IDENTIFICATION OF

TRAINING NEEDS
PREPARATION,
EXERCISES AND
QUALIFICATION
Nuclear and radiologica
TRAINING
PROGRAM
Emergency classification
EVALUATION AND
IMPROVEMENT

FEEDBACK Petre MIN

petre.min@cncan.ro

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION
• Why do we classify a radiation emergency?
• To transmit an unambiguous message about the
required response to an abnormal event
• To trigger automatic actions (notifications, protective
actions)
• To avoid long discussions describing the event and
then the appropriate response
• It is for on-site staff and off-site authorities

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

WHAT ARE THE RISKS?

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

CLASSIFICATION AN EMERGENCY
• Unit Alert
• Events involving unknown or significant decrease in the level of protection of the
public or on-site personnel.
• Unit Emergency
• An event has led to a major decrease in the level of protection for those people on-
site
• Site Emergency
• An event has led to a major decrease in the level of protection for those people on-
site and near the facility. Preparations shall be made to take protective actions off-
site, should they be required.
• General Emergency
• Events resulting in an actual or substantial risk of an atmospheric release or radiation
exposure (e.g. from criticality or loss of shielding) requiring implementation of urgent
protective actions off-site.
The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION
Emergency classification Description on-site actions off-site actions

Clasification system
Alert Unknown conditions Partial activation information

Unit Emergency Decreasing of safety Activation On site support

margine On site protective actions
Site Emergency On site radiation doses On site protective actions Activation
are increasing Preparing for
implementig of protective
actions

General Emergency Off –site recomandation Implementig of protective

monitoring actions
International information

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
OTHER TYPES OF LARGE-SCALE
EMERGENCIES
• Nuclear power plants

• Other nuclear facilities (research reactor)

• Transboundary power plants

Radiological emergency
• Transportation accident
• Longer term
• Lost source or discovery of an orphaned
source or contamination
countermeasures
• Media
• Malicious acts

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

INES scale

People and
envinronment

Radiological barriers
and controls at facility

Defense in depth

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

EXAMPLES OF EVENTS ON INES SCALE

Level Definition Criteria Example
• Exposure in excess of ten times the statutory annual
3 Serious incident Sellafield, UK, 2005
limit for workers.
• Non-lethal deterministic health effect (e.g., burns)
from radiation.
• Near accident at a nuclear power plant with no
safety provisions remaining.
• Exposure of a member of the public in excess of 10
2 Incident Atucha, Argentina, 2005
mSv.
• Exposure of a worker in excess of the statutory
annual limits
• Significant failures in safety provisions but with no
actual consequences.
• Exposure of a member of the public in excess of Missing Dangerous Source at Estado de
1 Anomaly
statutory annual limits. Mexico 16 sept 2022
• Minor problems with safety components with
significant defense-in-depth remaining.

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

EXAMPLES OF EVENTS ON INES SCALE

Level Definition Criteria Example
Major release of radio active material with widespread
Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986 Fukushima 1,
7 Major accident health and environmental effects requiring implementation
2011
of planned and extended countermeasures

Significant release of radioactive material likely to require

6 Serious accident Kyshtym, Russia, 1957
implementation of planned countermeasures.

Limited release of radioactive material likely to require

Accident with wider Windscale, UK, 1957; Three Mile Island,
5 implementation of some planned countermeasures
consequences 1979
• Several deaths from radiation

• Minor release of radioactive material unlikely to result in

Accident with local Saint Laurent nuclear power plant,
4 implementation of planned countermeasures other than
consequences France, 1980
local food controls

• At least one death from radiation.

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

KYSHTYM (MAYAK) DISASTER

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
EVACUATION OF CHERNOBYL

12:00 27 April
1:23 26 April Evacuation
Explosion ordered

15:00 26 April 14:00 27 April

Confirmation Order issued
of destruction over radio
of Unit 4 • 1,100 Buses made available
within 3 hours
• Over 49,000 residents of
Pripyat evacuated 36 hours
after the accident

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

NUCLEAR SECURITY EVENT

• A nuclear security event is an event that has potential or actual
implications for nuclear security that must be addressed
• Such events include criminal or intentional unauthorized acts
involving or directed at:
• Nuclear material
• Other radioactive material
• Associated facilities
• Associated activities

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

NUCLEAR SECURITY EVENTS – Examples

Sabotage of Unauthorized
facility/transport access
Theft of nuclear or
other radioactive
material

Illicit trafficking
Terrorism or Malicious Acts
The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICE (RED)

• Also known as REDs, these are objects that contain radioactive
material that can expose people to radiation without their knowledge
• REDs may be hidden in public places such as under a seat of the train
• People who sit near or pass close to REDs may be exposed to radiation
• Dangers of REDs depend on 3 factors:
• Type and amount of radioactive material used
• How long a person spends near the device
• What parts of a person’s body are exposed to radiation coming from the
device

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICE

People exposed to device could

experience:
• Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)
• Radiation Burns
• Cancer
• Death

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE (RDD)

• Radiological dispersal devices (RDD),

also known as ‘dirty bombs’, are a mix
of explosives, and radioactive
material
• When a bomb explodes, radioactive
material is carried into the Dirty
surrounding area bombs are not
nuclear bombs

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE (RDD)

• People nearby could experience:
• Injury from pieces of radioactive material from bomb
• Immediate or long-term illness from exposure
• Radioactive dust and smoke can spread farther away
and could be dangerous to health if people breathe in
dust, eat contaminated food, or drink contaminated
water

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

IMPROVISED NUCLEAR DEVICE (IND)

• An improvised nuclear device is a type of nuclear weapon
• When it explodes, it gives off four types of energy:
• Shock wave
• Intense light
• Heat
• Radiation

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program
 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
20-22 SEPTEMBER 2022, BUCHAREST

COMMUNICATION TOOLS

Emergency classification

INES scale

The event is held in the framework of the project "Improving Nuclear Safety and Security in Romania - Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Preparedness for
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Events" - FUNDED BY THE NORWEGIAN FINANCIAL MECHANISM 2014-2021 – Internal Affairs Program