LNL JJJ

TKI\J DNVN\ RKALI\N@ LK\N\NM

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm ndncnm suntu sk`j akalkcihhn` culn`g suaur u`tuh

djnrnmhn` hk suntu snsnrn` tkrtk`tu djdncna

djdncna eiransj yn`g
yn`g tjdnh tkrcktnh skfnrn

vkrtjhnc djlnwnm hkpncn suaur. Djdncna akalir suntu eiransj, sklk`nr`yn

skcncu djj`gj`hn` culn`g vkrtjhnc, hnrk`n dk`gn` culn`g yn`g vkrtjhnc ipkrnsj`yn

ckljm audnm, dn` ougn uaua`yn ljnyn`yn ckljm aurnm dnrj pndn pkalirn`

 lkrnrnm. Ondj pkalirn` lkrnrnm mn`yn djcnhuhn` hnrk`n ncnsn` ‖ ncnsn` dn`

hkndnn` hmusus snon.

Lkrdnsnrhn` cj`tnsn` culn`g lir tkrdnpnt 6 anfna ok`js pkalirn`, n`tnrn

cnj` ynjtu ?

•  Ukrtjfnc Drjccj`g ( Rkalirn` Ukrtjhnc )

Rkalirn` yn`g akajcjhj cj`tnsn` lir ak`kalus skfnrn tkgnh curus

tkrmndnp tkapnt dn` hkduduhn` ak`nrn lir.

•   Djrkftji`nc Drjccj`g ( Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm )

Tkh`jh pkalirn` dj an`n nrnm pkalirn` djlkcihhn` ak`gjhutj cj`tnsn`

yn`g tkcnm djrk`fn`nhn` u`tuh ak`fnpnj tnrgkt yn`g tkcnm djtk`tuhn`.

•   Mirjzi`tnc Drjccj`g 
 Mirjzi`tnc

Rkalirn` dk`gn` akrupnhn` pk`gkaln`gn` dnrj tkh`icigj djrkftji`nc

drjccj`g  dk`gn` hkajrj`gn` mj`ggn ak`dkhntj :2 dkg, ntnu skononr eiransj, dn`

akajcjhj j`hcj`nsj =; ‖ >2; dkg.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>2

Rndn Gnalnr 6.> dj lnwnm j`j, ak`u`ouhhn` pkrlkdnn` dnrj 6 ok`js

cj`tnsn` culn`g pkalirn`. Tkrcjmnt okcns pkrlkdnn` cj`tnsn` n`tnrn pkalirn`

vkrtjhnc (Ukrtjfnc Drjccj`g), pkalirn` lkrnrnm ( Djrkftji`n

 Djrkftji`ncc Drjccj`g), dn`

 pkalirn` mirjsi`tnc ( Mirjzi`tnc

 Mirjzi`tnc Drjccj`g).

Gnalnr 6.>

  >>)
(n) Djrkftji`n  Mirjzi`tncc, dn` (f) Ukrtjfnc Drjccj`g  
 Djrkftji`ncc, (l) Mirjzi`tn

6.>  Tuoun` dn` Ncnsn` Rk`ggu`nn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm ( Djrkftji`nc

 Drjcj`g)

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm djcnhuhn` dk`gn` tuoun` akaudnmhn` hjtn ak`fnpnj

eiransj yn`g djtuou tn`pn mnrus ak`kalus eiransj yn`g tjdnh j`gj` djckwntj.

Djan`n ak`gntnsj hkndnn` djsnnt snsnrn` ntnu tnrgkt tjdnh au`ghj` djfnpnj

dk`gn` pkalirn` vkrtjhnc dk`gn` lkrlngnj ncnsn`. Rk`ggu`nn` suaur lkrnrnm

>>)
Ak`u`ouhn` `iair urut dnetnr pustnhn
pust nhn

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>>

djmnrnphn` dnpnt ak`on`ghnu zi`n priduhtje yn`g ckljm cuns djln`dj`ghn`

dk`gn` suaur vkrtjhnc, skmj`ggn priduhsj mjdrihnrli` djmnrnphn` ljsn

ak`j`ghnt, akshjpu` djcnhuhn` dk`gn` rksjhi dn` ljnyn yn`g fuhup tj`ggj ljcn

djln`dj`ghn` dk`gn` suaur vkrtjhnc. Ncnsn`-ncnsn` djcnhuhn` pkalirn` lkrnrnm

ndncnm sklngnj lkrjhut? 

•  Ncnsn` tipigrnejs

•  Ncnsn` gkicigjs

•  Ncnsn` khi`iaj

•  Ncnsn` tkh`js

6.>.> Ncnsn` Tipigrnejs

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm djcnhuhn` npnljcn hkndnn` dj pkrauhnn` tjdnh

akau`ghj`hn` u`tuh ak`djrjhn` cihnsj pkalirn`, dn` ljnsn`yn ncnsn`

tipigrnejs ak`ondj ncnsn` yn`g pncj`g uaua u`tuh ak`fnpnj cnpjsn` yn`g tjdnh

dnpnt djfnpnj dk`gn` fnrn ljnsn, skpkrtj ? 

n.  Eiransj priduhtje tkrcktnh dj lnwnm pnyn ‖ pnyn ntnu su`gnj  

Tkrdnpnt`yn eiransj priduhtje yn`g tkrcktnh dj lnwnm su`gnj

ak`gmnrushn` ak`ggu`nhn` aktidn djrkftji`nc drjccj`g, hnrk`n tjdnh

akau`ghj`hn` u`tuh akansn`g pcnteira dj ntns su`gnj.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

><

Rkrtjaln`gn` tipigrnejs tkrcktnh dj lnwnm pnyn ‖ pnyn ntnu su`gnj dnpnt djcjmnt

 pndn gnalnr 6.< dj lnwnm j`j.

Gnalnr 6.<

Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Tipigrnejs>>) 

l. Eiransj priduhtje tkrcktnh dj lnwnm ln`gu`n` pkauhjan` ntnu

pkrhn`tirn`. 

Tkrdnpnt`yn eiransj priduhtje yn`g tkrcktnh dj lnwnm ln`gu`n` ntnu

 pkrhn`tirn` ak`gmnrushn` ak`ggu`nhn` aktidn djrkftji`nc drjccj`g, hnrk`n

tjdnh akau`ghj`hn` u`tuh akansn`g pcnteira dj tn`nm yn`g sudnm tkrdnpnt

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>6

 ln`gu`n` ntnupu` pkrhn`tirn`. Rkrtjaln`gn` tipigrnejs tkrcktnh dj lnwnm

 ln`gu`n` ntnu pkrhn`tirn` dnpnt djcjmnt pndn gnalnr

gnalnr 6.6 dj lnwnm j`j.

Gnalnr 6.6

Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Tipigrnejs>>)

f. Eiransj p
priduhtje
riduhtje tkrcktnh dj lnwnm tklj`g tkronc.

Cihnsj yn`g skpkrtj j`j djsklut ougn riugm fi`djtji`. Ljcn djlunt strnjgmt

mick drjccj`g ak`kalus rkskrvijr, mnrus djlunt cihnsj pndn tklj`g-tklj`g tkronc,

tklj`g-tklj`g djrntnhn` dn` djhkrnshn`, oncn` mnrus djlunt u`tuh ak`fnpnj cihnsj.

Vkcnj` pkhkronn``yn lkrnt, nhn` akakrcuhn`

akakrc uhn` ljnyn yn`g sn`gnt tj`ggj. Tjtjh cihnsj

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>4

djlunt pndn dnkrnm yn`g akau`ghj`hn`, hkaudjn` culn`g djnrnmhn` ak`kalus

tnrgkt. Gnalnrn``yn dnpnt djcjmnt pndn gnalnr 6.4.

Gnalnr 6.4

>>)
Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Tipigrnejs

6.>.< Ncnsn` Gkicigjs

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm pndn hi`djsj j`j djcnhuhn` u`tuh ak`gmj`dnrj hksucjtn`

npn yn`g nhn` djmndnpj npnljcn djlir skfnrn vkrtjhnc, skpkrtj ?

n.  Ndn`yn hulnm gnrna ntnu snctdiak 

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm yn`g djcnhsn`nhn` pndn rkskrvijr yn`g tkrcktnh dj

 lnwnm cnpjsn` hulnm gnrna (snct diak), tkh`jh-tkh`jh pk`gklirn` lkrnrnm

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>;

djgu`nhn` u`tuh ak`gnrnmhn` sudut-sudut sucjt yn`g ljnsn`yn ak`gn`du`g

fndn`gn` aj`ynh ntnu gns. Rk`gklirn` akcncuj hulnm gnrna ntnu snct diak dnpnt

ak`jaluchn` ansncnm skpkrtj cist fjrfucntji`  dn` ansncnm hirisj ntnu firisji`.

Dncna sjtunsj skpkrtj j`j nhn` ckljm lnjh u`tuh ak`gmj`dnrj eiransj gnrna

tkrsklut dk`gn` akcnhuhn` pkalirn` lkrnrnm, gnalnrn``yn dnpnt djcjmnt pndn

gnalnr 6.;.

Gnalnr 6.;

>>)
Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Gkicigjs

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>5

l.  Ndn`yn pntnmn`

Rntnmn` yn`g ndn sklnjh`yn djmj`dnrj hnrk`n nhn` ak`gnhjlnthn`

tkrondj`yn hkmjcn`gn` cuapur (ciss fjrfucntji`), nhn` akansuhj eiransj yn`g

 lkrtkhn`n` tj`ggj ntnu ougn dnpnt ak`gnhjlnthn` tkrondj`yn pk`yjapn`gn` nrnm

dn` sudut hkajrj`gn` tkrmndnp culn`g lir pndn pkalirn` lkrnrnm. Gnalnrn``yn

6.5. 
dnpnt djcjmnt pndn gnalnr 6.5. 

Gnalnr 6.5

>>)
Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Gkicigjs  

6.>.6 Ncnsn` Khi`iaj

Dncna lklkrnpn mnc pkcnhsn`nn` pkalirn` lkrnrnm rkcntje ckljm

ak`gu`tu`ghn` djln`dj`ghn` dk`gn` pkalirn` vkrtjhnc, ynjtu npnljcn cnpn`gn`

tkrsklut tkrcktnh pndn dnkrnm pkgu`u`gn` ntnu pndn cnpn`gn` dk`gn` hi`djsj

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>7

skpkrtj yn`g djskluthn` pndn ncnsn` gkigrnejs dk`gn` akapkrmjtu`ghn` enhtir-

enhtir sklngnj lkrjhut, 

n.  Ljnyn pkalklnsn` cnmn`

 l.  Rkaj`dnmn` pkrncntn`

f.  Rk`gicnmn` cjalnm

Rkalirn` yn`g djcnhuhn` dk`gn` sjstja gugusn` suaur (fcustkr systka) 

u`tuh ak`gmkant cuns`yn cihnsj pkalirn`, skpkrtj dj ckpns pn`tnj. Dj pkrauhnn`

djlunt lklkrnpn suaur, hkaudjn` dj lnwnm pkrauhnn` culn`g suaur tkrsklut

ak`yklnr. Gnalnrn``yn dnpnt djcjmnt pndn gnalnr 6.7.

Gnalnr 6.7

Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Khi`iaj>>) 

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>=

6.>.4 Ncnsn` Tkh`js

Ncnsn` tkh`js ndncnm sklngnj lkrjhut ? 

- \kcjke wkcc 

- Vjdk wncc trnfhj`g 

 n.   \kcjke Wkcc

 \kcjke wkcc  ndncnm pkalirn` lkrnrnm (djrkftji`nc drjccj`g) yn`g djlunt

ak`kalus tnrgkt pndn suaur yn`g skdn`g lkransncnm, fi`tim`yn ndncnm suaur

yn`g skdn`g ak`gncnaj lciwiut  yn`g

 yn`g tkrlnhnr. Tnrgkt dnrj rkcjke wkcc ndncnm tjtjh

 pndn suaur dk`gn` eiransj yn`g ak`jaluchn` lciwiut , akcncuj rkcjke wkcc 

djpiapnhn` fnjrn` u`tuh akandnahn` npj. Gnalnrn``yn dnpnt djcjmnt pndn

gnalnr 6.=.

Gnalnr 6.=

Rkrtjaln`gn` Ncnsn` Tkh`js>>) 

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

>:

 l.  Vjdk Wkcc Trnfhj`g

Ljcn tkrdnpnt pkrncntn` yn`g tkrtj`ggnc dj dncna culn`g, dn` sktkcnm

djusnmnhn` u`tuh ak`gnaljc`yn dk`gn` akcnhuhn`  ejsmj`g oil, tnpj tjdnh

 lkrmnsjc. Rkrncntn` tkrsklut djskak` dn` djcnhuhn` djrkftji`nc drjccj`g  u`tuh

ak`gkcnhhn` pkrncntn` tkrsklut. Rkalirn` j`j djsklut dk`gn` sjdk wkcc trnfhj`g.

6.< Tjpk ‖ Tjpk Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm

Rkalirn` lkrnrnm akajcjhj lklkrnpn ok`js cj`tnsn` sksunj dk`gn` hi`djsj

eiransj yn`g nhn` djtuou. Tjpk-tjpk dnrj cj`tnsn` pkalirn` lkrnrnm n`tnrn cnj`,

ynjtu ?

6.<.> Lujcd [p-n`d-Micd Trnokftiry

Rkalk`tuhn` sudut djcnhuhn` sktkcnm hjfh-iee pij`t , pkalirn` djcnhuhn`

dk`gn` < cj`tnsn`, cj`tnsn` pkrtnan djcnhuhn` dk`gn` akaln`gu` sudut mj`ggn

 lksnr sudut yn`g djj`gj`hn` (lujcd up skftji`) dn` cj`tnsn` hkdun djcnhuhn`

dk`gn` akapkrtnmn`hn` sudut (micd ) mj`ggn ak`fnpnj snsnrn`. Rkalirn` tjpk j`j

djlngj < ok`js, ynjtu?

n.  Vmncciw dkvjntji` typk

Rndn tjpk j`j tjtjh lkcih (hjfh-iee pij`t ) tkrcktnh pndn hkdncnan` yn`g tjdnh

tkrcncu dncna dnrj pkrauhnn` tn`nm. Rkalk`tuhn` sudut djcnhuhn` snapnj lksnr

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<2

yn`g djj`gj`hn`, sktkcnm jtu djcnhuhn` pkrtnalnmn` sudut snapnj hk tnrgkt yn`g

djrk`fn`nhn`.

Hku`tu`gn` dnrj pkalirn` tjpk j`j ndncnm?

•  Akaj`jancjsnsj digckg

•  Akaj`jancjsjr tkrondj stufh

•  Akaj`jancjsnsj drng

l.  Dkkp dkvjntji` typk

Tjpk pkalirn` j`j tjdnh onum lkrlkdn dk`gn` smncciw dkvjntji` typk,

 pkrlkdnn` pndn tjpk j`j pkalkcihn` ntnu tjtjh lkcih ( hjfh-iee pij`t ) tkrcktnh ckljm

dncna djln`dj`ghn` smncciw dkvjntji` typk. Rkalirn` j`j ljnsn`yn djgu`nhn`

u`tuh pkalirn` lkrnrnm djan`n tnrgkt pkalirn` tkrcktnh dj lnwnm hulnm gnrna.

6.<.< \ktur` ti vkrtjfnc (–V‑ typk)

Tjpk pkalirn` ok`js j`j ljnsn djsklut pkalirn` tjpk V. Mnc j`j djsklnlhn`

hnrk`n lk`tuh`yn ak`ykrupnj murue V. Vktkcnm tjtjh lkcih (HIR) djcnhuhn` lujcd

up  mj`ggn j`hcj`nsj tkrtk`tu dn` hkaudjn` djcnhuhn` pkalirn` dk`gn`

akapkrtnmn`hn` sudut j`hcj`nsj j`j. Rndn hkdncnan` tkrtk`tu hkaudjn` djcnhuhn`

drip iee  (ak`gurn`gj
 (ak`gurn`gj j`hcj`nsj) mj`ggn nhmjr`yn j`hcj`nsj culn`g hkalncj vkrtjhnc.

6.<.6 Aidjejkd –V‑ typk

Rndn tjpk pkalirn` j`j, sktkcnm tjtjh lkcih (HIR) djcnhuhn` lujcd up 

mj`ggn sudut j`hcj`nsj tkrtk`tu dn` hkaudjn` pkalirn` djcn`outhn` dk`gn`

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<>

akapkrtnmn`hn` sudut j`hcj`nsj tkrsklut. Rndn hkdncnan` tkrtk`tu hkaudjn`

djcnhuhn` drip iee   mj`ggn j`hcj`nsj tkrtk`tu hkaudjn` pkalirn` djcn`outhn`

hkalncj dk`gn` akalir tn`gk`t skftji` hkdun.

6.6 Ok`js Ipkrnsj Rkalirn`

Lkrdnsnrhn` pkrlkdnn` tkhn`n` mydristntjh dn` mydridj`najs dnrj ecujdn

 pkalirn` yn`g djgu`nhn` pndn snnt pkalirn` tkrmndnp tkhn`n` eiransj, anhn

aktidk ipkrnsj pkalirn` djlngj ak`ondj 6, lkrjhut akrupnhn` aktidk ‖ aktidk

 pkalirn` lkrdnsnrhn` pkrlkdnn` tkhn`n` tkrsklut.

6.6.> An`ngk Rrkssurk Drjcj`g

Akrupnhn` aktidk pkalirn` yn`g pncj`g uaua u`tuh djgu`nhn` dncna

ipkrnsj pkalirn`, yn`g an`n dncna aktidk j`j ak`ongn ngnr tkhn`n` mydristntjh

snan ntnupu` ckljm lksnr skdjhjt djln`dj`ghn` dk`gn` tkhn`n` eiransj. Dncna

aktidk j`j ougn ak`ongn ngnr kqujvnck`t fjrfucntj`g dk`sjty  (KFD) dnrj cuapur

ngnr tktnp snan. Rkransncnmn` dncna an`ngk prkssurk drjccj`g  ndncnm npnljcn

djnpcjhnsjhn` pndn pkalirn` mirjzi`tnc rnwn` tkrondj`yn stufh pjpk.

6.6.< Ivkrlncn`fk Drjccj`g

Aktidk j`j akapu`ynj tuoun` ngnr skcnan prisks pkalirn` tkhn`n`

mydristntjh ckljm lksnr dnrj tkhn`n` eiransj jtu sk`djrj. Rndn pk`krnpn` aktidk

j`j, KFD yn`g tkrondj ljnsn`yn ckljm lksnr, dncna nrtjn` lnmwn lkrnt cuapur yn`g

djgu`nhn` onum dj ntns yn`g djlutumhn` u`tuh ak`ykjaln`ghn` tkhn`n` eiransj.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<<

Rkransncnmn` pndn pk`krnpn` aktidk j`j ndncnm rnwn` tkrondj`yn cist fjrfucntji`,

yn`g ougn ak`yklnlhn`  eirantji` dnangk  (shj`) pndn culn`g lir. @nau`,

aktidk j`j djtkrnphn` pndn uaua`yn u`tuh ak`gmj`dnrj pkransncnmn` stufh

 pjpk, dn` ak`ongn ngnr eiransj tjdnh ru`tum.

6.6.6 [`dkrlncn`fkd Drjccj`g

Rndn aktidk j`j prisks pkalirn` djcnhuhn` dk`gn` ak`ongn ngnr tkhn`n`

mydristntjh onum dj lnwnm tkhn`n` eiransj. Aktidk j`j akajcjhj tj`ghnt lnmnyn

yn`g fuhup tj`ggj, hnrk`n skcnan prisks pkalirn` mnrus ougn ak`gntnsj ansncnm

hjfh   yn`g tkrondj pndn snnt yn`g lkrsnann`. [`tuh ak`gntnsj ansncnm hjfh  
tkrsklut, djpnsn`ghn` ncnt ritntj`g mknd  yn`g
  yn`g ak`ongn tkhn`n` lncjh pndn culn`g

suaur lir. Aktidk j`j ak`ongn ngnr culn`g lir j`j tktnp dncna hkndnn`  eciwj`g 

skmj`ggn gns yn`g djgu`nhn` u`tuh ak`gj`okhsj ecujdn pkalirn` dnpnt djpnhnj

u`tuh j`okhsj ucn`g.

6.4 Rkrncntn` Littia Mick Nsskalcy

Littia Mick Nsskalcy (LMN) ndncnm rn`ghnjn` pkrncntn` lnwnm

 pkrauhnn` yn`g djpnsn`g pndn rn`ghnjn` drjcc strj`g ngnr dnpnt djntur

hkck`turn``yn skmj`ggn dnpnt ak`gjhutj picn cj`tnsn`

c j`tnsn` yn`g djrk`fn`nhn`.

Rk`gnturn` sudut hkajrj`gn` dn` sudut nrnm dnpnt djcnhuhn` dk`gn`

ak`gntur ntnu ak`gialj`nsjhn` rn`ghnjn` LMN ljnsn`yn djcnhuhn` sktkcnm

ak`fnpnj sudut tkrtk`tu. Rk`gnturn` j`j tkransuh djn`tnrn`yn ak`gntur tjtjh

hi`tnh, akajcjm onrnh pk`kapntn` stnljcjzkr  dnrj

  dnrj ljt , akajcjm uhurn` drjcc ficcnr

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<6

tkrtk`tu, ak`gntur Wkjgmt i` Ljt (WIL) dn`  \itntji` Rkr Aj`utk (\RA), skrtn

ak`gntur onrnh stnljcjzkr  pkrtnan,

 pkrtnan, hkdun, dn` sktkrus`yn.

Vusu`n` LMN yn`g lkrmnsjc lnjh snnt djgu`nhn` pndn suntu suaur, lkcua

tk`tu lkrmnsjc lnjh pucn snnt djtkrnphn` dj suaur cnj`, mnc j`j tkrondj hnrk`n

 pk`gnrum dnrj eiransj yn`g djlir. Dnrj urnjn` dj ntns, anhn sn`gnt djpkrcuhn`

 pk`gncnan` dj dncna pk`gnturn` rn`ghnjn` LMN ngnr

n gnr djpkrickm mnsjc yn`g lnjh

dj dncna ipkrnsj pkalirn` lkrnrnm. Lkrjhut j`j akrupnhn` susu`n` pkrncntn`

yn`g djgu`nhn` u`tuh ak`yusu` rn`ghnjn` LMN dncna suntu ipkrnsj pkalirn`

yn`g skrj`g djgu`nhn`.

6.4.> Diw` Mick Aud Aitir

Rkrncntn` j`j akrupnhn` ncnt yn`g lkreu`gsj ak`ggkrnhhn` pnmnt tn`pn

mnrus akautnr rn`ghnjn` pjpn pkalirn`. Rk`ggkrnh utnan pndn aitir ndncnm

ecujdn pkalirn` ntnu cuapur pkalirn` yn`g djpiapnhn` dnrj pkrauhnn` ak`uou

aitir akcncuj drjcc strj`g. Ecujdn tkrsklut ak`ggkrnhhn` akhn`jsak aitir. Rndn

aitir tkrsklut djck`ghnpj dk`gn` lk`t sul ntnu lk`t miusj`g u`tuh akalkcihhn`

cj`tnsn` suaur dk`gn` ck`ghu`gn` yn`g mncus. 

Ndn dun anfna diw`mick aud aitir , ynjtu ?

n. Turlj`k aitir

Aitir mjdricjh dk`gn` auctj stngk yn`g tkrdjrj dnrj ritir dn` stntir. Aktidk

yn`g djgu`nhn` turlj`k aitir ndncnm ak`fjptnhn` hkhuntn` putnrn` pndn pnmnt

ynh`j dk`gn` ak`ggu`nhn` aiak`tua ecujdn. Vtrntir  lkrndn

  lkrndn pndn lngjn` aitir

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<4

yn`g djna dn` lkreu`gsj sklngnj pk`gnrnum ncjrn ecujdn pkalirn` hk ritir. Nhjlnt

ndn`yn ncjrn` ecujdn pkalirn` yn`g ak`ualuh ritir, anhn ritir nhn` lkrputnr.

Rutnrn` j`j nhn` djtkrushn` hk pnmnt akcncuj lntn`g pk`ggkrnh. Ouacnm stngk

tkrgn`tu`g pndn lksnr`yn tirsj ntnu hkhuntn` yn`g djj`gj`hn`. Turlj`k aitir  

akaln`ghjthn` tk`ngn dk`gn` ak`ggu`nhn` aiak`tua ecujdn, anhn tkhn`n`

skpn`on`g aitir rkcntje hi`stn` pndn snnt ipkrnsj u`tuh suntu cnou ncjrn` tkrtk`tu.

Turlj`k aitir akapu`ynj lklkrnpn hku`tu`gn`, ynh`j lnjh djgu`nhn` pndn

tkapkrnturk tj`ggj ( dj ntns

ntn s 622² E ) dn` pndn lngjn` ijc lnsk aud .

Gnalnr 6.:

Turlj`k Aitir >>)

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<;

Djspcnfkak`t Aitir 
l. Risjtjvk Djspcnfkak`t

Ncnt j`j djgkrnhhn` ickm piapn dk`gn` ritir lkrlk`tuh mkcjsjidnc yn`g

 lkrpkrn` sklngnj ritir tkrskhnt dj dncna stntir . Ojhn ecujdn djncjrhn`, ritir nhn`

 lkrgkrnh akalkrjhn` oncn` hkpndn ecujdn u`tuh ak`gncjr. \itir lkrgkrnh

lk rgkrnh hnrk`n

ndn`yn pkrlkdnn` tkhn`n` dj dncna aitir yn`g djmnsjchn` ickm cuapur. Dnpnt

djcjmnt pndn gnalnr 6.>2.

Gnalnr 6.>2

RDA>>)

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<5

6.4.< Vtkkrnlck Vystka

Akrupnhn` sjstka pkalirn` yn`g dnpnt djhi`tric nrnm pkalirn``yn

skfnrn cn`gsu`g hktjhn pkalirn` lkrcn`gsu`g. Lngjn` sjstka j`j akcjputj pnmnt

 lir, lk`t sul/lk`t miusj`g, DMDA, AWD, dn` stnljcjzkr   yn`g akrupnhn`

hialj`nsj LMN. Ipkrnsj pkalirn` stkkrnlck systka dnpnt ak`ggu`nhn` < fnrn,

ynjtu scjdj`g aidk dn` ritnry aidk.

Vcjdj`g aidk  ndncnm suntu hkgjntn` pkalirn` dk`gn` ak`ggu`nhn`

DMDA sklngnj pk`ggkrnh dnrj pnmnt lir dn` drjcc strj`g tjdnh djputnr, djcnhuhn`

 ojhn nhn` akcnhuhn` pkrulnmn` nrnm pkalirn`.

 \itnry aidk  ndncnm suntu hkgjntn` pkalirn` ak`ggu`nhn` DMDA dn`

ritnry tnlck  yn`g lkreu`gsj u`tuh ak`ggkrnhn` ljt. Fnrn j`j djcnhuhn` dk`gn`

akautnr drjcc strj`g ojhn akalir culn`g dk`gn` nrnm tjdnh

t jdnh lkrulnm.

6.4.6 Frissivkr

Frissivkr ndncnm ncnt yn`g djgu`nhn` u`tuh ak`ynalu`g dun ok`js pjpn

yn`g lkrlkdn ucjr ntnu djnaktkr`yn.

djnaktkr`yn. Dncna prnhtkh`yn yn`g
yn`g djsnalu`g ndncnm,

n.  Drjcc Ficcnr dk`gn` Drjcc Ficcnr.

 l.  Drjcc Ficcnr dk`gn` Tulj`g.

f.  Drjcc Ficcnr dk`gn` ljt.

d.  Drjcc Rjpk dk`gn` MWDR/MWDF.

k.  Drjcc Ficcnr dk`gn` MWDR/MWDF.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<7

6.4.4 Drjcc Ficcnr

 Drjcc Ficcnr   ndncnm pjpn lnon yn`g

yn`g lkreu`gsj sklngnj pk`yncur gkrnh putnr

dnrj drjcc pjpk hk pnmnt dn` pkalkrnt pndn pnmnt u`tuh cnou pk`kalusn` dn`
akcurushn` rn`ghnjn` pjpn pkralirn` ntnu rn`ghnjn` drjcc strj`g.

6.4.; Mknvy Wkjgmt Drjcc Rjpk (MWDR) 

Akrupnhn` sncnm sntu ok`js drjcc pjpk yn`g akajcjhj eu`gsj hmusus, ynjtu

 pkalkrj lkln` pndn ljt (WIL) dn` sklngnj pk`ykjaln`g drjcc strj`g. Dncna

 pkalirn` mirjzi`tnc pk`ggu`nn` MWDR pk`tj`g nrtj`yn sklngnj pkalkrj WIL

yn`g fuhup ak`ggn`tjhn` eu`gsj drjcc ficcnr dn` ak`dnpnthn` cnou pk`kalusn`

ntnu rntk ie pk`ktrntji` (\IR) yn`g lnjh. Rk`ggu`nn` drjcc ficcnr yn`g ln`ynh

nhn` ak`njhhn` lkln` drng dn` tirsj pndn drjcc strj`g skmj`ggn nhn` ak`gmnalnt

 pkalirn` (ajsnc`yn tkrokpjt, dcc), anhn pk`ggu`nn` MWDR sn`gnt lkrgu`n

sklngnj pk`ggn`tj drjcc ficcnr.

6.4.5 Drjcc Rjpk 

 Drjcc Rjpk  ndncnm pjpn lnon yn`g uhurn` dn` lkrnt`yn ckljm rj`gn`

djln`dj`ghn` dk`gn` Drjcc Ficcnr , drjcc pjpk j`j lkreu`gsj u`tuh ?

n.  Ak`gmulu`ghn` hkccy dk`gn` drjcc ficcnr .

 l.  Akapkrpn`on`g strj`g u`tuh akau`ghj`hn` pk`kalusn` ckljm dncna.

f.  Ak`krushn` tk`ngn putnr dnrj ritnry tnlck hk pnmnt.

d.  Akau`ghj`hn` pnmnt lir dj`njh-turu`hn`.

k.  Ak`ondj akdjn u`tuh ncjrn` ecujdn cuapur lir dnrj swjvkc hk pnmnt lir.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn
 

<=

6.4.7 Vtnljcjzkr 

Vtnljcjzkr  lkreu`gsj
  lkreu`gsj sklngnj pk`ongn hksktjaln`gn` drjcc strj`g. Vtnljcjzkr  

dncna pkalirn` mirjzi`tnc sn`gnt pk`tj`g, hnrk`n akrupnhn` pkrncntn` dncna

LMN, djan`n pk`kapntn` dn` uhurn` stnljcjzkr   sn`gnt akapk`gnrumj hkron

LMN. Djsnapj`g jtu stnljcjzkr  dnpnt

  dnpnt djgu`nhn` u`tuh akrulnm lkln` pndn pnmnt

 lir (WIL).

6.4.= \knakr 

Lkreu`gsj u`tuh akaluhn ntnu akapkrlksnr djnaktkr culn`g suaur ngnr

suaur pkalirn` tjdnh ak`ykapjt skrnt ak`gmncushn` dj`dj`g suaur lir,

djcktnhhn` dj ntns pnmnt lir sktkcnm ljt sul, rkgucnr rknakr  djtkapnthn`

 djtkapnthn` dj lnwnm

LMN. Vtrj`g rknakr   djtkapnthn` dj lnwnm drjcc strj`g u`tuh akapkrlksnr

djnaktkr culn`g suaur lngjn` ntns pnmnt lir. Jstjcnm rknakr  dn`

 dn` stnljcjzkr hndn`g

 ‖ hndn`g dnpnt
dn pnt djtuhnr hnrk`n ncnt j`j akapu`ynj
akapu`ynj eu`gsj u`tuh ak`fnpnj tuoun`

yn`g snan, ljnsn`yn djpnhnj pndn eiransj hkrns dn` nlrnsjvk .

6.4.: Lk`t Vul 

 Lk`t sul  akrupnhn` suntu ncnt pkalkcih lkrupn pjpn snalu`gn` yn`g

akajcjhj sudut tkrtk`tu, yn`g tkrcktnh dj ntns aitir dn` turlj`k  pndn ritnry

nsskalcy.  Lk`t sul  j`j ndncnm ncnt yn`g djgu`nhn` dncna rn`ghnjn` pkrncntn`

LMN yn`g lkreu`gsj u`tuh akalkrjhn` sudut pndn culn`g lir snnt skdn`g

djcnhuhn` ipkrnsj pkalirn` pndn suntu suaur.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

<:

Vusu`n` LMN uaua`yn tkrdjrj dnrj ? Ljt,  \knakr ,  Diw` Mick Aitir ,

 Drjcc Ficcnr, @i` Ang`ktjf Drjcc Ficcnr, Lk`t Vul, Mknvy Wkjgmt Drjcc Rjpk, dn`

 Drjccj`g Onr   dk`gn` picn susu`n` tkrtk`tu ak`gjhutj prj`sjp eucfrua ntnu

 pk`ducua.

Rrj`sjp Eucfrua

Rrj`sjp j`j ak`u`ouhhn` pk`kapntn` stnljcjzkr   dkhnt dk`gn` pnmnt nhn`

akapkrhkfjc onrnh tjtjh tn`gk`sjnc dnrj pnmnt lir. Hktjhn ndn pkalkln`n` pndn

 pnmnt lir skmj`ggn akapkrlksnr sudut hkajrj`gn` yn`g nhn` djmnsjchn`.

Rk`gnturn` onrnh pk`kapntn`, ouacnm dn` uhurn` stnljcjzkr  dnpnt

 dnpnt djcnhuhn` u`tuh

ak`gntur cnou pkrtnalnmn` sudut djsnapj`g pkalkln`n` pndn pnmnt lir (WIL).

Rk`ggnalnrn` kekh Eucfrua dncna akapkrlksnr sudut hkajrj`gn` cj`tnsn`

culn`g lir dnpnt djcjmnt ckljm okcns dnrj gnalnr 6.>> dj lnwnm j`j.

Gnalnr 6.>>

>>)
Rrj`sjp Eucfrua  

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

62

  Rrj`sjp Rk`ducua 

Rrj`sjp Rk`ducua akapkrcjmnthn` ljcn onrnh dnrj tjtjh tn`gk`sjnc

djpkrlksnr dk`gn` fnrn ak`kapnthn` stnljcjzkr pndn onrnh yn`g ckljm onum dnrj

 pnmnt lir, anhn nhn` ak`yklnlhn` gnyn grnvjtnsj fk`dkru`g ak`nrjh pnmnt lir

hk nrnm sualu vkrtjhnc culn`g lir yn`g ak`yklnlhn` sudut hkajrj`gn` yn`g

djmnsjchn` ak`gkfjc. [`tuh ckljm okcns`yn prj`sjp Rk`ducua yn`g ak`gnhjlnthn`

ak`gkfjc`yn sudut hkajrj`gn` dnrj cj`tnsn` dnpnt djcjmnt dnrj gnalnr 6.><

djlnwnm j`j.

D\IR N@GCK

Gnalnr 6.><

Rrj`sjp Rk`ducua>>) 

  Rrj`sjp Vtnljcjsnsj 

Rrj`sjp Vtnljcjsnsj djgu`nhn` u`tuh akapkrtnmn`hn` sudut hkajrj`gn`

culn`g lir yn`g tkcnm djfnpnj. Mnc j`j dnpnt djfnpnj dk`gn` picn susu`n` LMN

dk`gn` ak`kapnthn` lklkrnpn stnljcjzkr   pndn rn`ghnjn` LMN u`tuh

ak`gjaln`gj pkalkln`n` dn` tjtjh tn`gk`sjnc. Rkrcu djpkrmntjhn` dncna

 pk`gi`tricn` sudut hkajrj`gn` ndncnm WIL, putnrn`

putnrn ` pnmnt lir drjcc strj`g skrtn

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

6>

mjdricjhn dnrj pnmnt lir. Rutnrn` pnmnt lir dn` drjcc strj`g, skrtn mjdricjhn yn`g

 lkrcnj`n` nhn` ak`jaluchn` pkalksnrn` culn`g.

culn`g.

6.; Rkrncntn` Vurvky Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm

Vkcnan ipkrnsj pkalirn` lkrnrnm, sktjnp tkcnm djfnpnj tjtjh ‖ tjtjh

djhkdncnan` tkrtk`tu ak`guhur sudut hkajrj`gn` dn` sudut nrnm culn`g lir

(akcnhuhn` survky). Dnrj pk`guhurn` j`j dnpnt djhktnmuj pk`yjapn`gn` sudut

dnrj snsnrn` yn`g djrk`fn`nhn` skmj`ggn dnrj sktjnp tjtjh pk`guhurn` j`j dnpnt

ak`ghirkhsj pk`yjapn`gn` ljcn nrnm dn` hkajrj`gn` tkcnm ak`yjapn`g dn`

ak`gnrnmhn` hkalncj hk snsnrn` skaucn.

Tuoun` djcnhuhn` survky pndn djrkftji`nc drjccj`g ndncnm ?

•  [`tuh akai`jtir cj`tnsn` suaur skmj`ggn dnpnt djln`dj`ghn` dk`gn`

cj`tnsn` yn`g djrk`fn`nhn`.

•  [`tuh ak`fkgnm –ficcjsji` – dk`gn` – kxjstj`g wkcc – dj skhjtnr`yn.

•  [`tuh ak`k`tuhn` irjk`tnsj yn`g djpkrcuhn` u`tuh ak`kapnthn` ncnt

 pkalkcih ( dkeckftji` tiics) pndn nrnm yn`g tkpnt.

•  [`tuh ak`k`tuhn` cihnsj yn`g tkpnt dnrj dnsnr suaur ( hiirdj`nt dnsnr

suaur).

•  [`tuh ak`gmjtu`g digckg skrjvjty.

Rkrncntn` yn`g djgu`nhn` tkrlngj dncna lklkrnpn anfna, ynjtu ?

n.  Ang`ktjf Vj`gck Vmit

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

6<

Rkrncntn` survky j`j ak`fntnt j`hcj`nsj suaur dn` nrnm utnrn ang`kt dnrj

culn`g suaur. Rrj`sjp ncnt j`j ndncnm lkrupn pkaitrktn` djan`n sklunm hiapns

dn` u`jt pk`fntnt sudut yn`g lkrlk`tuh fnhrna djpitrkt lkrsnan ickm sklunm

hnakrn dn` djdnpnt pk`yjapn`gn`. Ncnt j`j tjdnh ak`guhur nrnm ojhn djtkapnthn`

dj dncna pjpn lnon ntnu fnsj`g. Ljnsn`yn pkrncntn` j`j djtkapnthn` pndn  @i`

Drjcc Ficcnr .
 Ang`ktjf Drjcc

Gnalnr 6.>6

>>)
Ang`ktjf Vj`gck Vmit

l.  Auctjsmit

Rkrncntn` survky j`j lkrgu`n u`tuh akrkhna skouacnm dntn j`hcj`nsj dn`

nrnm nzjautm culn`g suaur pndn lkrlngnj hkdncnan` dncna lklkrnpn hncj

 pk`guhurn`.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

66

Rkrncntn` j`j djturu`hn` dk`gn` wjrkcj`k  dnrj pkrauhnn` dn` pk`fntntn`

mnsjc survkj`yn djpkrickm hktjhn pkanhnjn` rn`ghnjn` pjpn lir djfnlut hkcunr dnrj

culn`g suaur.

Gnalnr 6.>4

>>)
Auctjsmit

f.  AWD ( Aknsurkak`t

 Aknsurkak`t Wmjck Drjccj`g)

Akrupnhn` suntu tkh`jh pk`fntntn` vnrjnsj pk`guhurn` dncna culn`g lir

dn` mnsjc pk`guhurn` djtrn`sajsjhn` hk pkrauhnn` dk`gn` akan`ennthn`

sjrhucnsj cuapur snnt

sn nt pkalirn` lkrcn`gsu`g. Ncnt j`j djgu`nhn` u`tuh ak`gi`tric

sudut hkajrj`gn` dn` sudut nrnm, skcnj` jtu AWD ougn lkreu`gsj ak`dktkhsj zi`n

 lkrtkhn`n` tj`ggj, hirkcnsj ciggj`g, akai`jtirj`g lkln` gnyn skrtn tirsj dj pnmnt

 lir.

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

64

d.  CWD (Ciggj`g Wmjck Drjccj`g)

Akrupnhn` suntu pkrncntn` yn`g djcktnhhn` pndn rn`ghnjn` dj dkhnt pnmnt

 lir, u`tuh ak`guhur dntn dnrj eiransj yn`g nhn`

n hn` djlir dn` ak`gjrjahn``yn hk

 pkrauhnn` skfnrn cn`gsu`g, hktjhn prisks pkalirn` skdn`g lkroncn`. Rrj`sjp

hkron CWD snan dk`gn` prj`sjp hkron dnrj ncnt wjrkcj`k ciggj`g  cnj``yn, yn`g

ak`ggu`nhn` kajsj sj`nr gnaan u`tuh ak`gkvncunsj eiransj.

6.5 Aktidn ‖ Aktidn Rkrmjtu`gn` Mnsjc Vurvky Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm

Ndn lklkrnpn aktidn yn`g dnpnt ak`k`tuhn` hiirdj`nt tjtjh-tjtjh survky

j`j skpkrtj yn`g tjdnh djokcnshn` pndn sul lnl pkrncntn` survky. Dncna

ak`gn`ncjsn pkrsincn`, skaun aktidn yn`g nhn` djokcnshn` lkrdnsnrhn`

 pkrmjtu`gn``yn hkpndn pk`guhurn` 6 lksnrn`, ynjtu hkdncnan` suaur ( AD ),

 pkrulnmn` sudut hkajrj`gn` ( J ), dn` sudut nrnm (N) yn`g djfntnt ickm ncnt-ncnt

survky.

6.5.> Aktidn Tn`gk`tjnc

Rrj`sjp dnrj aktidn j`j ndncnm ak`ggu`nhn` sudut j`hcj`nsj dn`

nzjautm dnrj tjtjh nwnc j`tkrvnc yn`g ak`gmjtu`g – vkrtjfnc dkptm‑, –dkpnrturk‑,

dn` pisjsj.

∅ TUD 1 ∅ AD fis J <  .....................

................................................
.................................................
..........................(6.>)
....(6.>) 

∅ M  1 ∅ AD sj` J <   .................................................

.......................................................................
..........................(6.<)
....(6.<)

∅ K  1 ∅ D sj` N <  1 ∅ AD sj` J <  sj` N <  ...........................

...........................................(6.6)
................(6.6)

∅ @  1 ∅ D fis N <  1 ∅ AD sj` J <  fis N <   .........................................(6.4)

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

6;

Djan`n ?

∅ AD 1 pkrtnalnmn` aknsurkd dkptm, ekkt

∅ TUD
 1 pkrtnalnmn` TUD, ekkt
∅M 1 pkrtnalnmn` dkpnrturk, ekkt

∅@ 1 pkrtnalnmn` hiirdj`nt nrnm [tnrn, dkg

∅  K 1 pkrtnalnmn` hiirdj`nt nrnm Tjaur, dkg

6.5.< Aktidn Lncn`fkd Tn`gk`tjnc

Aktidn j`j akalngj dun j`tkrvnc  djan`n u`tuh lngjn` ntns djgu`nhn`

sudut j`hcj`nsj dn` nzjautm pndn tjtjh nwnc j`tkrvnc   dn` u`tuh lngjn` lnwnm

djgu`nhn` sudut j`hcj`nsj dn` nzjautm pndn tjtjh nhmjr j`tkrvnc . Rrj`sjp dnrj

aktidn j`j djtu`ouhhn` pndn gnalnr 6.>; lkrjhut j`j.

Gnalnr 6.>;

Lncn`fkd Tn`gk`tjnc Aktmid ? (n) Ukrtjfnc Vkftji` (l) Rcn` Ujkw >>)

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

65

Djan`n ?

N 1 Nzjautm, dkg

M 1 Mirjzi`tnc Dkpnrturk, ekkt

J 1 J`fcj`ntji`, dkg

AD 1 Aknsurkd Dkptm, ekkt

TUD 1 Truk Ukrtjfnc Dkptm, ekkt

  ∅
 ∅ AD 
∅ M > 1     sj` J > ....................
..........................................
...........................................
...........................................
........................(6.;)
..(6.;)
  <    

 ∅
∅ M < 1  
    AD sj` J < ..........................................
................................................................
............................................
......................(6.5)
(6.5)
<  
   

∅ AD
∅ M  1 ∅ M > + ∅ M <   1   (
sj`  J > + sj`  J < ) .....................................(6.7)
<  

  ∅
 ∅ AD 
∅TUD> 1     fis J > ....................
..........................................
............................................
........................................(6.=
..................(6.=))
  <    

  ∅
 ∅ AD 
∅TUD < 1    fis J < .....................
..........................................
...........................................
.....................................(6.:)
...............(6.:)
  <  
>
 

∅
∅TUD 1 ∅TUD> + ∅TUD  < 1  AD
<   ( )
fis J > + fis J < ............................(6.>2) 

∅ AD
∅ @  1 ∅ @ > + ∅ @ < 1 ∅ M  fis  N> + ∅ M 
  fis  N  < 1 (
  sj`  J > fis  N> + sj`  J < fis N< )  
< ............(6.>>)

∅ AD
∅ K  1 ∅ K > + ∅ K < 1 (∅ M > sj`  N> + ∅ M    <)1
  < sj`  N (
  sj`  J > sj`  N> + sj`  J < sj` N< )  
< ............(6.><)

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

67

6.5.6 Aktidn N`gck Nvkrngj`g

Rrj`sjp dnrj aktidn j`j ndncnm ak`ggu`nhn` rntn-rntn dnrj sudut j`hcj`nsj

dn` sudut nzjautm dncna ak`gmjtu`g – vkrtjfnc dkptm‑, – dkpnrturk‑, dn` pisjsj.

Rkrmjtu`gn` dk`gn` aktidn j`j mnapjr snan dk`gn` aktidn tn`gk`tjnc.

  J   + J <  
∅ M  1 ∅ AD sj`  >  .....................
...........................................
............................................
....................................(6.>6)
..............(6.>6)
  <    

  J   + J <  
∅TUD 1 ∅ AD fis >  ....................
..........................................
...........................................
................................(6.>4)
...........(6.>4)
  <    

  J   + J <     N > +  N<  

∅ K  1 ∅ AD sj`  >  sj`   ....................
..........................................
.....................................(6.>;)
...............(6.>;)

  <     <    
  J   + J <     N > +  N<  
∅ @  1 ∅ AD sj`  >  fis  ...................
.........................................
.....................................(6.>5)
...............(6.>5)
  <     <    

6.5.4 Aktidn \ndjus ie

ie Furvnturk

Aktidn j`j ak`gn`ggnp lnmwn cj`tnsn` yn`g akcncuj dun stnsji`

 lkrlk`tuh hurvn yn`g akapu`ynj rndjus ie furvnturk tkrtk`tu, dk`gn` prj`sjp

 pndn gnalnr 6.>5 dj lnwnm j`j.

Gnalnr 6.>5

Aktidn \ndjus ie Furvnturk

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

6=

Djan`n ?

M 1 Mirjzi`tnc Dkpnrturk, ekkt

J 1 J`fcj`ntji`, dkg
AD 1 Aknsurkd Dkptm, ekkt

\ 1 \ndjus, ekkt

TUD 1 Truk Ukrtjfnc Dkptm, ekkt

652∅ AD
∅TUD 1    (fis J > ∜ fis J < ) ..........................................
..........................................................(6.>7
................(6.>7))
<΢ ( J < ∜ J > )
 

∅
∅ M  1 <652  AD fis J > ∜ fis J < ) ..........................................
΢ ( J < ∜   J > ) (
................................................................
......................(6.>=
(6.>=) 
 

652 < ∅ AD(fis J > ∜ fis J < )(sj` N< ∜ sj` N> )

∅ @  1 .........................................(6.>:)
4΢ < ( N< ∜  N> ) ( J < ∜ J > )
 

652 < ∅ AD(fis J > ∜ fis J < )(fis N> ∜ fis N< )

∅ K  1 .........................................(6.<2)
4΢ ( N< ∜ N> )( J < ∜ J > )
<
 

6.5.; Aktidn Aj`jaua ie Furvnturk

Furvnturk

Rkrsnann` aktidn aj`jaua ie furvnturk  mnapjr snan dk`gn`

 pkrsnann` aktidn lncn`fkd tn`gk`tjnc, hkfuncj dntn survky djhncjhn` dk`gn`

enhtir \E ( \ntji Enftir  ).

 ).

  <     <  
 \E  1   tn`  ....................
.........................................
...........................................
..........................(6.<>)
....(6.<>)
    rndjn`
 DC      
 DC

Djan`n ?

DC 1 Digckg n`gck

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur
 Mjrismj Kvn` Aucyn`jzfmn

6:

fis DC 1 fis( J < ∜ J > ) ∜ sj`  J > sj` J < (> ∜ fis( N< ∜ N> ))   ............................(6.<<)

∅ J 
Ntnu, Digckg (˟/>22 et) 1
∅ AD  .................................................(6.<6)

Rk`nalnmn` hkdncnan` vkrtjhnc pndn sktjnp pk`nalnmn` pn`on`g cj`tnsn`, ∅TUD

∅ AD
∅TUD 1 (fis J > + fis J < ) \E 
 \E  .........................................
........................................................(6.<4)
...............(6.<4)
<  

Rk`nalnmn` onrnh pk`yjapn`gn` nrnm mirjzi`tnc, ∅M ( mirjzi`tnc dkpnrturk )

∅ AD
∅ MD 1 < (sj` J > + sj` J < ) \E   ........................................................(6.<;)

 J`hcj`nsjL ∜ J`hcj`nsj
 J`hcj`nsjL  J`hcj`nsjN
N
Aknsurkd Dkptm (et) 1 .........................................(6.<5)
 L[\  

U skf 1 fis ( Nzjautm l ‖ Nzjautm n) x Fcisurk

Fcisurk Djstn`fk ..................(6.<7)
..................(6.<7)

Djan`n, Fcisurk djstn`fk 1  @ <  + K <   .....................

..........................................
..................................(6.<=)
.............(6.<=)

Rk`nalnmn` nrnm hiirdj`nt [tnrn (∅ @) dn` hiirdj`nt Tjaur (∅K)

∅ AD
∅ @  1 (sj` J > fis N> + sj` J < fis N< ) \E 
 \E  ..........................................(6.<:)
<  

∅ AD
∅ K  1 (sj` J > sj` N> + sj` J < sj` N< ) \E 
 \E  ...........................................(6.62)
<  

 N`ncjjs Cj`tnsn` Rkalirn` Lkrnrnm Culn`g >< >/4"

>/4" pndn Vuaur "]" Cnpn`gn` "_" dj Onwn Tjaur