Question N 1

Correct Answer – A
Voice-ATIS is broadcasted mostly on discrete frequencies, whenever practicable . If a
discrete frequency is not available, the transmission may be broadcast on the voice
channel(s) of the most appropriate terminale navigation aid, preferably a VOR. In such
case, it is essential that the range and the readability are adequate for this kind of
operation.

ICAO Annex 3
4.3.4 Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice -ATIS) broadcasts
4.3.4.2 A discrete VHF frequency shall, whenever practicable, be used for Voice -ATIS
broadcasts. If a discrete frequency is not available, the transmission may be made on the
voice channel(s) of the most appropriate terminal navigation aid(s), preferably a VOR,
provided the range and readability are adequate and the identification of the navigation
aid is sequenced with the broadcast so that the latter is not obliterated.

Question N 2
Correct Answer – A
UUDY 291200Z 14006G11MPS 0600 R14/1400U FG SCT010 OVC020 03/M04 Q1003

 R14/1400U - RVR for runway 14 is 1400 m with an increasing tendency.

Runway Visual Range (RVR) is the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the
centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating
the runway or identifying its centre line.
Prefix Definition Example

M If visibility is less than the lowest R36/M0600 = indicates the RVR for
reportable RVR value. runway 36 is less than 600 m.

P if visibility is greater than the highest R36/P6000 = indicates the RVR for
reportable value runway 36 is greater than 6000 m.

V When RVR varies by more than one R36/1100V1500 = indicates the

reportable value over a 10-minute RVR for runway 36 is varying
period, the lowest and highest values between 1100 m and 1500 m.
are paired with a "V" between them.

Suffix "D" - denotes decreasing tendency

Suffix "U" - indicates increasing tendency
Suffix "N" - no tendency
Question N 3
Correct Answer – c
ICAO Doc 4444 - MODEL AIREP SPECIAL
1. Position reports and special air-reports
1.4 Special air-reports shall be made as soon as practicable after a phenomenon calling
for a special air-report has been observed.
1.5 If a phenomenon warranting the making of a special air-report is observed at or near
the time or place where a routine air-report is to be made, a special air-report shall be
made instead.

2. Detailed reporting instructions

Section 3
Item 9 — PHENOMENON PROMPTING A SPECIAL AIR-REPORT.
Report one of the following phenomena encountered or observed:
• moderate turbulence as “TURBULENCE MODERATE”
severe turbulence as “TURBULENCE SEVERE”
The following specifications apply:
Moderate — Conditions in which moderate changes in aircraft attitude and/or altitude
may occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. Usually, small
variations in airspeed. Changes in accelerometer readings of 0.5 g to 1.0 g at the
aircraft’s centre of gravity. Difficulty in walking. Occupants feel strain against seat
belts. Loose objects move about.
Severe — Conditions in which abrupt changes in aircraft attitude and/or altitude occur;
aircraft may be out of control for short periods. Usually, large variations in airspeed.
Changes in accelerometer readings greater than 1.0 g at the aircraft’s centre of gravity.
Occupants are forced violently against seat belts. Loose objects are tossed about.

Question N 4
Correct Answer – A
VOLMET
When an aircraft is in flight, the pilots are interested in meteorological conditions at
specific airports, especially on international routes. Therefore, a system called VOLMET
has been implemented which provides METAR and TAF reports but also TRENDs
and SIGMETs of large airports worldwide. The frequencies used are VHF and HF, and
VOLMET information can be received even at long distances to those airports

Question N 5
Correct Answer –
ICAO Annex 3
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine
meteorological reports (METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports
(SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by
a SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF
and SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.
9.5 Information for aircraft in flight
9.5.1 Meteorological information for use by aircraft in flight shall be supplied by a
meteorological office to its associated air traffic services unit and through D -VOLMET
or VOLMET broadcasts as determined by regional air navigation agreement.
Meteorological information for planning by the operator for aircraft in flight shall be
supplied on request, as agreed between the meteorological authority or authorities and
the operator concerned.

Question N 6
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Annex 3
Chapter 1
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine
meteorological reports (METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports
(SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by
a SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF
and SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

Question N 7
Correct Answer – B
ATC Wind Velocity Reports
ATC plain language ad hoc wind directions given during final approach or just prior
to or during the take off roll are likely to be given in degrees magnetic.

 Surface wind direction information which is provided to ATS units (by the
meteorological office) is referenced to degrees True North.
 Surface wind direction Information obtained from the ATS surface wind indicator
and passed to pilots by ATS units is given in degrees m agnetic.
Question N 8
Correct Answer – A
ATC Wind Velocity Reports
ATC plain language ad hoc wind directions given during final approach or just prior
to or during the take off roll are likely to be given in degrees magnetic.

 Surface wind direction information which is provided to ATS units (by the
meteorological office) is referenced to degrees True North.
 Surface wind direction Information obtained from the ATS surface wind indicator
and passed to pilots by ATS units is given in degrees magnetic.

Question N 9
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Annex 11
Chapter 4
4.3.7 ATIS for arriving and departing aircraft
ATIS messages containing both arrival and departure information shall contain the
following elements of information in the order listed:
a) name of aerodrome;
b) arrival and/or departure indicator;
c) contract type, if communication is via D-ATIS;
d) designator;
e) time of observation, if appropriate;
f) type of approach(es) to be expected;
(...)
o) cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude,
whichever is greater; cumulonimbus; if the sky is obscured, vertical visibility when
available; (...)
Question N 10
Correct Answer – C
The VOLMET is a continuous voice transmission of current weather (METAR and
SPECI) and forecasts (TAF) for mutiple airports (6 or so) and enroute weather warnings
(SIGMET) if they are promulgated.

 VOLMET is useful on longer flights if the pilots wish to obtain meteorological

information for more than 1 airport with sufficient time in advance.

ICAO Annex 3
Chapter 1
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Question N 11
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
4.12 REPORTING OF OPERATIONAL AND METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION
4.12.1 General
4.12.1.1 When operational and/or routine meteorological information is to be reported,
using data link, by an aircraft en route at times where position reports are required in
accordance with 4.11.1.1 and 4.11.1.2, the position report shall be give n in accordance
with 4.11.5.2 (requirements concerning transmission of meteorological information
from ADS-C equipped aircraft), or in the form of a routine air-report. Special aircraft
observations shall be reported as special air-reports. All air-reports shall be reported as
soon as is practicable.4.12.3 Contents of special air -reports
4.12.3.1 Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following
conditions are encountered or observed:
a) moderate or severe turbulence; or
b) moderate or severe icing; or
c) severe mountain wave; or
d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall
lines; or
e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines;
or
f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g) volcanic ash cloud; or
h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing
volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption. In additi on, in the case of
transonic and supersonic flight:
i) moderate turbulence; or
j) hail; or
k) cumulonimbus clouds.

Question N 12
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Annex 3
4.6.6 Air temperature and dew-point temperature
4.6.6.1 The air temperature and the dew -point temperature shall be measured and reported
in degrees Celsius.

Question N 13
Correct Answer – A
VOLMET
When an aircraft is in flight, the pilots are interested in meteorological conditions at
specific airports, especially on international routes. Therefore, a system called VOLMET
has been implemented which provides METAR and TAF reports but also TRENDs
and SIGMETs of large airports worldwide. The frequencies used are VHF and HF, and
VOLMET information can be received even at long distances to those airports

Question N 14
Correct Answer – C
The automatic provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing
aircraft throughout 24 hrs or a specified portion thereof:
 Data link-automatic terminal information service (D-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS via data link.
 Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS by means of continued and repetetive voice broadcasts.
D-ATIS normally contain the following information in the order listed:
 name of aerodrome;
 arrival and/or departure indicator;
 designator;
 time of observation, if appropriate;
 type of approach(es) to be expected;
 the runway(s) in use; status of arresting system constituting a potential hazard, if
any;
“Dep” => Departure indicator
“WSSS” => Aerodrome ICAO Code.
“TWY E3 Southbound CLSD due WIP” => Taxiway E3 southbound closed due to
work in progress.
“FEW 1600 FT” => FEW clouds reported at 1 600 ft
“T 27 / DP 26” => Air temperature 27ºC, Dewpoint 26ºC

Question N 15
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 3
Chapter 1. Definitions
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine
meteorological reports (METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports
(SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by a
SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF and
SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

D-VOLMET obtains weather information automatically in textual format from various

data sources and converts it into a high-quality voice output. This output can then be
provided to aircraft in flight via HF or VHF radio through continuous or regularly-
scheduled broadcasts. Simultaneously, D-VOLMET can transmit a textual copy of
the message directly to ACARS-equipped aircraft via datalink.

Question N 16
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
Chapter 1. Definitions
Automatic terminal information service (ATIS). The automatic provision of current,
routine information to arriving and departing aircraft throughout 24 hours or a specified
portion thereof:
Data link-automatic terminal information service (D-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS via data link.
Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

Question N 17
Correct Answer – C
Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD)
E.2.1.1.9 ADS-C flights are exempt from all routine voice meteorological reporting,
however the flight crew should use voice to report unusual meteorological conditions
such as severe turbulence to the aeradio station.

Question N 18
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 3
CHAPTER 5 AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
5.2 Types of aircraft observations
The following aircraft observations shall be made:
a) routine aircraft observations during en-route and climb-out phases of the flight;
and
A report consisting of a position report and of meteorological informatio n is called a
“routine air-report”. (It may also contain operational information.) Reports containing
special aircraft observations are called “special air-reports” and, in most cases,
constitute a basis for the issuance of SIGMETs.
b) special and other non-routine aircraft observations during any phase of the flight.
5.3 Routine aircraft observations — designation
5.3.1 Recommendation.— When air-ground data link is used and automatic dependent
surveillance (ADS) or secondary surveillance radar (SSR) Mode S is being
applied, automated routine observations should be made every 15 minutes during the
en-route phase and every 30 seconds during the climb-out phase for the first 10 minutes
of the flight.

5.4 Routine aircraft observations — exemptions

Aircraft not equipped with air-ground data link shall be exempted from making routine
aircraft observations.

Question N 19
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
Chapter 1. Definitions
Automatic terminal information service (ATIS). The automatic provision of current,
routine information to arriving and departing aircraft throughout 24 hours or a specified
portion thereof:
Data link-automatic terminal information service (D-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS via data link.
Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice-ATIS). The provision of
ATIS by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

Question N 20
Correct Answer – D
CAVOK: Ceilling and Visibility OK. The phrase CAVOK can replace the groups of
visibility, present weather and sky condition if the appropriate conditions apply at the
same time. These are:

 Visibility 10 km or more;
 No cloud of operational significance (no cloud base under 5 000 ft or the highest
MSA, whichever is greater, and no CB or TCU);
 No weather of significance to aviation.

Question N 21
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 14
6. Assessing the surface friction characteristics of snow -, slush-, ice- and frost-covered
paved surfaces

Measured Coefficient Estimated Surface Code

Friction

0.40 and above Good 5

0.39 to 0.36 Medium to good 4

0.35 to 0.30 Medium 3

0.29 to 0.26 Medium to poor 2

0.25 and below Poor 1

Note: We are aware that this question has been removed from the new LOs, however it
seems that it is still coming up in exams. If you do come across it in your official exam,
you should appeal it.

Question N 22
Correct Answer – A
"ARRIVALS RUNWAY 08 RIGHT. DEPARTURES RUNWAY 08 LEFT"

 Runway 08 L Shall be used for departures.

"DEPARTURE WITH DELIVERY ON 121.955.‘’

 Delivery is on frequency 121.955.

Question N 23
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Annex 3
4.6 Observing and reporting meteorological elements
4.6.1 Surface wind
4.6.1.1 The mean direction and the mean speed of the surface wind shall be measured, as
well as significant variations of the wind direction and speed, a nd reported in degrees
true and metres per second (or knots), respectively.

Question N 24
Correct Answer – A
"ARRIVALS RUNWAY 08 RIGHT. DEPARTURES RUNWAY 08 LEFT"

 Runway 08 R shall be used for arrivals.

"ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF INFORMATION OSCAR WITH APP ON 119.415."

 "APP" stands for "approach". Approach control is on frequency 119.415.

Question N 25
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Doc 4444
4.12.3 Contents of special air-reports
4.12.3.1 Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following
conditions are encountered or observed:
a) moderate or severe turbulence; or
b) moderate or severe icing; or
c) severe mountain wave; or
d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall
lines; or
e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines;
or
f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g) volcanic ash cloud; or
h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
 Note.- Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means un usual and/or
increasing volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
In addition, in the case of transonic and supersonic flight:
i) moderate turbulence; or
j) hail; or
k) cumulonimbus clouds.

Question N 26
Correct Answer – A
LSGG 241420Z 21001KT 2200 SN FEW003 BKN010 01/00 Q1020 BLSN

 21001KT = wind at 210º at 1 kts

 2200 = visibility 2200 m
 SN = moderate snow
 FEW003 = few layer of clouds at 300 ft
 BKN010 = broken layer of clouds at 1 000 ft
 01/00 = temperature 1ºC, dewpoint 0ºC
 Q1020 = QHN 1020 (Q indicates the sea level pressure hectopascals)
 BLSN = blowing snow

Question N 27
Correct Answer – B
“ATIS on High Frequencies (HF).” And “ATIS using the designated frequency of an
airport en-route, on Very High Frequencies (VHF).” Incorrect.

 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) is a continuous broadcast of pre -

recorded information at a selected airport. ATIS is typically broadcasted over a
specific VHF frequency. => Listening out for an ATIS en-route will be of no help
for a destination which is 500 NM away.

“the scheduled VOLMET on Super High Frequencies (SHF).” Incorrect.

 VOLMET is meteorological information about multiple aerodromes in a certain

region which is sent to aircraft during flight by a pre-recorded voice broadcast.
VOLMET is broadcasted on VHF and HF (not SHF).

We are left with “D-ATIS by using Satcom and data link equipment such as
ACARS.” => D-ATIS is the provision of ATIS via data link.
Question N 28
Correct Answer – D
Runway Visual Range (RVR) is the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the
centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating
the runway or identifying its centre line.

Prefix Definition Example

M If visibility is less than the lowest R36/M0600 = indicates the RVR for
reportable RVR value. runway 36 is less than 600 m.

P if visibility is greater than the highest R36/P6000 = indicates the RVR for
reportable value runway 36 is greater than 6000 m.

V When RVR varies by more than one R36/1100V1500 = indicates the

reportable value over a 10-minute RVR for runway 36 is varying
period, the lowest and highest values between 1100 m and 1500 m.
are paired with a "V" between them.

Suffix "D" - denotes decreasing tendency

Suffix "U" - indicates increasing tendency
Suffix "N" - no tendency
 R28/1000U => Runway 28, 1 000 metres chaging upwards ("U" => increasing
tendency

Question N 29
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
4.12 REPORTING OF OPERATIONAL AND METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION
4.12.1 General
4.12.1.1 When operational and/or routine meteorological information is to be reported,
using data link, by an aircraft en route at times where position reports are required in
accordance with 4.11.1.1 and 4.11.1.2, the position report shall be given in accordance
with 4.11.5.2 (requirements concerning transmission of meteorological information
from ADS-C equipped aircraft), or in the form of a routine air-report. Special aircraft
observations shall be reported as special air-reports. All air-reports shall be reported as
soon as is practicable.
4.12.3 Contents of special air-reports
4.12.3.1 Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following
conditions are encountered or observed:
a) moderate or severe turbulence; or
b) moderate or severe icing; or
c) severe mountain wave; or
d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall
lines; or
e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines;
or
f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g) volcanic ash cloud; or
h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing
volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
In addition, in the case of transonic and supersonic flight:
i) moderate turbulence; or
j) hail; or
k) cumulonimbus clouds.

Question N 30
Correct Answer – A
EGLL080120Z 21010KT 9999 SCT030 07/04 Q1023 NOSIG=

 21010KT = wind at 210º at 10 kts

 9999 = visibility 10 km or more
 SCT030 = scattered layer of clouds at 3 000 ft
 07/04 = temperature 07ºC, dewpoint 04ºC
 Q1023 = QHN 1023 (Q indicates the sea level pressure hectopascals)
 NOSIG = o significant change is expected to the reported conditions within the
next 2 hours.

Surface wind direction information which is provided to ATS units (by the
meteorological office) is referenced to degrees True North.
Surface wind direction Information obtained from the ATS surface wind indicator and
passed to pilots by ATS units is given in degrees magnetic.

Question N 31
Correct Answer – B
RAW MODE:

 MET report time one zero two zero = 201020Z

 wind three six zero degrees four knots = 36004KT
 visibility one zero kilometres = 9999
 present weather light rain = -RA
 cloud few one thousand five hundred feet = FEW015
 scattered two thousand feet = SCT020
 broken four thousand feet = BKN040
 temperature one three, dew point one one = 13/11
  QNH one zero one four hecto-pascal = Q1014
 trend NOSIG = NOSIG

201020Z 36004KT 9999 -RA FEW015 SCT020 BKN040 13/11 Q1014 NOSIG=

Question N 32
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Annex 3
Chapter 4. Meteorological Observations and Reports
4.6 Observing and reporting meteorological elements
4.6.1 Surface Wind
4.6.1.1 The mean direction and the mean speed of the surface wind shall be measured,
as well as significant variations of the wind direction and speed, and reported in
degrees true and metres per second (or knots), respectively.

Note: The wind direction broadcasted by the ATIS and ATC is given in degrees
magnetic.

Question N 33
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Annex 3
Chapter 1
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine
meteorological reports (METAR) and aerodrome special meteorological reports
(SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by
a SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF
and SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadc asts.

Question N 34
Correct Answer – B
LFPG 150505Z 27015KT 9999 SCT016 OVC024 M09/M12 Q1006 NOSIG
  27015KT = wind at 270º at 15 kts
 9999 = visibility 10 km or more
 SCT016 = scattered layer of clouds at 1 600 ft
 OVC024 = overcast layer of clouds at 2 400 ft
 M09/M12 = temperature -09ºC, dewpoint -12ºC
 Q1006 = QHN 1006 (Q indicates the sea level pressure hectopascals)
 NOSIG = o significant change is expected to the reported conditions within the
next 2 hours.

.............................................................................................................................................................

Release date: 2022.12.25.

Question N° 35
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 10
4.1.3.2 An air-to-air VHF communications channel on the frequency of 123.450 MHz
shall be designated to enable aircraft engaged in flights over remote and oceanic
areas out of range of VHF ground stations to exchange necessary operational
information and to facilitate the resolution of operational problems.
1. It is a two-way communication.
2. It has a specific designated channel.
3. It is used over remote areas.
4. It can be used on any VHF frequency. ( False, as it can cause interference with
ground-air communications.)
5. It is used where circumstances prevent the establishment of two -way
communication.(False. It is two-way communication.)
6. It is used to exchange operational information.

Question N° 36
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.3.2.4 Action by all other stations
5.3.2.4.1 The distress communications have absolute priority over all other
communications, and a station aware of them shall not transmit on the frequency
concerned, unless:
a) the distress is cancelled or the distress traffic is terminated;
b) all distress traffic has been transferred to other frequencies;
c) the station controlling communications gives permission;
d) it has itself to render assistance.
5.3.2.4.2 Any station which has knowledge of distress traffic, and which cannot itself
assist the station in distress, shall nevertheless continue listening to such traffic until it
is evident that assistance is being provided.

Question N° 37
Correct Answer – C
Aviation Q-Codes

 QDM - Magnetic heading TO a station (Magnetic to the station).

 QDR - Magnetic bearing FROM a station (Magnetic from the station).
 QTE - True bearing FROM a station (True from the station).
 QUJ - True heading TO a station (True to the station).
 QFU - Magnetic orientation of runway.

The pilot shall use the phrase "request QDR" to obtain the magnetic bearing from the
aerodrome.

Question N° 38
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Doc 4444
8.5.2 SSR code management
8.5.2.1 Codes 7700, 7600 and 7500 shall be reserved internationally for use by pilots
encountering a state of emergency, radiocommunication failure or unlawful
interference, respectively.

Use the following mnemonics:

• Code 7500 = Unlawful interference ("75 - man with a knife")
• Code 7600 = Radio failure ("76 - I need a radio fix")
• Code 7700 = Emergency/distress ("77 - going to heaven")
Question N° 39
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
4.9.2 Indication of heavy wake turbulence category
For aircraft in the heavy wake turbulence category the word “Heavy” shall be included
immediately after the aircraft call sign in the initial radiotelephony contact between
such aircraft and ATS units.

Question N° 40
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.2.1.5.8 The following words and phrases shall be used in radiotelephony
communications as appropriate and shall have the meaning ascribed hereunder:
UNABLE “I cannot comply with your request, instruction, or clearance.”
Note.— UNABLE is normally followed by a reason

 RVSM stands for Reduced Vertical Separation Minima. RVSM relies on

accurate instrumentation, navigation, as well as good height-keeping. If the pilot
is unable to comply with an ATC requirement, he/she should report "UNABLE"

Question N° 41
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.2.1.4.1.3 Numbers containing a decimal point shall be transmitted as prescribed in
5.2.1.4.1.1 with the decimal point in appropriate sequence being indicated by the word
DECIMAL.
Note 1.— The following examples illustrate the application of this procedure:
100.3 = ONE ZERO ZERO DECIMAL THREE
38 143.9 = THREE EIGHT ONE FOUR THREE DECIMAL NINE
Note 2.— For identification of VHF frequencies the number of digits used after the
decimal point are determined on the basis of the channel spacing (5.2.1.7.3.4.3 refers to
frequencies separated by 25 kHz, 5.2.1.7.3.4.4 refers to frequencies separated by 8.33
kHz).
Note 3.— The channelling/frequency pairing relationship for 8.33 kHz and 25 kHz is
found in Table 4-1 (bis), Volume V

Question N° 42
Correct Answer – B
The aircraft station shall read back safety-related parts of ATC clearances and
instructions. The following items shall always be read back in full:

 Newly assigned radio communication channels;" (channels or frequencies)

 ATC route clearances
 Clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross,
taxi and backtrack on any runway
 Runway in use
 Altimeter settings
 SSR codes
 Level instructions
 Heading and speed instruction
 Transition levels

In this case, the pilots shall read-back the entire message word for word. They
should also terminate the read-back by their call sign.

Question N° 43
Correct Answer – A
Refer to figure.
ICAO Doc 9432
2.4 TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS
2.4.4 Except as specified in 2.4.5 all six digits of the numerical designator should be
used to identify the transmitting channel in VHF radiotelephony communications,
except in the case of both the fifth and sixth digits being zeros, in which case only the
first four digits should be used. (refer to figure 2.4.4.)

Note 2.— Caution must be exercised with respect to the indication of transmitting
channels in VHF radiotelephony communications when all six digits of the numerical
designator are used in airspace where communication channels are separated by 25
kHz, because on aircraft installations with a channel separation capability of 25 kHz or
more, it is only possible to select the first five digits of the numerical designator on the
radio management panel.
2.4.5 In airspace where all VHF voice communications channels are separated by 25
kHz or more and the use of six digits as in 2.4.4 is not substantiated by the operational
requirement determined by the appropriate authorities, the first five digits of the
numerical designator should be used, except in the case of both the fifth a nd sixth digits
being zeros, in which case only the first four digits should be used.
Note 1.— The following examples illustrate the application of the procedure in 2.4.5
and the associated settings of the aircraft radio management panel for communication
equipment with channel separation capabilities of 25 kHz and 8.33/25 kHz: (refer to
figure 2.4.5.)

Question N° 44
Correct Answer – B
If a pilot of an aircraft encounters an emergency, this situation shall be indicated by a
radio call starting with the phrase "MAYDAY" spoken three times.
In a distress situation, the pilots shall transmit the distress call on the air -ground
frequency currently in use. In this case, the pilot shall declare emergency on the Tower
frequency: 118.1.

 Aberdeen Approach: 119.050

 Ground: 121.7
Question N° 45
Correct Answer – B
DISTRESS MESSAGE
Aircraft crew should start their distress communication with an internationally
recognized phrase: MAYDAY. The distress message shall contain the following
information (time and circumstance permitting) and, whenever possible, should be
passed in the order given:
1. ‘MAYDAY/MAYDAY/MAYDAY’;
2. Name of the station addressed (when appropriate and time and circumstances
permitting);
3. Callsign;
4. Type of aircraft;
5. Nature of the emergency;
6. Intention of the person-in-command;
7. Present or last known position, flight level/altitude and heading;

Question N° 46
Correct Answer – A
Refer to figure.
EHAM: Echo Hotel Alpha Mike

ICAO Doc 8400 shows abbreviations and terms and also defines how they should be
transmitted. ICAO states: "When radiotelephony is used, the abbreviations and terms
are transmitted as spoken words." The following abbreviations and terms refer to this
statement:
ACARS, ACAS, ADIZ, AIREP, ALERFA, APAPI, ATIS, AT-VASIS, AVGAS, BARO-
VNAV, BASE, CAVOK, CIDIN, D-ATIS, DETRESFA, EFIS, EGNOS, ELBA, FRONT,
FROST, GAGAN, GBAS, GLONASS, GRAS, IDENT, INCERFA, INFO, LNAV,
LORAN, MET, METAR, MOPS, MSAS, NASC, NIL, NOSIG, NOTAM, OLDI,
OPMET, PAPI, PROB, RAIM, RASC, RIME, RNAV, ROBEX, SATCOM, SBAS,
SELCAL, SID, SIGMET, SNOTAM, SPECI, SPECIAL, SPOT, STAR, TACAN, TAF,
TAIL, TCAS RA, TEMPO, TIBA, TIL, TOP, TREND, TSUNAMI, T-VASIS, VNAV,
VOLMET, VORTAC, WAAS, WILCO.
ICAO also states: "When radiotelephony is used, the abbreviation s and terms are
transmitted using the individual letters in non-phonetic form." The following
abbreviations and terms refer to this statement:
ACC, ADF, ADS-B, ADS-C, AFTN, ATA, ATC, ATD, CPDLC, DME, ETA, ETD, FIR,
FMS, GCA, GLS, GNSS, GPS, GPWS, HF, IFR, ILS, IMC, MLS, NDB, NOZ, NTZ,
PAR, PDC, PSR, QDM, QFE, QNH, RCP, RNP, RPI, RVR, RVSM, SSR, TMA, UHF,
UIR, UTC, VFR, VHF, VIP, VMC, VOR.
Question N° 47
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
Chapter 1. Definitions
Instrument approach procedure (IAP). A series of predetermined manoeuvres by
reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial
approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a
point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not
completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows:
Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure designed
for 2D instrument approach operations Type A.
Note.— Non-precision approach procedures may be flown using a continuous
descent final approach (CDFA) technique. CDFAs with advisory VNAV guidance
calculated by on-board equipment (see PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part I,
Section 4, Chapter 1, paragraph 1.8.1) are considered 3D instrument approach
 operations. CDFAs with manual calculation of the required rate of descent are
considered 2D instrument approach operations. For more information on CDFAs,
refer to PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part I, Section 4, Chapter 1,
paragraphs 1.7 and 1.8.
Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). A performance-based navigation
(PBN) instrument approach procedure designed for 3D instrument approach operations
Type A.
Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure based on
navigation systems (ILS, MLS, GLS and SBAS Cat I) designed for 3D instrument
approach operations Type A or B.
Note.— Refer to Annex 6 for instrument approach operation types.

Question N° 48
Correct Answer – A
Refer to figure.
CONTACT = “Establish communications with . . .”

ICAO doc 9432

2.8.2 Transfer of communications
2.8.2.1 An aircraft shall be advised by the appropriate aeronautical station to change from
one radio frequency to another in accordance with agreed procedures. In the absence of
such advice, the aircraft shall notify the aeronautical station before such a change takes
place.

Question N° 49
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
Chapter 5. Aeronautical Mobile Service — Voice Communications
STANDBY “Wait and I will call you.”
Note.— The caller would normally re-establish contact if the delay is lengthy.
STANDBY is not an approval or denial.

Question N° 50
Correct Answer – A
Radiotelephony Manual
CAP 413
TEST TRANSMISSIONS
2.93 The nature of the test shall be such that it is identifiable as a test transmission and
cannot be confused with other communications. To achieve this the following format
shall be used: ƒ

 the callsign of the aeronautical station being called; ƒ

 ‘the aircraft identification’; ƒ
 the words ‘RADIO CHECK’; ƒ
 ‘the frequency’ being used;

Question N° 51
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Doc 8168
TA Traffic advisory
TAA Terminal arrival altitude
TAR Terminal area surveillance radar

Traffic Advisory (TA) means a caution to the flight crew that an aircraft has become a
potential collision threat.
Resolution Advisory (RA) means a warning to the flight crew of an imminent collision
threat, combined with commands for the crew to use in avoiding an airborne collision.

 When an RA is produced, the pilot flying shall immediately take the corrective
action indicated by the RA, even if this conflicts with an Air Traffic Control
(ATC) instruction, unless doing so would jeopardise the safety of the aeroplane.
Source: European Aviation Safety Agency
ICAO Doc 7030
TA Transition altitude

Question N° 52
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.2.1.7.1.2 The unit or service shall be identified in accordance with the table below
except that the name of the location or the unit/service may be omitted provided
satisfactory communication has been established.
Unit/service available Call sign suffix

area control centre (without radar) CONTROL

approach control (arrival and departure control service without radar) APPROACH

approach control radar arrivals ARRIVAL

approach control radar departures DEPARTURE

aerodrome control (responsible for take-off, landing and aicraft in the

TOWER
CTR)

surface movement control (responsible for all movements on the airport

GROUND
except the apron)

radar, in general (enroute services) RADAR

precision approach radar (guidance on final using specialized radar

PRECISION
antennas)

direction-finding station HOMER

flight information service INFORMATION

clearance delivery (transmission of enroute clearances) DELIVERY

apron control (aircraft guidance on the apron by the airport operator) APRON

company dispatch (transmission of flight regularity messages of aircraft

DISPATCH
operating agencies)

aeronautical station RADIO

Question N° 53
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Doc 4444
8.5.2 SSR code management
8.5.2.1 Codes 7700, 7600 and 7500 shall be reserved internationally for use by pilots
encountering a state of emergency, radiocommunication failure or unlawful
interference, respectively.

Use the following mnemonics:

• Code 7500 = Unlawful interference ("75 - man with a knife")
• Code 7600 = Radio failure ("76 - I need a radio fix")
• Code 7700 = Emergency/distress ("77 - going to heaven")

Question N° 54
Correct Answer – B
Refer to Figures.
ICAO Annex 10
CHAPTER 5 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE — VOICE
COMMUNICATIONS
5.2.1.5.8 The following words and phrases shall be used in radiotelephony
communications as appropriate and shall have the meaning ascribed here under:
Phrase and Meaning
REPORT “Pass me the following information...”
Question N° 55
Correct Answer – A
Manual of Radiotelephony
Doc 9432
2.7 CALL SIGNS
2.7.1 Call signs for aeronautical stations
2.7.1.1 Aeronautical stations are identified by the name of the location followed by a
suffix. The suffix indicates the type of unit or service provided. Unit or service Call
sign suffix
Area control centre - CONTROL
Radar (in general) - RADAR
Approach control - APPROACH
Approach control radar arrivals - ARRIVAL
Approach control radar departures - DEPARTURE
Aerodrome control - TOWER
Surface movement control - GROUND
Clearance delivery - DELIVERY
Precision approach radar - PRECISION
Direction-finding station - HOMER
Flight information service - INFORMATION
Apron control - APRON
Company dispatch - DISPATCH
Aeronautical station - RADIO
Non-ATS Services
APRON - aircraft guidance on the apron by the airport operator
DISPATCH - transmission of flight regularity messages of aircraft operating agencies
MONITOR TRA - monitoring with radar
RESCUE - operations by the fire brigade

Question N° 56
Correct Answer – B
The aircraft station shall read back safety-related parts of ATC clearances and
instructions. The following items shall always be read back in full:

 Newly assigned radio communication channels;" (channels or frequencies)

 ATC route clearances
 Clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross,
taxi and backtrack on any runway
 Runway in use
 Altimeter settings
 SSR codes
 Level instructions
 Heading and speed instruction
 Transition levels

Note that you are only required to readback the radio frequency, therefore "Donlon
Control" may be ommitted. Therefore, the correct option is "129.1, Fastair 345". Keep
it as short as possible.
Question N° 57
Correct Answer – C
The instruction to set the transponder code for the first time is expressed with a very
simple phrase, the word squawk followed by the appropriate code shall be transmitted.
Please find SSR transponder related phraseology below:
Phraseology Meaning

Squawk "1234" Set the transponder code "1234"

Reset squawk "1234" Reset the previously issued code "1234"

Squawk IDENT Turn on the function IDENT

Squawk standby (STBY) Operate your transponder in the standby

mode

Confirm squawk Confirm your squawk, read your squawk

Stop squawk Turn off the transponder

Squawk Alpha/Charlie/Sierra Change the transponder mode to

Alpha/Charlie/sierra

Squawk VFR Squawk 7000 in most European countries

Squawk 1200 in North America

Squawk Mayday Set the emergency code 7700 on your

transponder

Alpha/Charlie/Sierra:
Mode A: Only transmits position information.
Mode C: Transmits postion and altitude information (minimum requirement for TCAS
RA)
Mode S: The transponder sends information to the TCAS systems of other aircrafts.

 In this case, "SQUAWK CHARLIE" => used to request transmission of pressure-

altitude.

ICAO Doc 4444

12.4.3 Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) and ADS -B phraseologies
12.4.3.11 To request transmission of pressure-altitude
a) SQUAWK CHARLIE;
b) TRANSMIT ADS-B ALTITUDE.

Question N° 58
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444 - MODEL AIREP SPECIAL
1. Position reports and special air-reports
1.4 Special air-reports shall be made as soon as practicable after a phenomenon calling
for a special air-report has been observed.
1.5 If a phenomenon warranting the making of a special air-report is observed at or near
the time or place where a routine air-report is to be made, a special air-report shall be
made instead.

2. Detailed reporting instructions

Section 3
Item 9 — PHENOMENON PROMPTING A SPECIAL AIR-REPORT.
Report one of the following phenomena encountered or observed:
• moderate turbulence as “TURBULENCE MODERATE”
severe turbulence as “TURBULENCE SEVERE”
The following specifications apply:
Moderate — Conditions in which moderate changes in aircraft attitude and/or altitude
may occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. Usually, small
variations in airspeed. Changes in accelerometer readings of 0.5 g to 1.0 g at the
aircraft’s centre of gravity. Difficulty in walking. Occupants feel strain against seat
belts. Loose objects move about.
Severe — Conditions in which abrupt changes in aircraft attitude and/or altitude occur;
aircraft may be out of control for short periods. Usually, large variations in airspeed.
Changes in accelerometer readings greater than 1.0 g at the aircraft’s centre of gravity.
Occupants are forced violently against seat belts. Loose objects are tossed about.

Question N° 59
Correct Answer – A
Refer to figure.
ICAO Doc 9432 - Manual of Radiotelephony
7.4 VFR ARRIVALS
Depending on the procedures in use, the pilot of an arriving VFR flight may be required
to establish contact with the approach control unit and request instructions before
entering its area of jurisdiction. Where there is an ATIS broadcast, the pilot should
acknowledge if it has been received; where no ATIS broadcast is provided, the
approach controller will pass the aerodrome data.

Question N° 60
Correct Answer – C

 The aircraft is en-route, therefore the pilots would contact CONTROL.

GROUND, TOWER, ARRIVAL are not used by aircraft en-route.

CALL SIGNS FOR AERONAUTICAL STATIONS

Aeronautical stations are identified by the name of the location followed by a suffix.
The suffix indicates the type of unit or service provided.

Unit or service Call sign suffix

Area control centre CONTROL

Radar (in general) RADAR

Approach control APPROACH

Approach control radar arrivals ARRIVAL

Approach control radar departures DEPARTURE

Aerodrome control TOWER

Surface movement control GROUND

Clearance delivery DELIVERY

Precision approach radar PRECISION

Direction-finding station HOMER

Flight information service INFORMATION

Apron control APRON

Company dispatch DISPATCH

Aeronautical station RADIO

Area control centre (ACC). A unit established to provide air traffic control service to
controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction.

Question N° 61
Correct Answer – B
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.3.2 Radiotelephony distress communications
5.3.2.2 Action by the station addressed or first station acknowledging the distress
message
5.3.2.2.1 The station addressed by aircraft in distress, or first station acknowledging the
distress message, shall:
a) immediately acknowledge the distress message;
b) take control of the communications or specifically and clearly transfer that
responsibility, advising the aircraft if a transfer is made;
c) take immediate action to ensure that all necessary information is made
available, as soon as possible, to:
1) the ATS unit concerned;
2) the aircraft operating agency concerned, or its representative, in
accordance with pre-established arrangements;
 Note.— The requirement to inform the aircraft operating agency concerned
does not have priority over any other action which involves the safety of the
flight in distress, or of any other flight in the area, or which might affect
the progress of expected flights in the area.
d) warn other stations, as appropriate, in order to prevent the transfer of traff ic to
the frequency of the distress communication.

Question N° 62
Correct Answer – C
ICAO Doc 4444
15.3 AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE
15.3.3 If the aircraft fails to indicate that it is able to receive and acknowledge
transmissions, separation shall be maintained between the aircraft having the
communication failure and other aircraft, based on the assumption that the aircraft will:
a) if in visual meteorological conditions:
1) continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions;
2) land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and
3) report its arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic
control unit.

Question N° 63
Correct Answer – A
The band normally used for Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS) voice communication is
defined between 118.000 and 136.975 MHz, which covers its use for commercial and
general aviation, air traffic control and other uses.
The AMS refers to VHF and HF voice communication. The VHF propagation is
practically straight-line propagation (similar to light waves). Therefore, the VHF
propagation characteristics are ideal for short-distance terrestrial communication. When,
due to shadowing (e.g. by a hill), VHF communication is not possible, it is still possible
to communicate using the upper part of the HF ba nd where the surface wave is of little
use.
Channel spacing in the airband has been 25 kHz. However, increasing congestion has led
to further subdivision into 8.33 kHz channels in the ICAO European region - this
separation has become mandatory above FL195.

Frequency band Frequencies Wave band Wave length

VLF Very Low Frequency 3-30 kHz Very long 100-10 km

LF Low Frequency 30-300 kHz Long 10-1 km

MF Medium Frequency 300-3000 kHz Medium 1 km-100 m

HF High Frequency 3-30 MHz Short 100-10 m

VHF Very High Frequency 30-300 MHz Short 10-1 m

UHF Ultra High Frequency 300-3000 MHz Ultra short 1 m-10 cm

SHF Super High Frequency 3-30 GHz (3000- Super short 10-1 cm
30000 MHz)

EHF Extremely High Frequency 30-300 GHz Extremely short 1 cm-1 mm

Question N° 64
Correct Answer – A
ICAO Annex 10, Volume II
5.2.1.8 Test procedures
5.2.1.8.1 PANS.— The form of test transmissions should be as follows:
a) the identification of the station being called;
b) the aircraft identification;
c) the words “RADIO CHECK”;
d) the frequency being used.

Question N° 65
Correct Answer – C
The long final report can be made when the aircraft turns to final approach at a distance
greater than 4 NM from touchdown or when the aircraft on a straight -in approach is 8
NM (15 km) from touchdown (ICAO Doc 4444). In both cases the report of "Final" is
required at 4 NM from touchdown.

Question N° 66
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Annex 10
Volume II
5.2.2.7.1.3 Receiver failure
5.2.2.7.1.3.1 When an aircraft station is unable to establish communication due to
receiver failure, it shall transmit reports at the scheduled times, or positions, on the
frequency in use, preceded by the phrase “TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO
RECEIVER FAILURE”. The aircraft station shall transmit the intended message,
following this by a complete repetition. During this procedure, the aircraft shall also
advise the time of its next intended transmission.

Question N° 67
Correct Answer – B
The logon is the first step in the data link process. A logon, initiated either by the flight
crew or automatically following a contact request from another ATS unit, is performed
prior to the ATS unit establishing a CPDLC and/or ADS -C connection.
The purpose of the logon is to provide the ATS unit with:
a) the information on ATS data link applications supported by the aircraft system
(e.g. CPDLC, ADS-C);
b) the associated version numbers of the ATS data link applications;
c) the unique identification of the aircraft; and
d) additional relevant aircraft information required to allow the ATS unit to
correlate the logon information with the aircraft’s corresponding flight plan.

Question N° 68
Correct Answer – A
Refer to figure.
ICAO Doc 9432 - Manual of Radiotelephony
CONTACT “Establish communications with . . .”
2.8.3 Issue of clearance and read-back requirements
2.8.2 Transfer of communications
2.8.2.1 An aircraft shall be advised by the appropriate aeronautical station to change
from one radio frequency to another in accordance with agreed procedures. In the
absence of such advice, the aircraft shall notify the aeronautical station before such a
change takes place.

 Correct instruction: “BIGJET 347, when reaching FL 120, contact Donlon

Control 119.725.”
Question N° 69
Correct Answer – D
ICAO Doc 4444
4.12.3 Contents of special air-reports
4.12.3.1 Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following
conditions are encountered or observed:
a) moderate or severe turbulence; or
b) moderate or severe icing; or
c) severe mountain wave; or
d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall
lines; or
e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall
lines; or
f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g) volcanic ash cloud; or
h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or
increasing volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption. In addition,
in the case of transonic and supersonic flight:
i) moderate turbulence; or
j) hail; or
k) cumulonimbus clouds.