 委内瑞拉。
• 2010 年-2015 年：理学士。 社会传播，重点：市场营销学。 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔大学。
加拉加斯委内瑞拉。
• 2010 年：技术会计师。 高中：Jose Rafael Pocaterra - 委内瑞拉。
工作经验：
 2016 年 9 月-当前（+4 年）, www.imin.com [自由专业]：
每日数字广告策略服务。 大数据电子商务视频版。 视频平台内容的创建和管理。
 2015 年 3 月-2016 年 9 月（1 年 4 个月）AgrotendenciaTV [编辑助理]
https://agrotendencia.tv（位列第四位的电视频道，致力于农业技术和国际贸易）。
首席编辑的助理，负责内容开发和总体图形布局。 工作人员报告称，他们专门接受了
本地和国际顾问的采访。 用于国际现场采访的远程通信软件操作。 风景选择和相机设
置配置。录像/录音和数字软件版本。
 2013 年 2 月-2014 年 3 月（1 年 1 个月） “La Voz” 区域性报纸 [记者]
本地新闻转录和子版本检查：（语法，外语，事实准确性，法律限制）。 营销策略和
产生：演员，艺术摄影和媒体渠道的设计和产生。 公共和政府关系：委内瑞拉当地法
律框架下的机构和公共程序。

88
摘要

VI
 独创性声明
本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研

究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他

人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 东北林业大学 或其他教育

机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡

献均己在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。

学位论文作者签名： 签字日期： 年 月 日

学位论文版权使用授权书
本学位论文作者完全了解 东北林业大学 有关保留、使用学位论文的规

定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查

阅和借阅。本人授权 东北林业大学 可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有

关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论

文。

（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）

学位论文作者签名： 导师签名：

签字日期： 年 月 日 签字日期： 年 月 日

学位论文作者毕业后去向：

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