The Concept of Politics

and Governance
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
(PG12-Ia-1)

GRADE 11
FIRST QUARTER/WEEK 1

GERALDINE C. DAKETAN
Developer

Department of Education • Schools Division of Benguet

i
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Schools Division of Benguet
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

Published by:
Curriculum Implementation Division

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the

Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum

through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)—Learning Resource Management
and Development System (LRMDS). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and
the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited
version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original
work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this
material for commercial purposes and profit.

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 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

The global corona virus crisis cannot stop our passion to learn and to teach.
Education is a continuous process. Hence, there is no end to education. Only schools
were close but learning cannot be stopped. School year 2020-2021 is here and the
Department of Education is ensuring to deliver a quality education for and to all learners
using different alternative delivery modes. Let us embrace this “new normal” with more
eagerness and willingness to improve our self through this new normal in education.
Through education we can be able to understand more what is happening around us and
be able to fight the challenges of time.

This module is for learners who are enrolled under Academic Track –Humanities
and Social Sciences strand and can be answered with little to no supervision from parent
or adult or brothers or sisters. You may use notebook or paper for your answer.

The following are learning competencies of this module as provided under

Philippine Politics and Governance Curriculum Guide 2016 and the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELC):

1. Articulate definitions of politics. HUMSS_PG12-Ia-1

COMPETENCY
CG LEARNING

2. Differentiate the various views on politics. HUMSS_PG12-Ia-2

3. Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method
of inquiry (Political Science). HUMSS_PG12-Ia-3
4. Recognize the value of politics. HUMSS_PG12-Ia-4
5. Differentiate governance from government. HUMSS_PG12-Ia-5

Specific learning outcomes based on MELC:

▪ Explain the concept, relationship and importance of politics, governance and

government.

Skills to be Acquired:

▪ Reading and interpreting text and photos.

▪ Generating ideas through making semantic web, illustration/ drawing and
writing of essays.
▪ Support one’s thinking about current issues using acquired new knowledge.

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 WHAT I KNOW

PRE-ASSESSMENT. The result will determine your prior knowledge about the
topic on politics and governance.

I. Identify whether the statement isTrue or False. Write true if the statement is
correct; otherwise write false.
______1. Politics is the actual process of how humans interact in groups.
______2. Political Science is the process by which people try to influence their
government.
______3. Political science seeks to study the origin, nature and functions of the State,
Government and its all organs.
______4. Politics is universal and is always the same.
______5. Politics involve issues, problems, and activities taking place in the society.
______6. Governance came from the Greek word gubernare which means to act.
______7. In Greek society, the primary purpose of politics was to distribute power and
health.
______8. Political Science is not the only discipline in the social sciences that is
interested in the issues of gender, ethnicity, social classes.
______9. Modern Political science as a science is empirical and descriptive.
______10. Plato is known as the Father of Political Philosophy and not the Father of
Political Science.
II. Identification. Identify what is being asked in each statement.
__________11. Called to the ancient Greek-city state where the center of government
is located?
__________12. One essential element of government that refers to its supreme power
or authority.
__________13. The study of fundamental questions, at most abstract level, about the
state, government, politics, liberty, justice and law.
__________14. The field that explores the way people respond to certain political
conditions or influences.
__________15. A set of rules that public government make and enforce.

How many points did you get?

If you have perfected the Let’s all turn to the
assessment, CONGRATULATIONS!
It will be easier for you to finish this
module. But if you got 99% and next page...
below, you need to study more this
module.

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 WHAT’S IN

Athens: Acropolis. The Acropolis of the ancient city-state of Athens, Greece.

(Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)

See above photo, are you familiar with this photo or the place? Maybe you have
encountered this in your World History class or in National Geographic Channel.

I. Can you give five descriptions about this place based on what you observed from the
photo or maybe five important structures that you can see? Elaborate your answers.
1. __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

This small state in Greece originated probably from the natural divisions of the
country by mountains and the sea and from the original local tribal (ethnic) and cult
divisions called polis or city-state. There were several hundred poleis but most ancient
Greek history is recounted in terms of the histories of Athens, Sparta, and a few others.
A city-state, or polis, often grew up around such a fort. The Greek city-states were
small; the largest, Sparta, covered about 3,200 square miles. The “ideal” size for a polis
was a population of about 5,000 male citizens, who were the only people counted in
official records. Many city-states were smaller, and a few were larger.
The polis was the center of Greek community life. People gathered in an open
market-place (agora) to conduct business and discuss politics. Shrines and temples

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usually built on a hill-top along with the fortress (acropolis). The polis was small enough
for all citizens to become actively involved in the community. Besides its independence,
each polis also cherished its self-sufficiency and its own way of life.
Government was centered in the town, but citizens of the polis lived throughout its
territory. Ideally, the polis was a corporation of citizens who all participated in its
government, religious cults, defense, and economic welfare and who obeyed its sacred
and customary laws. The citizens actually governed in varying degrees, depending upon
the form of government—e.g., tyranny, oligarchy, aristocracy, or democracy. Usually the
government consisted of an assembly of citizens, a council, and magistrates. Since many
poleis had different ranks of citizenship, there were longstanding struggles for political
equality with first-class citizens. Each polis also contained substantial numbers of
noncitizens (women, minors, resident aliens, and slaves).
The Greeks were the first people in history to establish a government in which free
citizens ruled themselves. Athens was not the only polis where in change occurred. The
people of Athens, however, took the lead in the creation of democracy, which comes
from a Greek word meaning “ruled by the people.”
Thus the word “politics” comes from the Greek word “polis” which means “city-
state.”
What Have I learned So Far?
1. Describe a polis in Ancient Greece?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Explain the significance of following structures in the everyday life of Greek
people.
a) Agora
___________________________________________________________
b) Acropolis
__________________________________________________________
3. Can you cite similarities in the physical structures of the ancient cities to our
present city?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. What are the defining features of politics as a social activity?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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 WHAT’S NEW

I. Let’s play 4 Pics 1 Word: Find the connection of the pictures. Give a word that
connects the four pictures. The first letter and the number letters of each word are
already given as your clue.

N D P

Use the formed words in a sentence:

(N)_____________________________________________________________________
(D)_____________________________________________________________________
(P)_____________________________________________________________________

II. When you hear the words politics and governance, what comes into your mind?
Complete the semantic map with words that you can relate or associate with politics
and governance.

Politics Governance

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III.Trivia. Guess Who? In studying politics and government, they made big
contributions which until today served as a basis of many political scientists,
scholars and philosophers. Identify them by arranging the scrambled letters to get
the answer.
1. A Greek philospher known for 4. He called politics as the as “Science
his dialectical method of inquiry, which he Politiqere” that made the study of politics as
referred to as "elenchus” then it become a formal matter.
known as the Socratic Method or Socratic
Debate.

OSSTERAC BNIDO
____________________ ________________________

2. He wrote the book The Republic, a 5. He first proposed the idea of division of
Socartic dialogue about justice, the order powers in governing the people. He
and character of the just city-state, and developed more forms of government.
the just man.

TLAPO YLSUBIPO
__________________________________ _____________________________________

3. He s known as the Father of Political 6. An Englsh philosopher who believed that

Science. humans could escape the lawless “state of
nture” only by social contract.

SIRTOELAT BOHSEB
____________________________ __________________________

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 WHAT’S IN IT

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What are the defining features of politics as an activity?
2) How has ‘politics’ been understood by various thinkers and traditions?
3) What are the main approaches to the study of politics as an academic discipline?
4) Can the study of politics be scientific?
5) Why studying politics and governance is important?

‘Man is by nature a political animal.’

A R I S T O T L E , Politics, 1

DEFINING POLITICS

Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve
and amend the general rules under which they live.
Although politics is also an academic subject (sometimes
indicated by the use of ‘Politics’ with a capital P),
Conflict:
it is then clearly the study of this activity. Politics is thus
Competition
between opposing inextricably linked to the phenomena of conflict and
forces, reflecting a cooperation. The existence of rival opinions, different wants,
diversity of competing needs and opposing interests guarantees
opinions, disagreement about the rules under which people live. People
preferences, recognize that, in order to influence these rules or ensure that
needs or interests. they are upheld, they must work with others – hence Hannah
Arendt’s definition of political power as ‘acting in concert’. This
Cooperation: is why the heart of politics is often portrayed as a process of
Working conflict resolution, in which rival views or competing interests
together;
are reconciled with one another. However, politics in this broad
achieving goals
through sense is better thought of as a search for conflict resolution than
collective action. as its achievement, as not all conflicts are, or can be, resolved.
Nevertheless, the inescapable presence of diversity (we are not
all alike) and scarcity (there is never enough to go around)
ensures that politics is an inevitable feature of the human
condition.

Characteristics of politics ( Shieveley, 2013)

1. Politics always involves the making of collective decisions for group of people.
2. Those decisions are made by some members of the group, exercising power
over other members of the group.

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 However, the difficult part is that even respected authorities cannot agree what the
subject is about. Politics is defined in such different ways. Politics is who gets what, when,
and how according to Harold Lasswell. The definition underscores the reality of “scarcity”
in the society. While human needs and wants are so diverse and numerous, the
resources are always limited. The struggle involved in allocating the scarce resources,
and determining what to produce, how to distribute, and use them is said to be politics.
Modern political theories conform to this definition as it establishes the unique connection
of politics and power. Power creates structures and explains the struggle among
individuals or groups of individuals. It is in this sense that politics deviates from ethics
inasmuch as any means could be used to get whatever is desired and whenever it is
desired for as long as it serves the purpose.
Indeed, the debate about ‘what is politics?’ is worth pursuing precisely because it
exposes some of the deepest intellectual and ideological disagreement in the academic
study of the subject.

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POLITICS

There are two basic approaches to study politics: political philosophy and political
science. On the one hand, political philosophy is the traditional approach in which the
primary goal is to understand the essence or truth about politics. This approach aims to
establish what politics ought to be. As such, it is normative or prescriptive, analytical,
speculative, and essentially ethical. It is normative or prescriptive because it
prescribes standards or rules of conduct; it establishes what “ought to be” the nature of
politics and not “what it simply is.” Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are among the
proponents of this approach. It is analytical because the approach is to a large extent an
examination and literary analysis of the various classic writings of intellectuals and
philosophers such as Confucius, Lao tzu, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas
Aquinas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Marx, to name some. It is
speculative because it entails abstract, theoretical and not scientific explanations of the
varied subjects of politics. And it is essentially ethical because the approach basically
presumes that ethics is the foundation of politics; the ethical formation of the individual is
a condition precedent the society’s political formation. The questions raised under this
approach are “what is the essence of politics?”, “what is the ideal type of government?”,
“who should be and what are the attributes of a ruler?”, “what are the limits of the
government?”, and “what are rights and limits of individual freedom?”
On the other hand, political science is the empirical approach in which it places
little emphasis on abstract and normative questions, and concentrates on a dispassionate
and objective description of the realities of politics. As such, it is descriptive, empirical,
objective, and it avoids ethics. It is descriptive because it simply establishes “what politics
is” and not “what it ought to be;” it describes the political phenomenon but does not
prescribe standards or rules of conduct. It is empirical because it studies only observable
facts, and not abstract values and concepts. It is objective because it adheres strictly to
the methods of the natural sciences; it considers only the observable (quantifiable) facts

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that can be measured through the scientific method. It avoids ethics, in that values are
not within its scope; only directly observable facts are studied.
It is nevertheless wrong to ask which of the two approaches is better. They
complement each other. While political philosophy provides the aim, purpose, and
guidelines of politics, political science gives a realistic account of what is actually
happening in politics. Political science concretizes the abstract concepts of political
philosophy, while political philosophy provides a basis or direction to political science. As
one writer aptly puts it, political philosophy without political science is lame, and political
science without political philosophy is blind.

POLITICAL SCIENCE DEFINED

Political science is the systematic study of political life. Political scientists seek
answers to such questions as “What reasons justify the actions of government?” and
“Whose interests are served by governments?” They study various forms of government
as well as political parties, pressure groups, elections, international relations, and public
administration. All these are activities of individuals and groups and involve basic human
relationships. Political science deals with such fundamental values as equality, freedom,
justice, and power.
Social Sciences related to Political Science
Economics History Law Philosophy Sociology
It deals with the Provides much Especially Provides to Political Provides
control of all material of the raw public law, Science knowledge of understanding of
resources, including material with supplies a ideal human behavior, the social
goods and services, which the framework of political values, good developments
which affect the political formal ideas for and bad in political that affect
political power scientist works. the political theory, right and wrong political life.
structure within a scientist. laws, policies and
nation and among governmental decisions
groups of nations. and theory of ideal
social-political
institutions.

Fields of Political Science

Political Science may be divided into six main fields: (1) political theory and
philosophy, (2) Comparative government, (3) international relations, (4) national
government and politics, (5) public administration, (6) political behavior.

Importance of the study of Political Science

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle called political science the “master
science.” He considered politics the highest science because he thought all other
sciences depended on it. For many years, most scientists laughed at this idea. But today,
many scientists share Aristotle’s opinion because they realized that a nuclear weapon

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could wipe out humanity. They are convinced that the knowledge of how to control the
results of scientific work politically –in other words, how to maintain peace –is probably
the most important of all human endeavors.

The study of political science has increased greatly with the growth and spread of
democracy during modern times. In every democratic country, political science is
essential in the processes of government. The political scientist studies these processes
and operations of government agencies and departments. The work of political scientists
provides a factual basis for criticism and reform –probably the most important elements
of democratic government. Political scientists also develop useful materials for the
education of young people. Without that kind of training for future citizens, a democratic
society could prosper.

DEFINING GOVERNMENT
Government is one of humanity’s oldest and most important institutions.
From earliest times, some kind of government has been a vital part of every society. This
is because every society needs some people to make and enforce decision that affect
conduct within the group. The term government also refers to the process of exercising
power in a group. It is said to possess “sovereignty” if it can successfully assert its claim
to rule. And it is said to “legitimate” if its claim to rule (authority) is willingly accepted.
Any formal or informal group –a family, a church, a club, a business, a trade union-
maybe said to have government. But when we speak of government, we generally mean
public government, such as that of a nation, a state, a province, a county, a city or a
village.
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally
from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means to “steer.” Basing on its etymology,
therefore, the noun governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of
directing and controlling, a group of people or a state. As defined in the dictionaries,
governance is the exercise of authority; action, function, power, or manner of government.
More strictly, governance is the complex process whereby some sectors of the
society wield power, and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human
and institutional interactions, and economic and social development. The power
exercised is always for the common good, as it is essential for demanding respect and
cooperation from the citizens and the state. And a great deal about governance is the
proper and effective utilization of resources.
Elements of government
A number of basic elements are common to all governments. These basic elements are
(1) rules of conduct, (2) sovereignty, (3) legitimacy, (4) jurisdiction, and (5) enforcement.

WHAT’S MORE
ACTIVITY 1

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Learn more of the various modern definitions of politics.
Matching Type. Find in column B the explanation or connection of what politics
means stated by column A.
Column A
1. Politics denotes a social activity.
2. Politics is about conflict and
cooperation.
3. Politics is the creation,
maintenance, and amendment of
societal norms or rules.
4. Politics is the science of
government.
5. Politics as the “authoritative
allocation of values.”
6. Politics is the realm of public affairs
or the state.
7. Politics is who gets what, when,
and how.
8. Politics is the way in which social
affairs are understood and ordered,
and by which people acquire
greater control over the situation.
9. ” Politics is the science of watching
the affairs of state, to fight for and
understanding of the state and
circumstances, the properties
essentially, in various forms or
manifestations of development.
10. Politics is a decision-making
through public facilities.
ASSESSMENT 1
Column B
A. From Karl W. Duetch’s book Politics and
Government: How People Decide Their Fate,
politics is the making of a decision by public
means.
B. It is a systematic body of knowledge that
deals with the government and regulation,
maintenance and development, defense and
augmentation of the state.
C. Demand on efficacy of laws to meet the
demands of the people to attain domestic and
international peace.
D. While it is true that men argue and fight, it is
also undeniable that they desire for peace. The
process of overcoming conflict to attain order
and thereafter maintain that order is politics. In
other words, politics is essentially conflict
resolution.
E. Common good could only be attained through
the active participation of the citizens.
F. It involves the process through which the
government skillfully addresses the needs of the
society by carefully allocating benefits, rewards,
and penalties.
G. It is in essence the interaction of individuals.
Politics, therefore, does not emerge from the
activities of a single individual but from that of
many.
H. This is the definition of Harold Lasswell. The
struggle involved in allocating the scarce
resources, and determining what to produce,
how to distribute, and use them is said to be
politics.
I. The definition puts to light the different political
ideologies and philosophies that underlie societal
structures. “Order” and the “understanding of
reality” are shaped by the political orientation of
the people. That by which people view and
organize the world is said to be politics.
J. Politics is concerned with the state, to
understand and comprehend the state in its
conditions, in its essentials nature, in its various
forms or manifestations development.
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Choose one definition of politics from any philosophers or political scientists
which you think is the best definition. Be able to explain why you think it is the
best definition of politics. You will be graded using the rubrics below.

Criteria Excellent Competent Not yet competent

(5 points) (4 points) (3 points)

Focus Your essay explicitly The essay Your essay insufficiently

identifies the needs unnecessarily begins identifies the needs of
of the prompt or to broaden or not fully the prompt or question.
question. address the scope of the
prompt or question.

Support Your essay provides Your essay provides Your essay

well-chosen, relevant examples. does not provide
sophisticated, and relevant examples.
specific examples.

Grammar You write clear, A few errors in grammar Your sentences need
& concise sentences and punctuation that clearer structure and
Punctuation with varied distract the reader from conciseness.
structure. the essay.

Politics is

Explanation.

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 ACTIVITY 2
Give the etymology of the word governance and its meaning.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT 2
Give your analogy of governance or government. To "draw an analogy" is to
say that two things are similar. What analogy of government or governance can
you think? You will be graded according to the following criteria:

Components Mastery Accomplished Unacceptable Score

(5 points) (4 points) (3 points)

Reflection and The drawing The drawing represents The drawing is not
Knowledge represents a clear somewhat clear representative of
understanding of the understanding of politics the knowledge
meaning of politics. is. gained.

Basic skills Drawing exhibits Drawing contains many Drawing lacks

attention to detail and strong elements but detail. Little effort
a variety of drawing needs further refinement. in work and
techniques. Only few drawing appears
techniques used. improvised and
looks incomplete.

Briefly explain your drawing.

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 ACTIVITY 3
Cut and paste an editorial from national or local newspaper that talks about
any topic about politics.

Paste here:

ASSESSMENT 3
Politics is usually thought of as a ‘dirty’ word. Why or when do you think that
this statement is TRUE; and why or when it is a FALSE statement.
TOPIC: Politics is dirty.

Pros/ Yes (AFFIRMATIVE/ AGREE) Cons/ No (NEGATIVE/ DISAGREE)

Resolution: Why do you think must be done to avoid the misconception about
politics?

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

▪ Give a summary of your understanding about our lesson by giving your

own definition or quotation of politics and governance. This must cover the
learning competency of this module: Explain the concept, relationship and
importance of politics, governance and government.

WHAT I CAN DO

Beyond Walls. Apply It in Real Life.

Based from the basic and legal founding concepts of politics and governance,
make a campaign to promote clean politics and governance. Choose your specific
institution, organization or group where you observe that needed reform or you
remind them to practice clean politics and governance. Choose ONE from the
following output that you can do: (1) letter, (2) Essay, (3) Slogan, (4) Poem, (5)
Video. You will be graded according to:

Rubrics: Excellent Good Fair

Criteria
Point of Campaign tools established a
View/ purpose early on and
Content maintained a clear focus
throughout.
Persuasion Campaign established a strong
awareness of who their
"target" audience was. Student
understood why they chose
vocabulary, music and/or
illustration to support that
audience
Campaign tools established
a purpose early on and
maintained focus for most
of the commercial.
Campaign showed some
awareness of the "target"
audience. Student partially
explain her/his vocabulary,
music/or and images used.
Campaign tools seemed to
have a few lapses in focus;
never truly identified why the
ad was created; seemed
disjointed
Campaign showed very limited
awareness about the audience.
Who was the target audience?
Students made no connection
between vocabulary, music
and/or images.

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 POST-ASSESSMENT

Identification. Tell what is being asked.

1. He wrote the book The Republic considered to be the first textbook of Political
Science.
2. The Greek city-state who first developed democracy.
3. It is the systematic study of politics.
4. A phenomenon of politics which refers to the competition between opposing forces,
reflecting a diversity of opinions, preferences, needs or interests.
5. This term means the right and duty to make decisions, and the power to enforce
them.
6. The institution or aggregate of institution which rules a society.
7. It is famously known as the dialect process of learning or the question and answer
type portion taught by one of the great ancient philosophers.
8. The field of political science that explores the way people respond to certain
political conditions or influences.

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of your answer.

9. In Politics, Aristotle declared that ‘man is by nature a political animal’, by which

he meant;
A. Human beings can live the ‘good life’ only within a political community.
B. Man is like all animal creatures.
C. Human has ability to think like political philosophers.
D. Politics is innate to animals.

10. Normative questions about politics and governance are the following except
A. Why should I obey the state?
B. ‘What should the limits of individual freedom be?’
C. ‘How should rewards be distributed?’ and
D. ‘What is’?

11. Which is not true about the statement “Politics is, in essence, power”
A. The ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means.
B. Power is a social activity.
C. Politics is about diversity and conflict.
D. Politics can therefore be seen as a struggle over scarce resources, and
power can be seen as the means through which this struggle is conducted.

12. A field in Social Science which provides understanding of the social

developments that affect political life.
A. Psychology B. Economics C. Sociology D. Anthology

Enumeration.

13-15. Give three importance of studying politics and governance.

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 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY

Link to current issues. Extend our learning to present political issues.

Tell your opinion about these two issues. Back up your opinion with legal thoughts or
concepts of politics and governance.

Thousands mourn George Floyd as accused Birthday salu-salo for NCRPO chief
officer appears in court Sinas amid ECQ

HOUSTON, USA –POLICE BRUTALITY. This still
image taken from a May 25, 2020, video courtesy
of Darnella Frazier via Facebook, shows a
Minneapolis, Minnesota, police officer arresting
George Floyd. Photo by Darnella Frazier/AFP
MANILA, Philippines – Despite a ban on
mass gatherings while Metro Manila was
on lockdown, dozens of National Capital
Region Police Office (NCRPO) cops
gathered to celebrate the birthday of their
chief, Major General Debold Sinas, in
Camp Bagong Diwa on May 8.

Source: Rappler Source: Rappler

Do you agree with the action of the police Give your opinion on this issue.
officer? Justify your answer.

Conclusion:

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 20
What’s More
Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3
1. G 6. E From Old French governer, derived Newspaper clip
2. D 7. H from Latin gubernare "to direct,
3. C 8. I rule, guide, govern", which is
4. B 9. J derived from the Greek kybernan
5. F 10. A (to pilot a ship)
Assessment 1 Assessment 2 Assessment 3
Essay: Evaluate student’s answers Evaluates student’s answer Debate
ANSWER KEY
 REFERENCE

Thomas M. Magstadt & Peter M. Schoten, “Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, &
Issues. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), p. 4

B. Ponton and P. Gill, Politics, Introduction. (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1982), p.6.

Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, Encyclopedic Edition (Chicago: J.G. Ferguson Publishing

Company, 1995)

Marvin Perry, A History of the World. Houghton Mifflin Co: 1989, p. 99-110

https://www.macmillanihe.com/resources/sample-chapters. Accessed June 1, 2020

https://www.britannica.com/topic/polis/. Accessed June 1, 2020

https://tamayaosbc.wordpress./introduction-to-politics. Accessed June 1, 2020

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education
Schools Division of Benguet
Office Address: Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet
Telephone: (074) 422 6570
Email Address: benguet@deped.gov.ph

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