PARAPHRASING:

1. I like playing soccer in my free time.

- I have a preference for playing football in my spare
time. (-)
- I am into soccer in my spare time. (BE INTO + STH
– B2)
- I am fond of playing……(+)
- Playing soccer in my spare time is one of my joys.
(+)
- Playing soccer is my go-to when I have got spare
time. (+)
- I am keen on playing soccer in my leisure time. (b1)
- Fancy + V-ing/ be + a soccer + ENTHUSIAST/ BE +
BIG + ON + STH/ HAVE SOMETHING FOR +
STH/ V-ING/ BE + FANATIC + FOR + V-ING/
STH (5 LỰA CHỌN NÂNG CẤP cho: LIKE STH/
DOING STH)
2. She cannot run fast. (A1)
- She is not able to run fast. (A2)
- She finds it impossible to run quickly. (B1)
- She is incapable of running fast. (B2)
- It is impossible for her to run fast. (B2)
- Running fast is not her strength. (B1).
- FAIL TO DO STH – SHE FAILS TO RUN FAST.
 - RUNNING FAST IS BEYOND HER CAPACITY
(C1) – BE + BEYOND + ONE’S CAPACITY.
- EXCEL AT DOING STH (C1)
- SHE DOESN’T EXCEL AT RUNNING FAST.
- ĐÂY CHÍNH LÀ BẢN CHẤT CỦA KỸ NĂNG
PARAPHRASING. – SAYING THE SAME
MEANING BUT WITH DIFFERENT WAYS/
STRUCTURES.

(SAYING THE SAME IDEAS BY DIFFERENT WAYS)

1. When is paraphrasing used: IN WHICH CASES:

• is used in the opening + concluding paragraph of

an essay to remind the
reader of the thesis statement or to summarize the main
ideas
• is used in research papers to give support,
examples, summaries,
or as an alternative to a quote
• shows the reader that the writer has understood what
she has read
and has the necessary vocabulary and grammar skills
to rewrite
what she has read
• is a difficult skill that requires a large vocabulary,
good thesaurus
and dictionary skills, and a very good understanding of
English
grammar
• prevents plagiarism when done correctly
• needs a lot of practice to do it well
2. The Process of Paraphrasing
To paraphrase a sentence is to rewrite the sentence using
different
words, different grammar, and different word order. A
paraphrase
has the same meaning as the original sentence and it is
about the same length.
When paraphrasing:
• Don’t copy the original sentence
• Don’t use too many of the original words
• Don’t change the meaning of the original sentence
• Don’t leave out important information
The process of paraphrasing:
• Identify grammar structures and key words
• Change grammar structures
• Change words (- synonyms)
• Change word order
Grammar structures:
• independent and dependent clauses
• word forms: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
• clauses: adjective, noun, and adverb clauses
• phrases: prepositional phrases, participial phrases
(reduced
clauses)
• verb phrases: active voice and passive voice, phrasal
verbs : ví dụ: ARRIVE AT THE PARTY = TURN UP
THE PARTY: ĐẾN DỰ BỮA TIỆC
• connecting words: coordinating conjunctions,
subordinating = COHERENCE +COHESION
conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, conjunctive
adverbs
• transitional words and phrases
Ex: English helps to make you become a global citizen, so
you can travel around the world. (b1) – THEREBY (do đó
– C1)/ THEREFORE
- Paraphrase/ nâng cấp thành: ENGLISH MAKES
GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO TURNING YOU
INTO A GLOBAL/ INTERNATIONAL CITIZEN,
THEREBY ENABLING YOU TO TRAVEL
WORLDWIDE. (C1)
- The purpose of English is to become an international
citizen. Therefore, you can travel worldwide.
Relationships between ideas:
cause/effect, purpose, manner, comparison, contrast,
opposition,
concession, time, place, condition, addition
3. EXAMPLE OF PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing Example:
Those whose self-esteem is low do not necessarily see
themselves as worthless or wicked, but they seldom say good
things about themselves. (Mc. London)
Grammar structures:
• adjective clause: whose self-esteem is low
• verb phrase: do not see themselves as worthless or wicked
• verb phrase: seldom say good things about themselves
Relationships between ideas
• There are people who have low self–esteem.
• They do not necessarily see themselves as worthless or
wicked.
• They seldom say good things about themselves.
• Opposition: but
Key words:
• self-esteem
• low
• necessarily
• see
• worthless
• wicked
• but
• seldom
• say
• good
Synonyms:
• self-esteem: có thể paraphrase thành: self-worth, self-
respect
• low: có thể paraphrase thành: poor, unfavorable, negative,
bad
• necessarily: có thể paraphrase thành: inevitably,
automatically, certainly, definitely
• see: có thể paraphrase thành :view, perceive, describe,
think of, deem
• worthless: có thể paraphrase thành: unworthy, useless, no-
good, of little/no value, despicable
• wicked: có thể paraphrase thành: evil, sinful, bad,
immoral, corrupt, dishonorable, unethical, unholy
• but: có thể paraphrase thành: however, although, though,
even though, while, whereas
• seldom: có thể paraphrase thành: rarely, hardly ever,
infrequently
• say: có thể paraphrase thành: talk, speak
• good: có thể paraphrase thành: positive, nice, favorable
Possible paraphrases:
• People with low self-esteem don’t necessarily view
themselves
as evil or worthless; however, they rarely talk positively about
themselves.
• Although they hardly ever speak favorably about
themselves,
people who have poor self-esteem do not inevitably perceive
themselves as useless or bad.
• People with a low opinion of themselves generally
describe
themselves in negative terms, even though they don’t think they
are really bad.
• People with low self-esteem may or may not think of
themselves
in strongly negative ways, but they rarely say anything positive
about themselves.
Introducing paraphrases:
• According to him…
• He believes that …
• As he believes…
• Her point is …
• In her opinion…
Reporting verbs: affirm, allege, argue, assert, assume, believe,
explain, claim, complain, conclude, contend, demonstrate,
describe,
discover, discuss, emphasize, estimate, examine, explore, find,
illustrate, imply, indicate, inform, maintain, mention, note,
observe,
predict, present, presume, point out, propose, recognize, recount,
reveal, report, say, show, state, stress, suggest, suppose, suspect,
tell, verify
Reporting nouns: argument, claim, complaint, conclusion,
explanation, point, opinion
Example:
• Mc. London points out that people with low self-esteem
don’t necessarily view themselves as evil or worthless; however,
they rarely talk positively about themselves.
• According to Mc. London, although they hardly ever speak
favorably about themselves, people who have poor self-esteem
do not inevitably perceive themselves as useless or bad.
 KỸ NĂNG PARAPHRASING TRONG IELTS
A – PARAPHRASE CÁC “Ý”.

1. A period of time (2015-2020) = a span of time/ a timespan/

a 5-year period between 2015 and 2020/ within half a
decade from 2015 to 2020/ within 5 years between 2015
and 2020/ over the 2015-2020 time frame.
2. Age group (20-30) = between 20 and 30 years old/ people
who fall into the 20 to 30 age group (band 7)/ those in the
20 to 30 age range/ those who are aged 20-30 (band 7)/
people who are in the twenties (20-30) (band 7)
3. Old people = seniors/ the elderly people/ citizens/
inhabitants/ residents (band 7)/ old folks (band 7.5)/ senior
citizens (7.5)
4. - Young people = youngsters/ adolescents (7.5)/ younger
generations
BÀI TẬP:
5. - Middle aged people
6. - People in early adulthood
7. In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5
million divorces, before falling (back) to 1 million at the
end of the period.
Cách làm:
+ In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5
million divorces.
- In contrast = From the opposite perspective (C1).
- Rate (b2) = portion (C1)
- Peaked = hit the peak/ mark the heyday (vp): đạt đỉnh
+ before falling back to 1 million at the end of the period.
- Before = prior to (b2): trước khi
- Falling back to = decreasing to/ plummet / plunge (band 8)
= heading back to/ turning back to the initial point of 1
million.
+ From the opposite perspective, the portion of divorce
marked its heyday in 1980, at roughly 1.5 million, prior
to turning back to the initial point of 1 million at the
conclusion of the time frame.
8. + The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in
five major cities over a period of 13 years from 1989.
Cách làm:
+ The layout provides a breakdown of average expenses
(B2)/ expenditure for a standard house/ shelter (band 7) in
5 surveyed cities over/ during the 13-year time frame from
1989 onwards.
- The bar chart = the graph = the diagram/ the layout (band
7)
- Prevent sb from doing sth:
- Compares the cost of an average..= provide a breakdown
of sth (band 7.5): cung cấp/ trưng ra 1 bảng biểu số liệu về
cái gì
- An average house= a standard house in 5 major cities.
- Over a period of 13 years from 1989 = over the 13 -year
time frame/ time span from 1989 onwards.
 Bài tập:
9. + London experienced by far the greatest changes in house
prices over the 13-year period.
a-It is difficult for Mary to do (TAKE WORKOUT)
morning exercises every day.
1- Mary has trouble doing daily morning exercises.
2- Mary finds doing morning exercises every day difficult.
3- It is CHALLENGING for Mary to work out in the
morning on the daily basis. (band 6.5)
4- WHEN IT COMES TO WORKING OUT IN THE
MORNING ON THE DAILY BASIS/ TAKING
REGULAR MORNING WORKOUT, MARY
STRUGGLES TO FULFILL/ DO IT. (BAND 7)
b- People who have low self-esteem seldom speak about
themselves to the public. (band 6.5)
1- People with high diffidence (verse confidence) hardly
ever make statements about themselves to the public.
2- Who have low self-esteem = with low/ poor self-esteem/
self-respect.
3- Seldom = hardly ever/ barely/ rarely
4- Speak about themselves = highly speak of themselves
(C1)/ make self-statements
5- To the public = in the open/ public manner. (C1)
Đáp án tốt nhất:
- Those with poor self-respect rarely/ hardly ever highly
speak of themselves in the public manner. (band C1)
10. + The First World War took place between 1914
and 1918.
1-The first World War came about over the 1914-
1918 time frame.
2-The period from 1914 to 1918 saw the first World
War. (B2)
3- The 1st World War culminated (finish/ complete/
come to an end) after the 4-year time frame from
1914 to 1918.
+ took place = broke out (vp – band B2) = the
outbreak (C1).
+ see/ witness/ observe sth/ sth do sth: chứng kiến
cái gì/ ai làm gì.
Đáp án tốt nhất:
a- The 4-year period between 2014 and 2018
witnessed/ observed the outbreak of the 1st World
War/ the 1st World War break out. (band 7).
b-The year 2014 observed the outbreak of the 1st
World War, WHICH culminated 4 years later, in
2018. (band 7.5).
11. + During the 1950s, the US economy quickly
developed, making it the biggest economy in the
world.
- At the time of the 1950s, the US financial state WAS
rapidly enhanced, making it the biggest economy in
the world.
- The 1950s witnessed the rapid development of the
US economy, which contributed to the US first place
on the global economy.
- The 1950s witnessed an upsurge (band 8 – sudden/
great increase) in the US economic growth, which
rendered this nation prime in the global economy
ranking. (render nâng cấp cho make sb/ sth + adj:
band 7)
Đáp án tốt nhất:
- The 1950s observed/ witnessed the burgeoning
growth (band 7.5)/ the acceleration (band 7.5) of
the US economy, which turned it into THE
BIGGEST ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE ON
THE GLOBE. (BAND 7.5)
12. + Within 6 years from 1920 to 1926, hundreds of
factories were established.
- In the duration of 6 years from 1920 to 1926,
hundreds of factories were set up.
- The 6-year period between 1920 and 1926 observed
the establishment of hundreds of factories. (B2 –
band 6.5).
- Hundreds of factories were inaugurated (band 7.5)
within over half a decade from 1920 to 1926. (B2)
Đáp án tốt nhất:
- There were hundreds of factories/ manufacturing
sites TAKING SHAPE (HÌNH THÀNH/ MỌC LÊN
 – BAND C1)/ COMING INTO EXISTENCE
(BAND C1)/ WHICH TOOK SHAPE/ CAME INTO
EXISTENCE BETWEEN 1920 AND 1926. (BAND
7).
13. + Many schools were founded over a period of
25 years from 1900 to 1925.
- An abundance(sự nhiều/ phong phú đến mức thừa
thãi) (band 7.5) of schools mushroomed within 25-
year period from 1900 to 1925. (band B2).
- Many = a lot of/ myriad (band 7.5)/ a wide range of/
a variety of (B2)/ a vast array of (C1)/ a plethora of
- Đáp án tốt nhất:
- A vast array of schools took shape/ came into
existence within 25 years between 1900 and 1925.
(C1)
- There were a vast array of schools/ educational
institutions (C1)/ ACADEMIC SETTINGS (C1)
coming into existence/ which came into existence
over the 1900-1925 time frame. (C1).
- The timespan between 1900 and 1925 observed the
foundation of a vast array of educational institutions.
(B2).
14. + During the period shown in the graph, the
quantity of ice cream consumed in Italy fell by about
25%.
- Throughout the time frame, a decline of 25% was
observed in the portion of ice cream consumption in
Italy. (band 6.5)
- During the surveyed period, the proportion of ice
cream consumption in Italy EXPERIENCED a 25%
decrease. (band 6.5).
- Đáp án tốt nhất:
- The graph indicated (B1)/ DEPICTED/
MANIFESTED (C1) that there was a 25% downturn
in the ice cream consumption in Italy during/ over
the designated time frame/ period. (C1)
- Tăng 25% lên tới 60%: increased by 25%, up to
60%.
- Giảm 10%, xuống còn 40%: decreased by 10%;
down to 40%.
- Fall (n) = downturn (band 7.5)/ downswing/ descend
(band 8).
Bài tập về nhà: PARAPHRASING
15. + 12% of those aged between 14 and 16 years
old were current smokers.
16. + There was a fall in the number of 16-19 year
olds studying in higher education in Greece.
17. + The majority of students aged 16 to 18 were
doing vocational courses.
18. + People in their forties went to the cinema more
frequently than elderly people.
19. + While 60% of people who fell into the 30-50
age group owned at least one car, this proportion fell
to 40% among those who belonged to the 50-60 age
group.
20. + The period between 1980 and 1990 saw a
dramatic increase in the number of youngsters and
people in early adulthood who had motorbikes.
21. - Spending
22. + Noun: Spending =
23. + Verb (active form): spend =
24. + Verb (passive form): be spent on =
25. Around $800 per person was spent on IELTS books
by Vietnamese consumers in 2017.
26. + Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with
roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of
the six products.
27. + Spending on IELTS books increased dramatically to
$800 in 2017.
28. + Among US consumers, in 1990 $1 billion was spent
on clothes, while the expenditure on holidays was almost
double this figure.
29. + Almost half of government spending was allocated
for health and education.
30. EDUCATION – PARAPHRASING
31. university graduates =
32. academic qualifications = degrees:
33. university education =
34. concentrate on … =
35. get higher grades =
36. core subjects =
37. online courses =
38. go to college or university =
39. have access to more and better job opportunities =
40. study abroad =
41. learn problem-solving skills =
42. creativity =
43. take part in =
44. curriculum =
45. many subjects =
46. to be better prepared for their future career =
47. learn important skills =
48. should have the right to … =
49. feel bored and stressed =
50. tuition fees =
51. to be free =
52. spend a larger amount of time on …. =
53. subjects related to science =
54. students entering university =
55. take a year off between school and university =