ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

LESSON 3: UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC AND HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK
PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

Time Started : ___________

Time Ended : ___________

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

A. take a critical approach to the available sources or references;

B. question and evaluate the different types of academic texts that you read;
C. realize the value of authenticity of ideas through citation and paraphrasing;
D. use the standard system of referencing; and
E. apply the most appropriate text types for academic work.

INTRODUCTION/KEY POINTS

In academic writing, it is very important to

observe the originality of ideas and languages that
you are going to use in your written composition.
However, there are times that our ideas and theories
are insufficient, and so we usually opt with other texts
as resources. Hence, the standard system of
referencing was introduced. Among of these
referencing strategies are citation, quotation, and
simply giving credits to the owner. Furthermore, there
are also strategies to emulate someone’s idea which
can be done through paraphrasing technic. In the
process of paraphrasing, you are still required to state
or cite the owner of the ideas that you have
paraphrased. Thus, in one composition you may
integrate all of the referencing strategies and technic.

 Plagiarism

 Incorporating sources

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

KNOWLEDGE BOOSTER (CORE CONTENT)

I. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon the

academe. It is defined as copying verbatim of language and ideas of other writers
and taking credit for them.

Common Types of Plagiarism

1. Direct Plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of someone’s work without
quotation or credit.
2. Self Plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or her own previous work, or
mixes parts of previous works, without asking for permission from the teachers
involved.
3. Mosaic Plagiarism occurs when student borrows phrases from a source without
quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s languages while keeping the
same structure.

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

4. Accidental Plagiarism happens when a person neglects to cite their sources, or

misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar
words, groups of words, and/or sentence structure without attribution.

Reference: https://www.bowdoin.edu

II. Incorporating sources

What are the types of citation?

Author-Oriented citation starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of publication
in parentheses.
Ex: Pulido (2012) emphasizes that language in an online environment can be understood if other
modes of online communication are further analyzed to provide a full account of interaction in
virtual world.

Text-oriented citation- a paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with the surname of the
author of the work and the year of publication. The citation must be enclosed in parentheses.
Ex: Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject areas,
problems in comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent issue in the teaching learning
process (Estacio, 2010).

Another way of citation

Start the sentence or paragraph by using the phrase “According to…” followed by the surname of the
author and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses.
Ex: According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century, our fuel reserves will be reduced to
half, and scarcity of energy supplies will be a big problem.

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

Images:
1. Luna’s Spolarium (1884) inspired…
2. In 1884, Luna’s Spoliarium presented…

Video:
1. Spencer’s (2009) “The Matchmaker” shows…
2. “The Matchmaker” (Spencer, 2009) accurately…

Music:
1. The Beatles’ song “A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) features…
2. John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song “ A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) which is
considered…

Direct quotation is employed for statements that are closely associated that altering the words may
lose its rhetorical impact.

Using direct quotations means to lift text and enclose them in quotation marks. In addition to the
author’s name, the page numbers are included.

Ex: “Globalization is just a covert term for colonization.” (Reyes, 1994, p.22)

Paraphrasing is restating a statement or passage in your own words. The following are observed in
paraphrasing:

1. The meaning conveyed in the paraphrased material should be the same as that of the original source.
2. The length should be the same or almost the same.
3. The structure is different from that of the source.
4. Technical terms or generally accepted terms may be retained.
5. The source is indicated in the paraphrase.

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

The following are ways in paraphrasing:

1. Literal Paraphrasing
This type only replaces vocabulary terms from the original text.
2. Structural Paraphrasing
This type changes the sentence structure as well as the world class of key words of the text.
3. Alternative Paraphrasing
In this type, the writer first poses questions about the text such as what the text is about, how the
main idea is supported, and the stand of the author about the topic. Then, the writer answers these
questions using his/her own words after reading the text; making sure that all ideas are connected.

Summarizing is a short statement of the main idea of a text.

ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY
Activity No. 1

Directions: Combine all the strategies of referencing; citation, quotation, and paraphrase the paragraph
below.

The impact of eBooks and audiobooks on the book market is related to the ease
or difficulty of potential readers to utilize the available technical aids. This question has
been analyzed in the context of three partially overlapping theories about the
individual's adoption of new technology. They are Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM), the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Theory. Furthermore, some theories for
understanding of individuals' adoption of technical innovations in the book market are
used. These are the Adoption-Diffusion Theory and the Innovation-Decision process.

Diego Fernando, Botero Aristizabal, and Gabriel Bergqvist, 2018

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ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

The most effective siesta seems to consist of three parts: roughly 30 minutes of
light sleep to rest the body, followed by 30 minutes of stage 2 sleep which clears the
hippocampus, and finally 30 minutes of REM sleep which is when dreams are
experienced: possibly as a result of the new memories being processed as they are stored
in the pre-frontal cortex. This process is believed to be so valuable that some researchers
argue that a siesta can be as beneficial as a full night’s sleep.

(Kitschelt, P. (2006) How the Brain Works. Berlin: Freihaus, p.73)

Activity No. 2

Directions: Read the following texts and decide if you can trust the information. Give reasons for your
decisions in the table beside the texts.

A. ______________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Why struggle when you could live in luxury? Solve your
money worries easily and quickly by working for us. No
experience needed, you can earn hundreds of pounds for just a
few hours’ work per day. Work when it suits you, day or night.
Don’t delay, call today for an interview on 07795–246791.

B. ______________________ If you have money problems, there’s lots of ways you

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
can save cash. Instead of spending money on new clothes, try
buying them secondhand from charity shops, where you’ll find
lots of stylish bargains. Eating out is another big expense, but
instead you can get together with a few friends and cook a meal
together; it’s cheaper and it’s fun. Bus fares and taxis can also
cost a lot, so it might be worth looking for a cheap bicycle,
which lets you travel where you want, when you want.

C. ______________________ Most students have financial difficulties at times. It has

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
been estimated that nearly 55 per cent experience financial
difficulties in their first year at college or university. It’s often
hard living on a small fixed income, and the cost of
accommodation and food can come as a shock when you first
live away from your parents. The most important thing, if you
find you are getting into debt, is to speak to a financial advisor
in the Student Union, who may be able to help you sort out
your problems.
ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT
 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

SELF- CHECK (SELF-ASSESSMENT)/ INSIGHT

I. Directions: The table below lists the most common written sources used by students. Work with a
partner to consider their likely advantages and disadvantages.

Text Type Advantages Disadvantages

1. Textbook Accessible May be too general

2. Website

3. Journal article

4. Official report (e.g. from

government)

5. Newspaper or magazine
article

6. e-book

II. Directions: Analyze the following academic situations and decide if they are plagiarism.

Situation Yes or No

1. Using a paragraph from an essay you wrote and had marked the
previous semester, without citation.
2. Taking a quotation from a source, giving a citation but not using
quotation marks.
3. Cutting and pasting a short article from a website, with no citation.

4. Taking a graph from a textbook, giving the source.

5. Copying a paragraph, but changing a few words and giving a

citation.

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

ASSIGNMENT
Directions: In your notebook, write at least 10 reliable sources offline.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

REFERENCES
Walking You Through Research: Lee, Ballena, Pareja, Gochuico & Puzon
Academic Writing a Handbook for International Students, © 2011 Stephen Bailey
PHOENIX: English for Academic & Professional Purposes (English for the Globalized Classroom Series) by
Paolo Nino M. Valdez, PhD., Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
REX: English for Academic And Professional Purposes by Grace M. Saqueton and Marikit Tara A.Uychoco
Miles, T. R. Dyslexia: A Hundred Years On / T.R. Miles and Elaine Miles, 2nd ed. Open University Press, 1999.
Journal articles Paulesu E. et al. Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity. Science , 2001, 291, pages
2165–7.
Websites
www.well.ox.ac.uk/monaco/dyslexia.shtml
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
http://uefap.com/writing/plagiar/plagfram.htm
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/essay
https://www.google.com/amp/s/dictionary.cambridge.org/us/amp/english/essay
https://images.app.goo.gl/5jP3kyJ32WVSR52z5
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/93238654760786358/
https://images.app.goo.gl/HFubH5hYnE1W5fgJ8
https://www.bowdoin.edu/about/index.html
https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-of-
plagiarism.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=plagiarism+poster&tbm=isch&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-
rev1&prmd=inv&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiWz-
mTzo_qAhXxIaYKHTgKDr0QrNwCKAN6BQgBEK0B&biw=412&bih=757#imgrc=YUX9QsV-3y-HVM
https://images.app.goo.gl/wHoZTyXekuDR466E8
https://images.app.goo.gl/QYMshFPWukZiuhDK9
https://imgflip.com/tag/plagiarism?sort=top-2018

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

 LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

https://www.educationmattersmag.com.au/tag/students/page/2/
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/check-mark-
icons_797395.htm#page=1&query=tick&position=12#&position=12
http://clipart-library.com/check-marks.html
https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/confused-writer.html
https://www.clipart.email/clipart/cartoon-writer-clipart-447434.html
https://www.midmich.edu/student-resources/lls/library/find-articles/academic-articles
https://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/academic-writing/qualities/

ABM & LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT