Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU)

DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

pdo@cvsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Name _____JORENCE E. AGAS_______ Date Performed_____23/05/2022_____

Student No.____201914217______ Date Submitted______25/05/2022______

Grades in Points

Laboratory Experiment No. 3

ORIFICE CONSTATNT HEAD

Objectives:

To determine the three orifice coefficients

Apparatus:

Transparent vertical container with orifice, meter stick, vernier caliper,

water container, plumb bob.

Concept:

The theoretical velocity in an orifice is given by

�� = 2��

The theoretical discharge is determined from

 �� = A ��

Where H = the total head producing flow

A = area of the orifice = ��2 / 4

In the set-up shown in fig. 11, the head producing flow is h. The jet strikes the
ground at a horizontal distance x and with a vertical distance y from the orifice, from
which

x = vt and

y = 1 2 ��2

Eliminating t gives

�2 = 2�2 y / g

which shows that the jet trajectory is a parabola and the actual velocity,
therefore, is

��2
v = 2�

Fig. 11. Orifice Under Constant Head

Orifice Coefficients:

�� = coefficient of velocity = actual velocity / theoretical velocity

�� = v/�2

C = coefficient of discharge = actual velocity / theoretical velocity

C = Q/��

�� = coefficient of contraction = area of jet / area of orifice

�� = a/ A = C/��

Tabulation of Measured and Computed Data:

d h x y t �� Cc Cv C �� Q

12 5.4 1.5 0.120 569 10.2931 0.6482 0.9137 0.6039 1.164 400 L
mm L/sec in
569
sec

0.703

L/sec

Questions:

1. What is the coefficient of velocity at the orifice? coefficient of discharge?

coefficient of contraction?

gx2 (9.81)(1.5)2
2y 2(0.120)
Cv = = = �. ����
2gH 2(9.81)(5.4)
 AV (0.703)/1000
C = = π = �. ����
Avt (0.012)2 ( (2(9.81)(5.4))
4

C 0.6039
Cc = = = �. ����
Cv 0.9317

2. Why it is necessary to determine the three orifice coefficients?

It is important because it shows the pressure on the nozzle when it changes shape.
We can see the behavior of the pressure as it passes through the orifice. We can also
determine the horizontal distance between tank and the distance where the water
landed.

3. If the head on the orifice is _____, what is the dischrage?

Exposed to the atmosphere it is said that the discharge would be free. When it is
submerged or partially submerged it is said to be nearly the same as when we get the
result of the jet of water but upper and lower parts of the head are computed. The
discharge will be faster if the head of the orifice is smaller.

Observations:

Based on the results it can be said that the difference between the actual and
theoretical velocity is small. However, for the coefficient of discharge, we can see that it
is more than half of the theoretical discharge. It also suggest that the orifice must be
sharp edge based on the result we got form the coefficient of of contraction.

Conclusions:

Based on the lab activity we can conclude that the three coefficients are very
important. Not only it determines the distance of the jet of water but also suggests the
type of orifice a tank or reservoir is using. It is very helpful in controlling fluid flow and
pressure.