12 5 3 8 15 14

LECHON 

16 1 5 12 12 1
PAELLA 

3 8 18 9 19 20 9 1 14 9 20 25

CHRISTIANITY 

6 9 5 19 20 1 19
FIESTAS 

 6 15 18 13 1 12
5 4 21 3 1 20 9 15 14
FORMAL
EDUCATION 

 SPAIN AND THE
PHILIPPINES IN
TH
THE 19 CENTURY
 Administrative Organization
Spain established a centralized colonial
government that was composed of a
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT that
administered provinces, towns, cities
and municipalities. 





Governor-General

▪ As the King's representative and the highest-ranking
official in the Philippines, the governor general saw to it
that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were
implemented in the Philippines.

▪ He had the power to appoint and dismiss public
officials, except those personally chosen by the King. 

▪ He also supervised all government offices and the
collection of taxes.

▪ The governor general exercised certain legislative
powers, as well. He issued proclamations to facilitate
the implementation of laws.









The Provincial Government

The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the country’s
administration



▪
Alcadia (Alcalde Mayor)
He governed the provinces
Corregimiento (Corregidor)
that had been fully
▪ He governed the provinces
subjugated

that were not yet entirely
▪ The alcalde mayors
under Spanish control.
represented the Spanish
▪ They managed the day-to-day
king and the governor
operations of the provincial
general in their respective
government, implemented
provinces. 

laws and supervised the
▪ They managed the
collection of taxes. 

day-to-day operations of
the provincial government,
implemented laws and
supervised the collection of
taxes. 



The Municipal Government


Gobernadorcillos

▪ Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by

Gobernadorcillos, whose main concerns were efficient governance and
tax collection.
 Barrios(Barangays)




Cabeza de barangay
▪ Maintain peace and order.
▪ Collect taxes and tributes in the barangay.
▪ Responsible for peace and order and recruited men for communal public
works.

Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor.
Union of Church and State 


▪ Spanish friar- supervising representative of the Spanish government for all

local affairs.
▪ He was practically the ruler of town as he was the local inspector, health
inspector, prison inspector, inspector of the accounts of the
gobernadorcillos and cabeza de barangays.
▪ His approval was required in census lists, tax lists, list of army
conscripts, and register of births, deaths and marriages.
▪ Frailocracia- fear of the civil authorities to the friars
The Residencia 


This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governor
general who was about to be replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming
governor general was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the
King.
The Visita 


The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the Visitador
General to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his
findings directly to the King.

The Royal Audiencia

Apart from its judicial functions, the Royal Audiencia served as an advisory
body to the Governor General and had the power to check and a report on his
abuses.
 Social Structure
▪ Philippine society was feudalistic because of
the encomienda system imposed by the
colonizers.



▪ They collected all forms of taxes and tributes
from the Filipinos and even required the
natives to render polo y servicio or forced
labor to the government and the Catholic
church. 





 Social Structure
Peninsulares – pure-blooded Spaniard born in the
Iberian Peninsula.
Insulares – pure-blooded Spaniard born in the
Philippines
Mestizo - Born of mixed percentage, a mestizo can
be:




1. Spanish Mestizo – one parent is Spanish, the


other is native
2. Chinese Mestizo – one parent is Chinese, the
other is native


Principalia –descendants of the original village
leaders who agreed to cooperate with the newly
arrived Spanish conquistadors in the mid-16th
century.
 Social Structure
♣ Social ranking was created in our society.
♣ Social tensions were created between and
among classes.
♣ A system of racial discrimination came to be
institutionalized.


♣
 High positions in government were opened
only to the pure-blooded Spaniards.
♣Members of the middle class and the Indio's
were considered inferior by the upper classes and
unworthy of education.
 Spanish Era
Education
System/Curriculum 

 Education System

Formal and Organized Religion-oriented education Spanish Missionaries as

tutors

Christian doctrine, prayers, and 3R’s were only given to

sacred songs brighter pupils
 Education System

Inadequate education
Teach catechism to the (suppressed/limited/controlle
Spanish language
natives d)
–compulsory

Controlled by friars Education is a privilege not a

Education for the elite
right
Educational Decree of
1863

▪ Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized through the
enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863.
▪ Provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and
girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government;
▪ Establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision
of the Jesuits.
▪ The Spanish schools started accepting Filipino students.
▪ It was during this time when the intellectual Filipinos emerged.
 Spanish Devised-Curriculum

01 The Spanish curriculum

consisted of 3R’s –
reading, writing and
03 The main reading
materials were the
cartilla, the caton and
religion. 
 the catecismo. 


 

The method of
The schools were organization was
02 parochial or convent
schools. 
 04 predominantly individual
memorization 



Educational Decree of
1863

issues

▪ Remained inadequate for the rest of the Spanish period.
▪ There were not enough schools built.
▪ Teachers tend to use corporal punishment.
▪ The friars exercised control over the schools and their teachers and
obstructed attempts to properly educate the masses, as they considered
widespread secular education to be a threat to their hold over the
population.
▪ Schools were often poorly equipped, lacking desks, chairs, and writing
materials.
▪ Though classes were supposed to be held from 7-10 am and 2:30-5 pm
throughout the year, schools were often empty.
▪ Children skipped school to help with planting and harvesting or even
because their clothes were ragged.
SCHOOLS BUILT
• The first college school for the boys was the “Colegio de San Ignacio” which
was established by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589.

Original name:
Real y Pontificia
Universidad de San Ignacio
de Manila
Years Active: 1590- 1768
Location: Manila
SCHOOLS BUILT
•Colegio de San Ildefonso
• The Cebu City colegio was established by Fr. Antonio Sedeno, Fr. Pedro
Chirino, and Antonio Pereira of the Society of Jesus
• After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767, the
buildings and facilities were taken over first by the Diocese of Cebu, then the
Congregation of the Mission, then later by the Society of the Divine Word.
• There are several claims that it is now the University of San Carlos
SCHOOLS BUILT
• Colegio de Sta. Potenciana (1589)- first college for girls in Manila.
Destroyed in the 1645 earthquake. School rebuilt but damaged during the
British Invasion of 1762. Schools abolished in 1866.
SCHOOLS BUILT
• Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario (1611) is a private, Roman
Catholic, teaching and research university run by the Order of Preachers in Manila.
Founded on 28 April 1611 by Miguel de Benavides, Archbishop of Manila, it has the
oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia and is one of the world's
largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus. UST is
also the largest university in the city of Manila.

The Pontifical and Royal

University of Santo Tomas,
The Catholic University of the Philippines
SCHOOLS BUILT
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
The college was founded in 1620.
Colegio de San Juan de Letran has
the distinction of being the oldest
college in the Philippines and the
oldest secondary institution in Asia.

Escuela Pia de Manila

Established in late 1859 by the
Society of Jesus, it is the oldest
Jesuit educational institution and
third-oldest university in
the Philippines.