EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

INTRODUCTION

If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function of two variable with continuous first partial

derivatives, then its differential is
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In the special case when 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶, where 𝐶 is a constant, then the
differential is:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 INTRODUCTION
If the differential form
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
corresponds to
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Where:
𝜕𝑓
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
𝜕𝑦
then the solution to the differential equation is:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶.
 Criterion for an Exact Differential

Let 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 be continuous and have continuous partial

derivatives.
Then a necessary and sufficient condition that 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
be an exact differential is:

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= Test for exactness
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 Proof of Test of Exactness
From:
𝜕𝑓
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Taking the partial differentiation: =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
General Solution of Exact Differential Equation
Step 1 – Determine if the exactness criterion holds,
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Step 2 – If it does, then there exists a function F(x, y) for which
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑜𝑟 = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Step 3 – Integrating M(x, y) with respect to x while holding y constant

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 𝑦

where 𝑇(𝑦) is the “constant” of integration

General Solution of Exact Differential Equation
From step 3:

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 𝑦

Step 4 – Differentiate 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 with respect to y and equate the result to 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 that is

𝜕𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕
= න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
This simplifies to

𝜕
𝑇 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑁(𝑦).
𝜕𝑦

Step 5 – Integrate it with respect to y to find 𝑇 𝑦 ,

𝑇(𝑦) = න 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Step 6 – The general solution of the exact differential equation is given by

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶.
 Example 1
Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Step 1: Test for exactness
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 2
= 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 ; = 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since they are equal thus the equation is an exact equation
Step 2: then there exists a function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 for which
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
 Example 1

Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation

2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:

Step 3 – Integrating 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) with respect to x while holding y constant

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
where 𝑇(𝑦) is the “constant” of integration.
 Example 1
Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Step 4 – Differentiate 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) with respect to y equate the result to 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) that is
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕
= 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑇 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
equate the result to 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) that is
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦
𝑇′(𝑦) = cos 𝑦
 Example 1
Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Step 5 – Integrate it with respect to y to find 𝑇(𝑦),
𝑇′(𝑦) = cos 𝑦

𝑇(𝑦) = නcos 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑇(𝑦) = sin 𝑦
Step 6 – From the result in step 3 substitute T(y), thus
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶

𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 = 𝐶
This method was summarized by Gaxiola-Linares in 2009 into two
steps, we have:
Test for Exactness
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
General solution

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

or

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

Where: 𝑁 𝑦 → are terms in 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) without 𝑥

𝑀(𝑥) → are term/s in 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) without 𝑦
Example 1: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Step 1: Test for exactness
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕
= 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 ; = (𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 ) = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since they are equal thus the equation is an exact equation
Step 2: General solution

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න𝑁(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

Where: 𝑁(𝑦) → 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 𝑁(𝑦) term/s in 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) without
𝑥, thus 𝑁 𝑦 = cos 𝑦
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + නcos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Integrate with respect to 𝑥,
treating 𝑦 as constant

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝑪
Example 1: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Step 1: Test for exactness
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕
= 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 ; = (𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 ) = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since they are equal thus the equation is an exact equation
Step 2: General solution

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + න𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

Where: 𝑀(𝑥) → 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 𝑀(𝑥) term/s in 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) without
𝑦
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = න 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + න(0)𝑑𝑥
Integrate with respect to 𝑦,
treating 𝑥 as constant

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝑪
Example 2: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4) = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12) = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 = 1 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
𝜕𝐹
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = ∫(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
Solving for 𝑇(𝑦)
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
Differentiate with respect to y
𝜕𝐹 𝜕 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
=𝑥+ (𝑇(𝑦))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 𝑥 + (𝑇(𝑦))
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
(𝑇(𝑦)) = −3𝑦 + 12
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇(𝑦) = (−3𝑦 + 12)𝜕𝑦
 ∫ 𝜕𝑇(𝑦) = ∫(−3𝑦 + 12)𝜕𝑦

3
𝑇(𝑦) = − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦
2
From:
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
3
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦
2
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟐

Example 2: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation

(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4) = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12) = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 = 1 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
𝜕𝐹
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹 = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜕𝑦

∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜕𝑦

𝐹 = ∫(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12)𝜕𝑦

3
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
Solving for 𝑇(𝑥)
3
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
Differentiate with respect to y
𝜕𝐹 𝜕 3
= (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝐹 𝜕
=𝑦+ (𝑇(𝑥))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑦 + (𝑇(𝑥))
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
(𝑇(𝑥)) = 2𝑥 − 4
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 4)𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝜕𝑇(𝑥) = ∫(2𝑥 − 4)𝜕𝑥

𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
From:
3
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
3
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
2
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟐

Example 2: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation

(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4) = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12) = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 = 1 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

∫(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−3𝑦 + 12) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝑪
𝟐

Example 3: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation

(𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= (𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − sin 𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (−𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

∫(𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

−𝒚𝒆−𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪

𝐹 = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑀(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

∫(−𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫(− sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

−𝒚𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝑪
Example 4: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation
𝑦
(𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (ln 𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
Example 5: Obtain the particular solution of the given differential equation
𝑥𝑦 2 − 1
𝑦′ = ; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
1 − 𝑥2𝑦

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2 − 1
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥

0 = (𝑥𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

(𝑥𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= (𝑥𝑦 2 − 1) = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (−1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

∫(𝑥𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

2
𝑥2
𝑦 ( )−𝑥−𝑦 = 𝐶
2
1 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥−𝑦 =𝐶
2
𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
1
(0)2 (1) − 0 − 1 = 𝐶
2
𝐶 = −1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟏
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟐
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Test the following equations for exactness and solve the equation
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2. (6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
2 2 1
3. (2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2
4. (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶
5. (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶
6. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶
2 2 2
7. 𝑣(2𝑢𝑣 − 3)𝑑𝑢 + (3𝑢 𝑣 − 3𝑢 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑣(𝑢2 𝑣 2 − 3𝑢 + 2𝑣) = 𝐶
1
8. (cos 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (cos 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2 sin 2𝑦 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
9. (1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)2 = 𝐶
10. (𝑤 3 + 𝑤𝑧 2 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑤 + (𝑧 3 + 𝑤 2 𝑧 − 𝑤)𝑑𝑧 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑤 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 = 4𝑤𝑧 + 𝐶
11. (𝑟 + sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟(sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) = 𝐶
3 3 2 2
12. 𝑥(3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 6)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 𝐶
2
13. (sin 𝜃 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (2𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 1)𝑑𝜃 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝐶
14. [2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦)]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 + sin(𝑥𝑦) = 𝐶
2 2
15. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦(3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
2 3
16. 3𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 3) = 4(1 − 𝑦 2 )
2 2
17. (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑥𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑥 + 3)2 = 2𝑦 2 + 15
𝑦−2𝑥
18. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦−𝑥 ; 𝑦(1) = 2 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 3
𝑦(𝑦−𝑒 𝑥 )
19. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦
; 𝑦(0) = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 1
𝑑𝑦
20. 2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦(0) = −3
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦 2 + (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 = 6