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Pratik Nayak
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History- Pratik Nayak ©

Thematic Course on World History
Introduction to World History
Presented by Pratik Nayak
World History- Pratik Nayak ©

ABOUT ME
• Teaching for UPSC Civil
Services since last Seven years
worked with renowned online

& offline platforms
• GPSC Cleared, Worked at

Government of Gujarat

Sources of Reading-
Pratik Nayak- Lecture PowerPoint
Running notes of the class
Reference Books- Norman Lowe-

Selected Chapters
Old NCERT – Arjun Dev
Standard-9 Cost-benefit→ ??
Story of Civilisation- I (Selected Chapters)
Must Have-
Standard-10 Previous Years Question
Story of Civilisation-II (Chapter 9 onwards) Paper Analysis
Standard 12-
Contemporary World History

Sources of Reading-
Rule of the Class-
Thematic Understanding is Important

Analysis is Important
Facts needs to be read from the Reference Books
Make Running notes during the classes
Doubts will be taken after the topic is completed

Please don’t comment unnecessarily during the live
class
Get yourself a pen-paper, scribble down important facts

• UPSC Mains GS I History Syllabus

• Indian Heritage and Culture, History:
• Indian Culture: Salient features of Literature, Art Forms, and Architecture from Syllabus
ancient to modern times.
• Modern Indian History: Significant events, personalities and issues during the
middle of the eighteenth century until the present.
• Indian Freedom Struggle: Stages, important contributors and contributions
from different parts of the country.
• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization in the country.
• History of the World:

History of the World:

Syllabus
Events, forms and effect on the society from 18th century
like
• industrial revolution,
• world wars,
• colonization,
• redrawal of national boundaries,
• decolonization,
• political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism, etc.
their forms and effect on the society

Understanding World History
12th Century
Origin 15th Century CE 18th Century CE 21st Century CE
CE
Ancient Medieval World Starting of Modernism Towards Modern World

World
Renaissance Socio-Political-
Rise of Islam
Roman Empire Economic
Crusades
Scientific Discoveries
Dark Ages
Enlightenment
Changes in Europe Age of Colonisation
Revolutions

Q. Ancient World

Ancient World:
Roman Empire
Spread of Christianity
Western Roman Empire- Ruled till 5-6th
Century CE
Later on decline of Byzantine empire
Q. Impact of this Decline ?
− Starting point of Dark Ages − Huge vacuum in political space
− Decline of cities − West Asia- Rise of Islam
− Decline of trade & commerce − Muslim Conquest of European
− Decline of art & culture areas
By 8th Century CE
Starting point of feudalism
Clash with Islamic Invasion
Invasions from Magyars, Mongols, Vikings etc.
Role of the Catholic Church
Q. Transition to Early Medieval Era- 8th Century CE Onwards

Q. Transition to Medieval- 11 to 13th Century CE
Q. Role of Catholic Church ?

11 – 13th Century CE
Papacy in power
Role of pope
Expansion of Christianity
Clash with Islam- Crusades
Eastern Roman Empire-

expanded till Constantinople
Economic power center

Q.Q.By
Transition to Early
8th Century CE Medieval Era- 8th Century CE Onwards
Religion & Politics got intervened
Role of Catholic Church Increased

Christianity centric culture
Rise of the clergy community
Political Conditions- Land became the major source of power & Income
Role of Feudal lords
Kings giving land grants to the important people
Fiefs-
Barons
Knights
Bishops
Landless Peasants→ Serfs

Bonded labours increased
Q. By 13th Century- New
Land- Main source of Wealth
Political System Developed
Hence not much development of trade & commerce

Medieval World- Europe
11 – 13th Century CE
Became the power centre
Q. Role of Catholic Church ?
Papacy in power
Role of pope
Expansion of Christianity
Clash with Islam- Crusades
Eastern Roman Empire- expanded till

Constantinople
Economic power center
Q. 15th Century CE Political
By 15th Century CE- Rise of the Ottoman Turks Developments

By 15th Century CE- Rise of the Ottoman Turks

Q. By Impact of the Ottoman
Capture of Constantinople Expansion ?
Expansion of ottoman empire
The European classical period saw a crises

Christian scholars, intellectuals migrated back to
Europe
Settled in Italy – Florence Q. What Changes will take
Greek & Latin literature got revival place ?
Renaissance period Started
Reforms were initiated
Christianity got a new dimension

Q. Condition of Europe in 15th Century CE
Q. Old Europe during this period ?
• Theocratic State
• Absolute Monarchial State
• Feudalism
• Privileged class
• Devotional thinking- church based
• Emotions based thinking
Q. Renaissance ?
Q. 15th Century CE onwards- Renaissance
Meaning- Rebirth
Q. Old Europe during this period ?
Rebirth ????
• Theocratic State
Intellectual change
• Absolute Monarchial State
Outpouring of Intellectual & Artistic Energy
• Feudalism
• Privileged class
All Areas
• Devotional thinking- church based
• Emotions based thinking
Started as a period of Revival
Old learning & culture
Converted into period of Innovation Renaissance Impact ?

New knowledge emerged
Spreading of Ideas- Print medium
New thinking came Political Economy Culture Religion

Put an end to the old way of life
Q. What was the old way of life ?

Q. Why Italy ?
Q. Why Italy ?
Q.Q.Why
WhyItaly
Italy? ?
1.Geographical location
Gateway to Europe
Between east-west
Important centres emerged-
Venice, Milam, Pisa, Florence
2. Trade & Commerce→

Urban society
Powerful city states Bourgeoise
Cultural development Merchants
Aristocrats
Educational changes
Teachers/intellectuals were rewarded Gave patronage
Development of society

Q.Q.Why
WhyItaly
Italy? ?
3. Classical Past of Italy
People got to know about their pasts
4. Role- Rise of Intellectuals

Gave new dimension to creativity
Development of Schools of Paintings→
Giotio di Bandone
Painter
Leonardo De Vinci- Engineer, Biologist

Monalisa, Last Supper
Raphael- Architect, Scluptor
Micheal Angelo- Painter, Sculptor, Architect

David & Moses, Chapel @ Rome

Q.Q.Why
WhyItaly
Italy? ?
4. Role- Rise of Intellectuals
Gave new dimension to creativity
litearature
Dante Algheri- Divine Comedy
Francesco Petrarch- poetry

Humanism was the focus
Nicolo Machiavelli- Politics
5. Development of Architecture
Romanesque
Gothic Style

Q.Q.Why
WhyItaly
Italy? ?
6. Scientific Discoveries
Printing- invented by Chines- Passed on to India-Arabs
By 14th Century- Printing Press emerged
Gutenberg Bible
Medicine- colleges established

Religion was challenged
Pharmacology Church’s authority also
questioned
Astronomy-
Copernicus- Geo Centric Vs. Helio Centric
Galileo-Telescope, planetary Movements
Issac Newton- Physics, Gravitation
Calender Reforms-
Gregorian Calnder- Solar based
Scientific Discoveries→ led to Geographical Discoveries

Q.
Q.Why
WhyItaly
Italy??
6. Scientific Discoveries
Scientific Discoveries→ led to Geographical Discoveries
Renaissance→ Inquiry & Adventure

Navigational science
Compass-direction
Astronomy
Geography
Merchant & Traders→Mercantalism

Wanted Market & Resources
Kings→ Spain- Portugal

Q. What were the discoveries ?
Financing voyages to find new places
Africa→ Gold, Ivory, Slaves
India→ Spices, Pepper etc.
Discovery of new places by individual merchants

Discovery of new places by individual merchants
Barthelomew Diaz- Cape of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama- India
Christopher Columbus- Crossed Atlantic

America discovered
Ferdinand Magellan- Made a world tour
Q. Impact of Geographical Discoveries ?

End of Italian control
Colonisation Started
Concept of 3G
God-Glory-Gold
Increase in Trade & Commerce→ Mercantalism

Destruction of native civilizations
Evangelism increased- Christian missionaries
Exploitation Started→ Route to Globalisation
Reformation & Enlightenment…………..

Q. Reformation & Enlightenment ?
Q. Reformation ?
Religious movement in Christianity

Involved social & political dimensions
Role of Catholic Church→ Theocracy Polity

Papal Heirarchy
Pope→ Bishop→ Priest
Authority of clergy men

Confession system
Theory of sacraments
Corruption
Sin letters→ letters of Indulgence
Anyone challenging the authority of church→ punished
Monopoly over scriptures
Latin language→ no translation allowed
Anyone who questioned Biblical study→ punished
Q. How the reformation took place then ?

Q. Reformation ?
Q. How the reformation took place then ?

By 16th Century CE
Beginning of the Protestant Movements
Martin Luther- established independent church
Got support from the people & local rulers
People vs Church Had their own reasons

King vs Church for fighting against the
church
Economic conditions also played an important role
Finally under Martin Luther→

Rise of the Protestant Reformation
Germany→ Switzerland→Scandanavia
England
Pressurized the catholic church to do internal reforms

Q.Q. Reformation & Enlightenment ?
Q. Catholic Reforms- Counter Revolution

Reforms within the church system
Efforts to restore the Church Authority
Treaty of Westphilia
Cleansing up of the system
New missionaries- spread message of Christ 24 October 1648, the Treaty of
Asia & Africa focused Westphalia was signed, marking the
Revival of Church Court System end of the Thirty Years' War
Austrian Habsburgs tried to impose

Over a period of time→
Roman Catholicism on their
Europe saw changes Protestant subjects
Political changes→ Development of Political Identity

Kings became powerful Enlightenment→ Nation-State
People were recognized as source of power – Treaty of Westphilia System
Trade & commerce,
Expansion of Empire- Colonisation
Q. Enlightenment ?
Intellectual Changes→ towards Enlightenment
Economic Changes→ resulting into commercial revolution

Q. Enlightenment ?
Phase – 1 Phase-2
Early thinkers in Applied the

Q. Definition ? the 16- 17th phase-1 thinkers
Q. Central Ideas ? Century CE
Q. Phases ? Used their own
Laid the thought
foundations Motivated people
to go for change

Q.
Q. Enlightenment ?
Age of Reason & Science – 2 phases
Based on the scientific changes took place in the Post-Renaissance period
Started in the starting of the 18th Century CE
Started in Europe→ Spread to other regions
Emmanuel Kant→ Dare to Know ! Have courage to use your own reason
Central ideas ?
- Reasoning – faith was challenged
- Church and religion challenged
- Cogito egro sum- Rene Descartes
- Scientific Method of thinking
- Progress→ better societies, better people
- Skeptical Thinking → nothing can ever be known (Pierre Bayle ) Q. Enlightenment ?

- Divine rights theory challenged
- republicanism favoured

Q. Enlightenment – Phase 1
Q. Emergence of Philosophers
Q. Nature of the State ??
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

- Leviathan – favoured monarchy form government
- Social contract theory
- Strong government required , hence absolutism
- John Locke (1632-1704)

- All men have equal rights
- Divine right theory questioned
- Role of State can be questioned
- Monarchy exploits→ Go for revolution
- Influenced the American people

- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

- Father of empiricism
- Britain based
- Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

- Jewish-dutch philosopher
- Rationalist
- Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

- Philosophy-Rationalism
- Reason over faith
- Logic based system
- Issac Newton (1642-1726)

- Modern science, maths, physics
- Principia Mathamatica

- Second phase
- (will be learning in the revolutions)
- Montesquieu
- Rousseau
- Voltaire
- Immanuel Kant
- Benjamin Franklin
- Adam Smith
- All played role in the American, French

Revolutions etc.
Q. Outcome of this changes?

- Changes in Trade & Commerce

- Colonisation
- Impact in the form of Mercantilsm
- Later on Industrial Revolution
- Industrial Capitalism emerged
- Capitalist system developed
- Later on challenged by socialist
system
- Rationality emerged in the society

- Revolutions took place
- Authority of the state challenged
Q. 18th Century Changes Onwards→

12th
Origin Century CE 15th Century CE 18th Century CE 21st Century CE
Ancient Medieval
Towards Modern World
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire
Age of Revolutions Colonisation

18th Century CE 21st Century CE
Towards Modern World Underlying Theme behind

Theme the Events of World History
Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolutions
• Redrawal of Boundaries
• World Wars
• Philosophies- Capitalism
• Communism
Age of Colonisation • Socialism etc.
Revolutions

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
Capitalism-socialism-communism
− Industrial revolution (1770 -present)
(1800 – present)
− American Revolution
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
− French Revolution
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
− Redrawal of Boundaries
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
New World Order-Neo Colanialism
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

Q. Decoding the Syllabus-Thematic Style

Thank You

American Revolution

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-
Note for the Students:

-Doubts will be taken after the topic is completed

-Please don’t comment unnecessarily during the live class- or else get banned
-Get yourself a pen-paper, scribble down important facts
-Read the chapter from the reference book, once the topic is covered in the class
-Also Read the next topic scheduled (will be announced in the class)


Syllabus
Events from 18th century like
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
Age of Colonisation • Philosophies- Capitalism
Revolutions • Communism
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

American Revolution
The Story of Why Revolution ? Events Outcome of the The Story of

How it takes
America Revolution American
place ?
Q. Causes Behind Constitution
What is it ? Revolution ?

Q. What is American Revolution?
-also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S.

War of Independence fought between,
-Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies on the

North American continent from the years 1776 to 1783
The Story of America

The Story of America
Part of Renaissance Period
Geographical Discovery
1492- Christopher Columbus
1497- Amerigo Vespuci
Settlement of Colonies Started

Spanish
French
English
1584- Walter Reigh established a

station at Virginia

What circumstance
lead to Revolution ?

1600, जा Russell जा
Captain Russel’s brother, Shri
भाड़ में जा….
Trump lands @ Jamestown,
Sets up 1st Colony in 1607
1608, Captain
William Hawkins
visits Jahangir

Captain Russell's twin… 1607→1st Colony set up
श्री श्री Trump lands @ Jamestown, by English @
Sets up 1st Colony in 1607 Jamestown ( Virginia)
In-between- different
colonies were set up
1732→13th Colony set

up @ Georgia

By 1776, the relationship between the mother country England
and the colony became worst due to certain reasons, and as
result the Americans tried to get independence from England.

By 1776, the relationship between the mother country England
and the colony became worst due to certain reasons, and as
result the Americans tried to get independence from England .
What circumstances lead to the American revolution, for that we

need to understand the American Story.

Understanding the Pattern of British Rule in America
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

1600s
जा Russell जा भाड़ में England established
जा…. America as its colony
Colony→ Mother
1700s Country exploits, Just
like India
1760s
Reaction from Colony

I am the queen, I need
more money Monarchy
Colony Mercantilism,
No Political Autonomy
Q. American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate.

Q. What is Mercantilism ? Q. Origin of Mercantilism ?
Term used by Adam Smith Developed during Renaissance

Government regulation of Economic Affairs Factor behind colonisation
Trade & commerce New markets were explored
Amassing wealth through merchants who
Why government regulation ? led overseas trade
Enhancing nation’s economy Raw materials can also be explored
Augmenting state power
Controlling the expansion of rival countries Got patronage from the State
Q. Features of Mercantilism ?

I am the queen, I need Aisa Kaise…
more money
Q. Features of Mercantilism ?
Favourable Foreign Trade Factors of Production

Focus on land & labour
Discouraging imports
High tariff policy/prohibiting goods Population is the key
Used for production, war
Control on Sea Trade
Shipping & Navigation restrictions Commercial regulations necessary
Import of raw materials, no import of
Monopolising Trade finished goods
By Giving charters
Impetus to colonialism
Forbidding colonies to Trade with other
Countries Encouraged Capitalism

अपना सपना
money money
Mercantilist Policy Economic Exploitation of

of Britain America
1651 Navigation Act→ only British ships to be used

for trade
1660 Enumerated Commodities Act→ Colonies

compelled to export sugar, tobacco, cotton,
indigo only to England
1663 Staple Act→ India-England-America route trade

of Britain America
1696 Enforcement Act→ To stop smuggling money money
1750s Iron Act All must be Imported

Hat Act from England,
Wollen Act American’s cant produce
Mercantilist Policy
of Britain
Too much
अपना सपना exploitation…nee
money money
d to do
something
By 1750s, the American’s

Economic Exploitation of realised that their cause of
America sorrow is England
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

Q. Political Developments in the Colonies ? Colonies in America
Self Governments
3 types of Colonies→
Royal Charter Proprietary
Royal Colonies – directly under monarch
Governor + Council
Assembly of people
Charter Colonies– contractual

British Monarch & Colonial settlements
Proprietary Colonies— land grants

Given by the Monarch to proprietor
Governing rights to the proprietor
By 1763- all colonies became the Royal Colonies

Q. Political Developments in the Colonies ?
Journey from 1 colony to 13 colonies
Appointed by
Governor, Military Chief
England
Legislature
Local Colonial
Government
Executive

Q. Political Developments in the Colonies ?
Home rule Vs. Imperialism. Therefore it was

just matter of time before conflict arises and What
the Americans will challenge England Homerule….lol
Imperialism,
We want Homerule, Swaraj Colonialism
Initially the English and other settlers

welcomed, the political set up by England,
but how long will they like it?
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

Q. Social Developments in the Colonies ?
England
America
1607→ 17th Century
England Deporting the convicts to

Unemployed, convicts, people tired America
from social classes settled in America
English society→ Rigid, Conservative

Hence, they didn’t opposed the by thought, privilege based, Elitist
direct rule by England.
We have developed America. It is our

colony

Q. Social Developments in the Colonies ?
America England
1730s- 18th Century
English society→ Rigid,

We are Americans first. Don’t give a
Conservative by thought, privilege
damn to England
based, Elitist
We have developed America. It is

Society→ Liberal, Progressive our colony
We are Americans. Why England is

ruling over us

From 17th to 18th CE
America
Development of American
Liberals, Progressive Culture
Individual & Materialistic
Cosmopolitan, Open Society

Development of American Culture Cosmopolitan, Open Society
America
Hello Lady… How do you salut comment allez-vous
do…
America
Development of American Culture Cosmopolitan, Open Society
Mujhse shaadi karoge… Yes…yes…yes….

My Mom-Dad were from
Development of American Culture Cosmopolitan, Open Society Europe, but I am American,
बोलो अमेरिकी माता की ज
2nd Generations Americans

They fought for
their own
Independence Americans
American
Society
Django→
Slaves
from Africa Natives→
Red
Indians

बोलो अमेरिकी
Ideological Individuals माता की जय
Developments
Enlightenment→
Liberal thoughts
By 1750s→
Republicanism, issue John Locke→ Father of Liberalism,
of monarchy, Power comes from the people
corruption Benjamin Franklin

Ideological
Developments
Enlightenment→
Liberal thoughts
By 1750s→
Republicanism, issue
of monarchy,
corruption
Benjamin Franklin→ Pennsylvania
Gazette, Founding father

Individuals
Ideological
Developments
Enlightenment→
Liberal thoughts
By 1750s→
of monarchy,
corruption Samuel Adams- secret Organisation
Sons of Liberty
Took leadership, protested against the
stamp act
Individuals
Ideological
Developments
Enlightenment→
Liberal thoughts
By 1750s→
of monarchy,
corruption
Thomas Paine→ Common Sense (1776)

Ideological
Developments
Individuals They acted as Guru
for the American
Enlightenment→ Thomas Paine People
Liberal thoughts
Samuel Adams
Made Americans
Benjamin Franklin aware about the
By 1750s→ true character of
Republicanism, issue Other leaders British rule
of monarchy,
corruption

By 1750s, America emerged
as one group
Industrialisation
Urbanisation
Development of Education,
Media→ Spreading of
Rationalist thought
• Harvard University. Established: 1636

• The College of William and Mary.
Established: 1693.
• Yale University. Established: 1701.
• University of Pennsylvania. Established: 1740

Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

माता की जय
Society→ Liberals, Progressive
Encouraged Materialism, Hard

working-self made people
Development of Trade & Commerce

also made them interdependent
and their bond increased

Early Pattern
Triangular Trading
Society→Liberals,
Progressive
Encouraged Materialism,
Hard working-self made
people

Development of
Trade & Commerce
also made them
interdependent and
their bond increased

Development of
Trade & Commerce
also made them
interdependent and

Development of
Trade & Commerce
also made them
interdependent and

money money

of Britain America
1651 Navigation Act→ only British ships to be used

for trade
1660 Enumerated Commodities Act→ Colonies

compelled to export sugar, tobacco, cotton,
indigo only to England
1663 Staple Act→ India-England-America route trade

of Britain America
1696 Enforcement Act→ To stop smuggling money money
1750s Iron Act All must be Imported

Hat Act from England,
Wollen Act American’s cant produce

Mercantilist Policy
of Britain
Too much
अपना सपना exploitation…nee
money money
d to do
something
By 1750s, the American’s

Economic Exploitation of realised that their cause of
America sorrow is England

Socio-cultural
By 1750s, America
Political
emerged as one group
Economic
Q. Period from 1750 to 1770s- Change of Situation ?

Mercantilist Let’s get
Policy of Britain together, form
No, not
अपना सपना now…there’s union & put
time for that pressure on
money
Britain
money
Albany Congress@1754, Meeting of 07

Economic Exploitation
Colonial Representatives
of America

Q. Period from 1750 to 1770s- Change of Situation ?
Let’s get
together, form a
Colonial Representatives union & put
No, not
now…there’s pressure on
time for that Britain

Let’s get
Albany Congress@1754, Meeting of 12 together, form a
No, not union & put
now…there’s pressure on
time for that Britain
Q. What was the reason behind

rejection of proposal by the
colonies????
Were American's politically

amateur!!!!!
1755 to 1765 Post Albany→ Problems & Issues…..

Q. What was the reason behind rejection of proposal by the
colonies????
1. French problem in
2. Policy of England
North America
7 Years War→ 1756-1763
France trying to enter

British American Colonies
1st Carnatic War→ Treaty

Signed→ French got
Quebec

French problem in Q. What was the reason behind rejection of
North America proposal by the colonies????
इंग्लैंड= खाई
फ्ांस= कुवा We’ll not allow
I’ll annex all the France to do
territories क्या आप अब समझ गए होंगे that...!
की हमने क्यों Revolt नह ं
ककया
Queen
Louis XVI

Q. What was the reason behind
rejection of proposal by the
colonies????
Post 1763, French Change in Policy of

problem in North England
America got over
Pre 1760s Post 1760s

Q. What was the reason behind They are our
Americans are
smugglers
rejection of proposal by the middle class
colonies????
Change in Policy of
England
Pre 1760s Post 1760s
Britain imposing Tight

Loose execution of laws control
Defiance of these laws Q. Why??
by Americans Post 7 years war, England
wanted the Americans to pay for
the war expenses

I am the New हमसे बबना
PM of Post 1763 Development→ Tight पछ
ू े Decide
England Control Policy कि ललया
1763
Crown’s Proclamation
American’s wanted to
George
expand
Grenville
American’s can’t cross Appalachian Britain wanted to stop them

mountain’s and settle to the west of if and also show
simultaneously conciliatory
approach towards the red
Indians

I am the New
Post 1763 Development→ हमसे बबना पूछे
PM of England Decide कि ललया
Tight Control Policy
1763
Crown’s
Proclamation
George Grenville American’s wanted to

expand
American’s can’t cross
Appalachian mountain’s and Britain wanted to stop
settle to the west of if them and also show
simultaneously
conciliatory approach
towards the red Indians
I am the New Post 1763 Development→
Tight Control Policy नह ं चलेगा
PM of
नह ं चलेगा
England
1764
Passing of Currency Act American’s can’t use own
currency
Sugar Act American’s compelled to

expel sugar only to England
George
Grenville
Quartering Act American’s made to pay for

British soldiers posted in
America

Boycott…अब कुछ नह ं
I am the New PM Post 1763 Development→ किने दें गे
of England No Taxation without
Tight Control Policy
representation
1765
Passing of Stamp Act Protest by Americans
1st Direct Tax

George Impact seen on revenue
Grenville
News Papers,
Official 1764→ £ 22,50,000
Documents,
Deck of Cards 1765→ £ 19,44,000

पागल हो क्या
I am the New PM Post 1763 Development→ No Taxation without
Declaratory Act Tight Control Policy representation
1766
Repeal of Stamp Act Large Protest by Americans
Passing of
Declaratory Act We are ready to pay tax
Rockingham Parliament/King has all But only to the one who

rights/power to make represents us
laws for colonies

Post 1763 Development→ Tight
Townshend Act Control Policy
1767
Townshend Act
Tax on Essential
Goods
Charles
Townshend, Paper, Glass, Tea
Chancellor of
Exchequer

पागल हो क्या
पानी सि के उपि
Post 1763 Development→ चला गया हैं
Townshend Act Tight Control Policy
1767 Large Protest by Americans

Townshend Act
Protest @ Boston
5th March,1770→ Boston

Massacre
Charles Townshend,
Chancellor of Exchequer

We’ll not allow
Post 1763 Development→ any ships to
New PM is here Tight Control Policy enter America
1770
Conciliatory approach Large Protest by Americans
Duties, Acts, Tax Ships with tea on board

Lord North turned away at New york ,
Waived off
Philadelphia
Except, Tea
1772→ Tea act

1772→Tea Act
We’ll not allow
any ships to
56” की छाती हॆ enter America
What to do….
आने दो Ships @
Boston port
American
Lord North Rebels
Hutchison,
Governor of
Massachusets

16 December 1773, Boston Tea
Party
56” की छाती हॆ चलो Boston….

आने दो Ships @ चाय पपने
Boston port
Samuel Adams
Hutchison,
£20000 Tea
Governor of
dumped in Sea
Massachusets

Post 1773 Development→
New PM is here Revenge by England
Need to do
1774 पानी सि के उपि something

चला गया हैं
Passing of Intolerable
Act
4 Acts Package,
Lord North Related to :
No political meeting
allowed
Large Protest by Americans
Closing of Boston port
till,
Arresting the culprits, Compensation for 1st Continental Congress→ Sep. 1774
tea Declaration of Freedom movement

This is a revolt
American War of आने दो
Independence सबको...एक एक
को मारूँगा
1775
Sends Army to America George Washington takes

General Gage was sent leadership
to America

American War of 1775
Independence
आने दो
Sends Army to America सबको...एक एक
General Gage was sent to America को मारूँगा
Battle of Lexington – April 1775

Second continental congress- 1775-1781
Olive petition sent, but rejected

4th July 1776→ declaration of independence
1777- flag resoultion
1 march 1781- Articles of confederation
1782- Surrender of Cornwallis
Resignation of Lord North
George Washington takes
1783-Treaty of Paris leadership

American War of हम क्या चाहते
Independence आज़ाद
Declaration of Independence

American War of
जी हुज़िू Independence चलो Signature
1776 1781 किो
Lord Cornwallis,
Surrender @ Yorktown

Q. Outcome of the American Revolution ?
Q. Explain how the foundations of the modern world

were laid by the American and French revolution.
(2019, 15 Marks-250 words)
पंछी नददया पवन
Q. Significance of American Revolution
के झोंके..... कोई
सिहद ना इने िोके
1. America got Independence
Masses against classes
Nationalists against Imperialists
2. Domino Effect
Age of Revolutions started
1789→ France
1798→ Ireland
1830s→ Latin America
20th Century→ Decolonization started

3. Influenced @ Europe We are Don’t worry,

Americans….. I’ll help
Europeans supported Americans
French King sent army to America
Later on, French got economically

weak & due to this the French
revolution took place

Q. Significance of American Revolution गलती से
We are mistake हो
Americans….. गयी
4. Lessons learnt for Britain
For Future colonies
How colonies are to be governed
1784→ Passing of Pitt’s India Act

Lord
1786→ Lord Cornwallis made Governor Cornwallis
of India

We are
6. Establishment of American Federation Americans….. Yes we can…..
Ideals→ Liberty, Rule of Law etc.

Journey from Albany(1754) to Philadelphia
(1776)→ from 13 to 1
Lesson Learnt?
• How “many” can become one…
• How “can” we become one

Story of American Constitution
• 1st Written & Democratic
Constitution of the World
क्या मजाक बनाया है
नया Constitution बनाओ
13 States→ Constitutional Debate
• Big States • Small States
1776- Continental Congress called upon states

to draft constitutions, form governments
States had written documents that
represented a fundamental law
States wanted to keep themselves
Many had a bill of rights, required annual strong
election of legislators
States deliberately created weak executive
and judicial branches, distrust of central
power

Constitutional Debate→ North Vs. South

North South

Constitutional Debate→ North Vs. South

North South
Industrial Agricultural
Labour→ Slavery should be

Favored Cheep & free labour
allowed
Therefore, Demanded abolition of Open market→ No
Slavery protective tariff policy
Protective tariff policy
Raw material→ Import to
England
Export-Import with center
Finished goods→ Export
Compromise didn’t worked last, from England
resulted in Civil War (1860)

Story of American Constitution Constitutional Debate

Constitutional Debate→ Solution→ Compromise→ Federalism

Constitutional Debate→ Big States vs. Small States
Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

Representation based upon Equal representation
population or money
Bicameral: Legislature with 2 Unicameral Legislature(Congress)
separate or houses
Lower house elected by voters
upper house by lower
Executive(more than 1) Chosen
Executive Chosen by Congress by Congress
Judiciary Chosen by Congress Judiciary(Supreme Court)
Chosen by Congress



Constitutional Debate→ Big States vs. Small States
Congress→ Seats will based on
Population
Q. What @ Slave population?
The states having more slave population will

get more seats in congress.
Solution→ only 3/5 slaves to be counted for

seats allocation in congress


Thank You

American Civil War

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& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

American Revolution→ leading to the Civil War
The Story of Why Revolution ? Events Outcome of the The Story of

How it takes
America Revolution American
place ?
Q. Causes Behind Constitution
What is it ? Revolution ? Constitutional
crises 1789 Onwards
Resulted into Till 1860

the Civil War

Q. What is the American Civil War ?

Q. Why it took Place ?
The Journey of the USA (1789 to 1860)
Q. Role of Abraham Lincoln ?
The story of the States & the Union
Q. Outcome/Significance ?
North-South divide
Slavery
Political leaders→ Abraham Lincoln

Main issues
Election of Abraham Establishment of

Economic Disparity Slavery confederation by Southern
Lincoln
States

Q. What is it? American Civil War
War between “brothers”

1861-1865
War between North- South states
Biggest conflict in the history of America→ around

3000 battles were fought
7 lakh Americans died, 15 lakh injured & displaced
Biggest challenge to the integration of America
USA → U got removed from USA

Americans Vs. Americans

4 July 1776→
Declaration of
Independence

Story of American Union
1776 4 July→ Declaration of
Independence
1789 New Constitution enacted
New American Union of 13 states came

into existence
George Washington
George Washington as the 1st President

1789 New American Union of 13 states
came into existence
Not supported by all sections of the

society
Some States→ Accepted Constitution but

didn’t accepted the Union
Some states didn’t joined the Union

1789 Some states didn’t joined the Union, Q. But
Why?
1. They had feeling of mutual rivalry
2.Differed Geographically & Economically
Political, Economic, Social

3. North States→ Natural Resources inequality
South → Lacked resources & backward
5.Social inequality

1789 Some states didn’t joined the Union? They had feeling of mutual rivalry

1789 Some states didn’t joined the Union? They had feeling of mutual rivalry

Regional Interests of the States

North South
Dominated by Merchant & Industrialists Orchards & Farms dominated
Industrial Agricultural
Favored Cheep & free labour Labour→ Slavery should be

allowed
Therefore, Demanded abolition of
Open market→ No
Slavery
protective tariff policy
Raw material→ Import to
England
Export-Import with center
Finished goods→ Export
from England

Regional Interests of the States
North South
Education Education
High level- intellectual class Lower level
Debates & Discussions
Constitution Interpretation
No right to secede We can leave the union as

We are a federation we joined voluntarily
Can’t break away

Story of American
Union
Issue of Slavery

Slavery

Slavery

Slavery
North South
Slavery should be abolished Slavery is legal. No abolition
Known as Free States Known as Slave States

Causes of ACW
Establishment of
Election of
Economic Disparity Slavery confederation by
Abraham Lincoln
Southern States
Carolina secedes
1861→ 23/34
Moral question for Political before election of
states belonged to
north propaganda Lincoln as
north
president
7 States form
2000 miles railway
1860 Elections Confederation
in north
States of America
Large industries in
north
How it all developed ?

1803 France→ Sells Louisiana to America Developments
leading to war
Q. What will be status of this new
state??
Free state or
slave state!!!
North-South claiming
Louisiana under them

Missouri Agreement
1820
Developments
Q. What @ Status of new states joining the leading to war
union?
North-South
claiming them
Compromise→ 36° N line
Missouri
state→
South
Maine
State→
North

1830s North State→ Rise of Anti Slavery
to Movement Trust Issues emerged &
1850s friction increased between
North-South States
Liberator→ William Lloyd Garrison
Formation of Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist Movement

Development
s leading to
1852 North State→ Rise of Anti Slavery
Movement
war
Novel→ Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe
Theme→ Slavery is Inhumane
Highly popular in North

South Banned the book
Trust Issues & friction increased between

North-South States

1854 Kansas- Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Location→ Developments
Above 36° Line leading to war
Act→ Slavery can be determined

by Popular sovereignty
This demand
initiated by Senator
Douglas(Democrats)
Developments
leading to war
1854 Kensas- Nebraska Act
Reaction by North I’ll abolish

slavery
Formation of Republican Party→
Abolish slavery
Rise of Abraham Lincoln
James Brown→ Give weapons to slaves…

so that they can free themselves
Anti-Slavery movement→ Military

Movement

1856-57 Dread Scott Episode
Supreme Court Case
Dred Scott Vs. Sandford
SC Decision→ Slaves were so far

inferior that they had no rights
which the white man was bound to
respect
Slavery can be allowed in Northern

States
Slavery is legal Institution , Slaves has no

rights

1856- Dread Scott Episode
57
Supreme Court Case
Dred Scott Vs. Sandford
On this decision Kansas-

Nebraska got converted into a
Slave state
Need to do
something

1860 Presidential Elections
अच्छे दिन आने वाले हैं

Slavery…
Hum Vikas Days of Slavery are over
Slavery…
Karenge
Stephen Abraham
Others Douglas ( Lincoln (
Democrats) Republicans)
Abraham Lincoln made Slavery election issue

Result→ Abraham Lincoln wins elections without
a single vote from south states

1860 Presidential Elections
Days of
Slavery…
अच्छे are
Slavery दिन
Slavery…
आने
overवाले हैं
Stephen Abraham
Douglas ( Lincoln (
Democrats) Republicans)

1860 Presidential Elections अच्छे दिन आ
गए
Abraham Lincoln wins elections without a
single vote from south states
Abraham
1860 Reaction to Lincoln becoming Lincoln (
president Republicans)
20th December→
South Carolina Secedes from the Union

1860 Lincoln wins the President election
20th December→ South Carolina Secedes from the Union

1860 Lincoln wins the President election
20th December→ South Carolina Secedes from the Union

1861 4th Feb→ Total 7 states secede from the
American Union

Developments
1861 4th Feb→ 7 states secede from the
American Union
Establishment of the Confederate States of America
States are Sovereign

Abolition of Protective tariff policy
Jefferson Davis
Slavery made legal
( President of
Confederate States)

1861 4th March→ Lincoln Sworn is as President
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will

faithfully execute the office of President of
the United States, and will to the best of my
States have no rights ability, preserve, protect and defend the
to secede but I’ cant Constitution of the United States."
stop them
James Buchanan
(Outgoing Abraham
President) Lincoln ( New
President)

Development
s leading to
1861 4th April→ 4 more states join the
Confederation
war
Confederate
States→ 11
United States→ 34

1861 4th April→ 4 more states join the
Confederation
Confederate
States→ 11
United States→
23

1861 to War time
War Time
1865

1861 12thApril → South States Attacks on North
Fort Sumter
South Carolina
War Time
Confederate forces attacked the Union Fort
Starting of War
1861 April → Surrender @ Appamatox

End of War
General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court

House

Q. Role of Abraham Lincoln in American civil war

Abraham Lincoln
1847 Enters the US Congress→ House of
Representatives
1850s Campaigned against Slavery in Northern

States
1860 Elected as the President of the USA
1861 Takes leadership in American Civil war

Abraham Lincoln
1850s Campaigned against Slavery in Northern
States
1860s Raised the issue of Slavery in Elections
Changed the Issue of Slavery to the Unity of

Federation
याि करो वो क़ुरबानी
Made people realised the fight for America (1776)

Created Emotional wave in America

याि करो वो क़ुरबानी
1860 4 April→ Confederation formed

Hostility Increased
1860s Lincoln takes help from Volunteers
75000 Volunteers joined fight against south
Volunteers→ Created confusion in South States

1862 22 September→ President Proclamation
Gave inspiring
speeches
Personally lead
attacks during
war

1864 December, 13th Amendment Passed→ Slavery made
illegal
1865 December, 13th Amendment Ratified→ Slavery made

illegal

1867-1869 14th & 15th Amendments
Q. Significance of American Civil War ?

Q. Significance
1. Stronger system in America
Administrative reforms
National Unity→ No right to secede
Passing of 14th & 15th amendments→ Black
code
Rise of Republican Party

Till 1912, No President got elected from the
Democrats
2. Impact
Human loss→ 7 lakh
Economic loss→ $100 million

Q. Significance
3.Co-operation Increased
North-South tried to get united
Finally 1913s President from South elected→
Woodrow Wilson
4. Phase of Industrialization
Birth of Industrial Civilisation
Iron, Oil, Coal industry expanded

Development in Science & tech→
Mechanization
Towards Capitalism
Industrialisation of USA- Already Covered *

Q. Significance
5. Social Change
Slavery abolished, right to vote (on paper)
Women rights promoted
Towards materialism
6. Use of Modern strategy

1st war to use modern strategy
Armoured ships
Artillery, machine guns
Reported in News
Indirectly beneficial to the Americans

1st President from the Slave Society
Voting Rights Act of 1965

aimed to overcome legal barriers at the
state and local levels that prevented
African Americans from exercising their
right to vote under the 15th Amendment
(1870) to the Constitution of the United
States.

Q. Present Day ?

Thank You

Industrial Revolution

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-



• UPSC Mains GS I History Syllabus

• Indian Heritage and Culture, History:
• Indian Culture: Salient features of Literature, Art Forms, and Architecture from Syllabus
ancient to modern times.
• Modern Indian History: Significant events, personalities and issues during the
middle of the eighteenth century until the present.
• Indian Freedom Struggle: Stages, important contributors and contributions
from different parts of the country.
• Post-independence consolidation and reorganization in the country.
• History of the World:


Syllabus
Events, forms and effect on the society from 18th century
like
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

- Changes in Trade & Commerce

- Colonisation
- Impact in the form of Mercantilsm
- Later on Industrial Revolution
- Industrial Capitalism emerged
- Capitalist system developed
- Later on challenged by socialist
system
- Rationality emerged in the society

- Revolutions took place
- Authority of the state challenged

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• World Wars
• Philosophies- Capitalism
• Communism
Age of Colonisation • Socialism etc.
Revolutions

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present


What is it ? Why Revolution ? Why in Industrial Models Impact of IR

How it takes
England ? - USA
place ?
Q. Revolution vs. - Germany
Evolution - Japan
- China ?

Q. What is Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased

output of machine-made goods that began in England in the
middle 1700s.
GW Southgate→ Industrial Revolution was a change in

industrial process- under which manual labour was
replaced by power operated machines and it made changes
in industrial organisation also. Instead of running industries
at home people started running factories.

Q. Why Revolution ?
Q. Why the term Revolution
Complete economy was rejuvenated.
Factory System
Source of energy changed→ Coal→ Steam
Development of Economy
Other Impacts

Q. Why
Q.the
Whyterm Revolution
Revolution ?
Technology
Business
Structure
Economic
Reorganisation

Revolution Vs. Evolution Industrialisation is
an evolutionary
process
Q. Is it a Revolution or Evolution??
Why Evolution ?
-Time duration- 1760s to Present
-Place/Location- keeps on evolving
-Commodity/Product
-Nature of Fuel/Power
Arnold Tonybee
-Factory- Labour to Robotics
-Nature of Industrial Capitalism

Q. Is it a Revolution or Evolution?? Industrialisation is an evolutionary
process
Industrialisation
1750 to 1850 1850 to present
Arnold Tonybee

Q. Is it a Revolution or Evolution??
Arnold Toynbee→ Industrial Revolution is not a sudden

event but an incessant process of development.
It has been going on continuously from the middle of the
eighteenth century to the present day. Roughly, we may
presume two phases of industrial revolution
1. 1750 to 1850
2. 1850 to present
Arnold Tonybee

Geographical Evolution

Production Process Evolution
18th Century CE 19th Century CE 20th Century CE 21st Century CE
Electricity Used Use of IT & IR 4.0

Water & Steam Electronics Cyber Physical
Powered Goods
Mass production
Mechanical Automation Internet of Things
started
engineering
technology Assembly line
Divison of labour
concept
Labour intensive
News source of fuel

It is more of a Evolution….
But, Q. How does Industrial Revolution Takes Place????

Supply Politics
A Demand Society
B
Infrastructure Culture
Supply Side→ To produce anything we need this
1. Land→ Resources
2. Labour
3.Capital
4. Entrepreneurship

Demand Side→ there can be many demands
1. Internal Demand 2. External Demand

1.1 Government Demand 2.1 Trade between two countries
1.2. Public Demand
2.2 Imperial trade→ Colony system
2.3 Preferential trade→ Free trade

Infrastructure Development
Transport & Communication
1. Roadways
2. Waterways- Canals, Rivers & Shipping
3. Railways
4. Postal & Communication

What is the role of section-B
It will act as an obstructionist or as

a catalyst in the process of
Industrialisation
State→ Government
Politics → Parties & Leader
Either will try to stop the process of Industrialisation or

will facilitate the
Role of Government- creating conducive policies
Fiscal stimulus
Attracting foreign money

Society & Culture
They are the one’s responsible for fulfilment

of Supply side,
Demand side,
Infrastructure,
Political parameters
Demand driven growth→ economic survey

Public spending will determine the level of
manufacturing

Q. Why in England ?
- The First Industrial Revolution took place
- We need to understand the preceding

period in England

Commercial
Agricultural Revolution
Demographic Revolution
Revolution 1. Spill over effect
1.Open Scattered from agricultural Transport Revolution
Rapid growth in fields→ Consolidated
population revolution 1. Roads, Canals,
fields
1. 1700-1741→ 50-60 2. Growth of trade, Ports, Bridges were
2. Increase in overseas trade made and played
lakh productivity
3. Development of important role
2. 1751-1821 3. Increase in Income, insurance, banking
100 lakh hence capital for facilities
Increase in labour industries
4. Growth of
4. Increase in Infrastructure & cities
Purchasing capacity

Q. Why in England ?→ The First Industrial Revolution took place

Supply Side→ To produce anything we need this
2. Labour
3.Capital
4. Entrepreneurship

Supply Side→ Parameters
Iron available
Coal Fields for energy

2. Raw materials→ Agricultural Revolution

preceded the Industrial revolution
Cotton production
High income already

High Purchasing power→ Hence
Demand
Colonies→ eg. America Provided raw

material to England

2. Capital→ Agricultural Revolution→

Commercial Revolution
Loot from India & other colonies

also there to invest
By 18th CE, development of Banks,

they also provided capital

3.Labour→where to get them?
Initially, Labour Shortage.

Therefore, felt the need to invent
new machines
Due to land consolidation, small

farmers migrated to cities for work.
Hence labour problem solved
Later on, Demography changed

when population increased.

Demand Side→ there can be many demands
1. Internal Demand 2. External Demand

1.1 Government Demand 2.1 Trade between two countries
1.2. Public Demand
2.2 Imperial trade→ Colony system
2.3 Preferential trade→ Free trade

Q. Why in England ?→ The First Industrial Revolution took
place
Q. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England?

Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the
industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at
present? (2015, 12.5 Marks)

Demand Side→ Parameters
1. Internal Demand
Standard of Living→ High

Agri revolution→
Mercantile revolution
Therefore, High Purchasing power
Therefore more demand.

1. Internal Demand
The government also consumed→ Eg.

Drain of Wealth- Home Charges- Store
purchases
No threat from any other country

challenging England via FDI
Therefore more demand.

2. External Demand
Catering requirement of friendly

nations.
Colonies→ Also acted as market. Eg.

India
Monopoly over sea trading

State→ Government
Politics → Parties & Leader
Either will try to stop the process of Industrialisation or

will facilitate the
Role of Government- creating conducive policies We’ll protect our

Economy
Fiscal stimulus
Attracting foreign money

Political Conditions
आओ कभी हवेली पे
Policy of protectionism
Didn’t levied local taxes
Colonies→ Established ports on

the key commercial routes
Political Stability
Financial Stability
Democratic Institutions→
Different leaders emerged

Political Conditions
Q. Role of Geography
Geo-Politics
Isolation
Safe from external aggressions
Not wasted energy in wars

Political Conditions खर्ाा हो क्या तुम मझ

ु े
िया रे गिफ्ट diamond
बाबा..... necklace करोिे
Highly Adaptive, Liberal
Role of Protestant Religion
No religious restraint
Business class, Merchant class invested money

Positive attitude towards trade & commerce
Abolishment of serfdom→ Conducive

Technological Changes
James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny



Technological Changes- Infrastructure
John Macadam-
Water Bound Macadam- WBM
Strength & Stability

Easy movement

Technological Changes- Infrastructure
Canal Mania


Q. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England?
Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the
industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at
present? (2015, 12.5 Marks)
Q. Why in England, the Industrial revolution started but not in France???

Q. Why in England, the Industrial revolution started but not in France???
England France
Technology 1. Monarchy→ Absolutism
2. Religion→ Catholic, Conservative

Socio-Cultural All Factors
were Didn’t promoted trade
Politics Conducive
3. Society→ Elitist, Privilege based,
Demand-Supply Influenced by religion

Q. Geographical Evolution
Industrialisation expansion→
Phase-II
-USA
-Germany
-Japan

Geographical Evolution

USA- Industrial Revolution

USA- Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution

Technological Revolution
Period between 1870 to 1914
Main focus-
Heavy Industries
Iron & Steel
Coal as a source of power
Use of Rail Roads
Use of Water Ways

Q. USA- Industrial Revolution
Political Conditions Geo-Politics Safe from external aggressions
1776- Declaration of Independence
Good Geography- Agriculture in

South
By 1860- Civil War took place
Post Civil War→ Political Stability

Northern States promoted
Industrialisation
Government- created Demand

Protectionist policy for the Industry
Infrastructure favoured

Supply Side
Agriculture- Large Raw materials Land Parcels Available

availability
Labour was freely available after the
Natural Resources- Iron, Coal, civil war
Minerals etc. End of slavery
Safe from external aggressions Gilded age- Industries provided high

wages
By 1860- Civil War took place
Opportunities provided by the
Post Civil War→ Political Stability Industries
Northern States promoted
Industrialisation Capitalist Class- Had money to invest

Demand Side Society & Culture
American Population
5 days/week lifestyle
Cosmopolitan Culture
Favoured Materialism
Demand creation
Banking sector→ easy loans
Free market economy
Creativity→ innovations took place

Education
Urbanisation
How it all Happened ?

How it happened ?
Transportation Revolution ?
Communication Revolution ?
Role of Individuals ?

Infrastructure Transportation Revolution ?
Government- Favoured Privatisation

Transport Revolution Preceded IR
Private Roads- Toll Roads

Turnpikes
Steamboats- initially imported from

England
Later on Manufacturing
Canal Network-
Erie Canal
Great Lakes

Infrastructure Transportation Revolution ?
Railways
Railroads- built by Independent contractors
Use new techniques of construction
By 1840s- 3000 miles of tracks laid down
Advantages
Faster
Cheaper
Great connectivity than canals
Ports were connected with hinterland
Waterways were connected with railways
Government granted loans to the contractor

Infrastructure Communications Revolution
Print Media Telephone-

Newspaper printing Graham Bell
Postal services Wireless Telegrahphy

Benjamin Franklin’s role Macroni→ physics
Noble prize – radio waves
Typewriter
Christopher latham Automobiles-
Internal combustion engine
Telegraph Later liquid fuels used
Morse code
Electricity Wright Brothers

-Thomas Edison

Role of Large Corporations Private Companies
Individual Entreprenuers
Captialist class of people
Andrew Carengie- Steel Company

Iron & Steel Company
JP Morgan-
Railroad Business
By 1913- USA accounted for greater output total
General electric company
than combined output of Britain , France and
Germany
John Rockfeller
Petroleum industry
Oil refineries Impetus of Urbanisation
Purchasing power increased
Standard of living increased
Henry Ford – Assembly line concept
Automobile
Q. Germany-Industrial Revolution

Main Factors ?
Not politically united

But had a customs union-Zolverin
1870- Unification of Germany
Role of Bismarck
Geography played its own role
Infrastructure- Technical changes
Education
Chemical Industry
Colonialism - Markets

Role of Bismarck Infants can’t be

sent to War…
Geographical Resources
Unified Germany
Economic development
Political stability After unification
Abundant natural resources
Social welfare measures for the Coal & iron ore – Ruhr
labourers
Industrial insurance etc. Fertile plains- Alsace & Loarine
Industrial protectionism Chemical deposits- Sodium &

Business houses protected Potassium
Heavy industries focused

Iron and steel
Chemicals

Chemical Industry
Technical Education
Became the basis of German

Bismarck initiated technical
Industrialisation
education
Universities became the centres
Research & Development
Innovation
Distillation process
Electronics
Refinement of chemicals
Automobile
German dyes
Chemistry-physics
BASF, Bayer etc.
Population Boom
Between 1870 to 1920s

50% increase in population Outcome of German IR ?
Significance ?

Outcome of German IR ?

Q. Japan- Industrialisation
Q. “Latecomer” Industrial revolution in Japan involved certain

factors that were markedly different from what west had
experience. (2013, 10 Marks)

Origin Phases
Initially followed policy of

isolationism
Limited contact with western powers
17th Century-19th Century CE

Tokugawa Shogunate Period
1853- Attack by Commodore Perie
By 19th Century CE- 1868 Onwards

Meiji Dynasty (1868-1912)

हमारी तौहीन हो गयी
हज़रात हज़रात
हज़रात..... पापा का दादा का भाई का
Opening of Japan- 1853 onwards इतने िोले मरें िे की सबका बदला लेगा तेरा
धुआं धुआं हो जायेिा Meiji Dynasty
By 1853- Attack by
Commodore Matthew Perry
Japan forced to open up

market for western powers
Decline of Shogunate
Rise of the Meiji Dynasty
Meiji Dynasty→ initiated reforms

Led to Industrialisation

Q. Japan- Industrialisation I will do reforms in
my country
Fukoku kyōhei
Meiji Dynasty→ initiated reforms Western Education
Reverse engineering
Abolished feudalism
Land reforms innated Sending government
Merit system adopted officials to America, Europe
Samurai class was regulated
Taking help from foreign
Centralised machinery advisors
Emperor-people relations
Parliament established Citizens were sent abroad on
scholarships
Bureaucracy reforms
Fukoku kyōhei
Enrich the Country, Didn’t forgot the local values
Strengthen the Armed Forces

Process
State Sponsored- Ministry of Reverse Engineering- helped the

Industry with the pros & cons of western By 1900s, Japan had
Government backing model the same output that of
Reverse engineering USA & Europe
Public sector Undertakings R&D- later on developed own
Later on sold to Business groups model Economy→
Militarisation
Companies got government help Heavy Industry
Discount pricing Ship Building
Results→ ?
Banking & Infrastructure Textiles
Less monetary risks

Economy→
Militarisation
Results→
1895- Sino-Japan War
1902- Anglo-Japan
Treaty
1905- Russo-Japan War
1914- World War-1
1931- Manchuria
1941- Pearl Harbour

Q. Impact of Industrial Revolution ?

Q. What was the outcome of Industrial Revolution???
Human life went through unprecedented changes due to industrial revolution.
1. Economic Effects 2. Social Effects
3. Political Effects 4. Other Effects

1. Economic Effects
1. Nature of economy changed

Initially, Agriculture based→ now Manufacturing Industry based
economy
2. Industry became the primary source for revenue earner for

the state
3. Gave impetus to trade & commerce

International trade→ Bilateral, Colonial, Preferential, Free trade
4. Growth of technology
Factory System
New methods of Production
IR 1.0 to IR 4.0
1. Economic Effects
5. Encouraged Imperialism
New colonies→ Market & Raw materials
6. Globalisation
After 1945, Decolonisation started
The imperial powers, started pushing for

Globalisation
Neo Colonialisation→ WTO, IMF etc.

2. Social-Economic Effects
1. Strengthening of Middle class
2. Working class emerged
3. Industries→ Developed in Cities

Therefore, Urbanisation
New Culture will emerge
4. Urbanisation→ Migration from villages to cities

Breaking up of Joint family system
Starting of nuclear family

Social- Economic Effects
5. Industrialisation→ Factory System

Job seekers → High
Job givers→ Low
Therefore, Low Wages→ Exploitation
6. Industrialisation→ Low wages

Housing problem→ Living in Slums
Problem of health & hygiene
7. Women empowerment

2. Political Effects
1. Democracy strengthened
Charter movement 1850s
Representation of labours increased→ Trade union
2. Development of Nationalism
Imperialistic nationalism favoured by the masses
3. Promoted Laisses Faire

New policy followed by the state

2. Political Effects
हम क्या र्ाहते
आज़ादी
4. Birth of Socialism
Because of exploitation between the owners & workers
Exploitation of workers
Therefore, workers came together, birth to socialism
Robert Owen, Saint Simon, Karl Marx etc.

4. Other Effects
Impact on
Art & Literature
Music, Cinema
Education, Sport
Environmental Impact.

Environmental Impact.

Thank You

French Revolution

ABOUT ME

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Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

French Revolution
The France Why Revolution ? Events Outcome of the Napoleon &

How it takes
Revolution After
place ?
What is it ? Q. Causes Behind
Revolution ?

Q. What is French Revolution?
The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political and social
upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole,
during which the →

French polity, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for
the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on
Enlightenment principles of republicanism, citizenship, and rights.

1789 Starting of Revolution
Section-A
1815 Fall of Napoleon & End of Revolution
It is not an event of history,

It is a living legend
It is a process
1830 July Revolution
Section-B 1848 February Revolution
1871 Estd. Of French Republic

Section-A
Phase-I 16 June Formation of National Assembly

Bourgeoisie
Phase 9 July National Assembly→ Constituent Assembly
14 July Attack on Fort of Bastille
26 Aug. Declaration of Rights of Man & the Citizen
Phase-II 1791 National Assembly

Section-A
Phase-III 1792 National Convention

Radical 1793 Jacobins comes to power
Phase
1795 Directory Rule
1795-98 Rise of Napoleon
1799 Napoleon comes to power

1804 Napoleon become emperor
Phase-IV Reforms by Napoleon

Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon
1815 Defeat of Napoleon @ Waterloo
Starting of Metternich System

French -आम आदमी Louis XVI
It was a conflict between, the French -आम आदमी and the Monarchy.
What circumstances lead to the French revolution, for that we

need to understand the French Story.
Understanding of Old-Ancient World Order in France
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political
World History- Pratik Nayak © C

Bourbon
Monarchy
Dynasty
Absolute Monarchism
मझ ु े जो सही लगता
I am the state &
हैं वो में करता
my word is the law
करता हूँ Divine Rights→ Appointed by Kings
Questioning the king= Blasphemy
Both Louis XIV & XV→ Powerful

kings
Centralised the administration
Rampant Corruption
Louis XIV Louis XV
Sun King Louis XV- last words ‘After
me Deluge’
Abandoned the Representative
Institutions in France→ Estates
Many kings from Prussia, Italy,
General
England imitated this style of polity

Bourbon
Monarchy
Dynasty
Weak personality, not like his grandfather

अब मेरी बारी हैं I am the Queen
Dependent of Feudal elements for consolidation of rule
Monopolizing the govt. offices by aristocrats & nobles
No proper administration
No codified uniform legal system
No uniform taxation policy
Louis XVI→ Comes Administration influence by Queen

to power in 1774 Marie Antonietee
French common man was not getting any
representation, no role to play→ Angry.

Bourbon
Monarchy
Dynasty
अब की
French common man was not getting बार...Citizens की
अब मेरी बारी हैं सरकार
any representation, no role to play→
Angry.
The reaction came out on

16 June 1789.
French -आम आदमी

Louis XVI

French Society→ Estates System
1st Estate
2nd Estate
3rd Estate

1st Estate
• Made up of clergy of Roman Catholic Church

• Scorned Enlightenment ideas
• <1% of total population
• Controlled 15% of the resources
• Didn’t paid taxes
• Used to runs schools & public functions

अब मेरी बारी
हैं… Tithe tax…
1st Estate
• Church→ Laid compulsary tax called as

Tithe
• 1/10th of total agricultural produce need
to be paid
• Church owned large land, but didn’t
paid tax
• Upper Clergy – rich lifestyle
• Lower clergy- poor lifestyle

2nd Estate
• Consisted of Aristocrats & Nobles

• held highest offices in government
• disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
• accounted for just 2 percent of the
population
• owned 20 percent of the land
• paid almost no taxes

3rd Estate
• 97 percent of the people

• Three groups made up this estate

3rd Estate
1. The bourgeoisie or middle class • 97 percent of the people

were well educated and believed strongly in the अब की

Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality. बार...Citizens
की सरकार
paid high taxes
lacked privileges
felt that their wealth entitled them to a greater degree

of social status and political power

3rd Estate
2. workers of France’s cities- San • 97 percent of the people

Collutes • Three groups made up this estate
Called as San- Collutes

included tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants
Artisan Class
Also paid high tax
Politically , Socially, Economically

deprived
3rd Estate
3. Peasants • 97 percent of the people

formed the largest group within the Third Estate अब तो ये सरकार खून
भी चूस लेगी
80 percent of France’s 26 million people
paid about half their income in dues to nobles, tithes

to the Church, and taxes to the king’s agents
resented the clergy and the nobles for their privileges

and special treatment

Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

18th Century→ Age of Reason Enlightenment Ideas
Ideologues, Philosophers wrote about the system Q. Role of Philosophers
1. Montesquieu
Exposed Privilege based social system
Identified, Absolute Monarch & attacked it
Book→ Spirit of Laws
Separation of Power
Criticised existing laws

Enlightenment Ideas
18th Century→ Age of Reason Q. Role of Philosophers
Ideologues, Philosophers wrote about the system
2. Voltaire
Wrote on French society
Book→ The age of loius XIV
Questioned the authority of chruch

Enlightenment Ideas
Q. Role of Philosophers
18th Century→ Age of Reason
3.Rousseau
Book→ Social Contract
Believed that people were born good but

were corrupted by the society
Man is born free but everywhere in chains

Enlightenment Ideas
4. American Revolution
It also affected the French revolution
Gen. Laffayate fought along the

Americans (Gen. Washington)
The French returned home

enthusiastically
They acted as Gurji for the

French People
Made French people aware about

the true character of Louis King’s
rule
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

Absolute Monarchy
1.King→ Constantly @ War
3/4th of expense done on defence
I am the state & my अब मेरी बारी हैं
word is the law
Louis XVI→ Sends his army to america to fight against
the British
But, Q. From where to get revenue??
2. King→ lavish lifestyle

Personal income of the king not differentiated from states
Louis XIV Louis XVI

But, Q. From where to get revenue??
3. Flawed taxation policy
1st and 2nd estate→ 40% of the wealth Absolute Monarchy
Exempted from paying wealth
No uniform tax policy→ affected local trade

Therefore, not much economic development
4. 3rd Estate bear the brunt

Income low, High Poverty
High Inflation→ 65%
Occurrences of bread riots

Socio-cultural
Political
Economic
By 1780s, France had structural

problems, which had large grievance
among the masses

By 1780s, France had structural
problems, which caused large
grievance among the masses
French - Louis
आम
XVI
आदमी
Some events between 1780 to 1788

were immediate reasons for the
revolution
Immediate Causes
Understanding the period between 1780 to 1789
Financial Issues
Social Tensions
Political Instability
1774 Louis XVI Comes to power- Financial Crises going on
Weak ruler, corruption issues etc. We can create

What to do mr.
finance
Atma-Nirbal
minister?
1774 Appointed Turgot as the Finance Minsiter France
No Bankruptcy, No Increase of Taxation, No

more Borrowing
Cut down the expenditure – royal household

Advised king to impose taxes on every class
of society
Turgot Louis XVI
1776- removed from the post
Necker appointed as the finance

1774 Louis XVI Comes to power- Financial Crises going on
Weak ruler, corruption issues etc.

What to do mr.
I’ll publish all
finance
1776 documents sir
Jacques Necker appointed as Finance Minister minister?
Banker from Geneva
Started publishing financial report

Showed annual income & expenditure of the
state
This report was kept secret earlier , but Necker Louis XVI
Necker went ahead
Necker also suggested taxing nobles

Dismised from the post Q. Necker publishing the
documents→ Significance ?
Calone was appointed in 1781
French Economic Condition during Necker as Finance Minister
History Memes by Pratik Nayak
Le ….Louis XVI Le ….Necker

अरे बापरे ये तो धोती
खोल रहा है
Le ….Advisor
to the King….
History Memes by Pratik Nayak

1774 Louis XVI Comes to power
Weak ruler, corruption issues etc.
1781 Calonne appointed as Minister

1786 France on verge of Banckruptcy- Increased Borrowing
We can call session
of special council No revenue income, treasury empty What to do mr.
finance
Or else we can special council→ Consisted minister?
include these 1st-2nd members from clergy, feudal
estate into paying
taxes
lords, nobles etc.
When Calonne gave proposal to tax 1-2nd

estate, the clergy and the gentry created
pressure on king. Calonne was removed from
his post
Louis XVI
New minister was given the task
Calonne
1787 Finance minister→ Brienne
Also advised Uniform tax policy

Introduction of new taxes
special council→ Rejected the

My lord, we need to proposal sent by Brienne Hmmm.. Need to do
impose taxes or else something
we’re done… What to do mr.
I suggest uniform tax finance minister?
policy and new taxes But now, King sent this proposal
to another body name
parlement for advise
Louis XVI
Brienne
1787 King sends the proposal to parelement Parelement
…please
What to do
advise us
French Financial Crises
Debt- 7 years War
American Revolution
Parlement- French Assembly/Court

Hereditary in set up
Nobles dominated it
Supported by the public- as they checked monarchy
Louis XIV- Controlled it

Louis XV- abolished it Loui
Louis XVI- reinstated it s
XVI
Parelement→ King can’t take unilateral decision on
1787 imposition of taxes
For tax matter, we need to Parelement…p

lease advise us
get consent from the
Estates General
Louis XVI
1787 Parelement→ Estates general will decide
Estates General→ Last meeting Parelement…

took place in 1614 please advise
us
Monarchy will get weak.

The 1st and 2nd estate will
एक तीर से दो निशाि get stronger
Louis
XVI
In between→ Trigger
What to do
now???
1787 Agricultural crises
1788 Bad Harvest

High Inflation
Unemployment
Bread riots etc.
Louis XVI
What to do
now???
5 May Session of Estates General
1789
Voting→ Individually
Each estate had 1 vote.
No joint session between 3

estates
Louis XVI

5 May 1789 Session of Estates General
No…can’t have joint sitting

हम क्या चाहते... एक काम करो.. Hall को What to do
Joint sitting… ताला लगा दो now???
3rd Estate 1st-2nd Estate Louis XVI
The 1st- 2nd Estate advised the king not to have joint sitting
On this advise, to stop the 3rd Estate, the King locked the assembly hall.

5 May 1789 The king locks the door of assembly hall where 3rd estate was to meet
3rd Estate people got

awakened

1789 3rd Estate meets @ Tennis Court
16 June
We are the
national assembly
now….
3rd Estate declares itself as National Assembly of France

Tennis Court Meeting

1789 3rd Estate meets @ Tennis Court
27 June
Okay I am
We are the national giving you
assembly now…. recognition
Feudalism & serfdom abolished

End of privilege system
Tithe was also abolished
National assembly→ Constituent Assembly

1789
9 July Continuous infighting going on in France
Economic crises continued

National assembly→ Constituent Assembly I need to solve
1789 economic
9 July Continuous infighting going on in France crises
Financial Crises going on-
Brienne & Company removed as finance ministers – 1788
Jacques Necker once again appointed as the finance minister
Jacques Necker- Fearless man

Went ahead with his plan- published the financial data
Masses

1789 Attack on Fort Bastille
14 July
Bread riots taking place in Paris
People came to know-

Jacques Necker has been removed from the power Bhari Blunder hoi
gaya…..
Public got angry
Now it’s too much…
Fort of Bastile- symbol of power
Political prisoners were kept
Attacked
The final nail in the coffin took place
14 July- National Day of France
Events Continued→
26 August 1789

Section-A

Bourgeoisie
Phase-II 1789- National Assembly
1791

National Assembly
Phase-II 1789 to 1791
Formation of Constituent Assembly
Moderate
Phase of the Members from all sections of the Society
Revolution
Dominated by the 3rd Estate
Reforms will initated
Influenced by Rousseau, Lafayate

1789 Declaration of the Rights of the man& the citizen
26 Aug. Due Process in Judicial matters
Popular Sovereignty
Rights of Man
Liberty
Property rights
Right to Information- Finances
Officials are responsible to the people

1789 Declaration of the Rights of the man& the citizen
26 Aug.

1791 Problems in the National Assembly
Outsiders vs Insiders
Divisions & factions I still have
Revolutionary groups didn’t like constitutional power ….
monarchy
1792 French declared republic
Establishment of National Convention

Monarchy was abolished
1792 Political Instability in France

Invasion by European Kingdoms

I still have
power ….
1789 to France become constitutional monarchy
1791
King lost the power of legislation
But still had suspensive veto
End of Feudalism
1791 Legislative assembly formed

July-
Oct. Separation of Power
Rule of law Q. But Issues in
Popular sovereignty National Assembly ?
Provinces→ Departmentas
Centralised state- no federalism
Separation of power
Control over Church- Controversy ?
Clergy made under State control
Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

1792 Removal of King→ Estd. Of National Convention
Sep. Radical Members of the National Assembly

Called as Jacobins
Set aside the Consitution of 1791
King disposed
New Government was formed→ National Convention

Around 750 members
Abolished Monarchy- France→ Republic
Right to Vote
Women – No vote
Reaction from the King→

Didn’t liked, thought of taking some foreign help
Hence king louis XVI- Beheaded

European kings attacked on France during this period

1792 1ST European Coalition invades France आ जाओ
यारो....लोहा
The War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) was गरम हैं मार दो
the first attempt by the European monarchies to defeat हथौड़ा
the French First Republic
Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia, England and Sardinia
(S.H.A.P.E.S)
The French king invited these coalition,
Now its time to fight….
The French people, fought against this coalition
and also held responsible the French king for the
same
Second Phase of the revolution Starts
The Jacobins also came to power during this period

The national convention continued to work

1792 → Estd. Of National Convention
1795
2 Groups
Montagnards Girondists
Paris as power Power centre→

centre Provinces
Supported by the San-Culottes will

San-Culottes hijack power
Centralised Feared Paris will

government dominate France
Extreme Federal
measures government set
up

1793-94 The Reign of Terror
Sep. National Convention→ Committee of Public Safety
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

1792 The Directory→ Comes to power
Oct. Corruption and Chaotic period

New constitution was written
5 Directors were chosen— Executives

Supported by the Bourgeoisie
Limited voting franchise – only wealthy class
2 houses→
Lower house – 500 members
& Upper House – 250 members
Royalists vs. Revolutionaries
But multiple power centres emerged

Plots and intrigues started
Executive vs. legislature

Foreign invasions will take place
Napoleon will emerge as a military leader
1795 The Directory→ Comes to power
1799 Anarchy in France

Revolutionaries Vs. Monarchists
Foreign Invasions took place→
Background Napoleon was fighting against the French

enemies in Europe
Victory in Austria
Toulon was won
Royalists were supressed
By 1799 – Napoleon came back from Egypt

coup d'état- directory removed
New form of Government→ The Consulate

1799 Napoleon takes charge of France
9/10 Foreign Invasions took place→ Anarchy in France

Nov.
1799-1815 the Age of Napoleon

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

Q. Impact/Significance of French Revolution

Thank You

Napoleon & Onwards

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

French Revolution

How it takes
Revolution After
place ?
Revolution ?

Q. What is French Revolution?
The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political and social
upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole,
during which the →

French polity, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for
the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on
Enlightenment principles of republicanism, citizenship, and rights.

Section-A

It is a process

Section-A

Bourgeoisie

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

What circumstances lead to the French revolution, for that we

need to understand the French Story.
Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon


1. Impact on France
2. Impact on England
& Europe
3. Impact on World

अब की
बार...Citizens की
1. Impact on France सरकार
1. End of Monarchy
Establishment of Republican government
Constitutional government→ No divine rights
2. France became torch bearer of Humanity

Liberty
Equality
Fraternity
Declaration of the rights of the man &
citizen

1. Impact on France अच्छे ददन आने

वाले हैं
3. End of Privilege based social system
Establishment of Equality
4. End of Feudalism & Serfdom

Strengthening of Middle class
Forced labour abolished
Opening of gates, end of
Improvement in conditions of peasants nightmare for them

I do swear to be
1. Impact on France loyal to French
state
5. Church Power reduced
Religious freedom granted to citizen

Property of church confiscated
Priests were forced to take oath to be

loyal to the nation
State would pay salary to them

1. Impact on France
6. Administrative & Judicial Changes

Reorganization after revolution
Division of France into
83 departments
374 Cants (Districts)
44000 Communes

1. Impact on France
7. Economic impact
6. Administrative & Judicial Changes
Tax collection methodology changed.
Codification of laws
Octroi was abolished.
Uniform Judicial system
Penal code made softer
Later on, Napoleon codified the

laws

Q. Impact/Significance of French Revolution Welcome
to the clan
2. Impact on England & Europe
1. England→ Initially welcome the change

Because it would bring democracy in France
Later on, it tried to suppress it.
I can’t allow This revolution
anarchy will be violent
Edmund Burke→
Anarchy→ Violent
PM Pitt→ Banned the

press & organizations

2. Impact on England & Europe I can’t allow

anarchy
1. England→
Later on, it tried to suppress it.
Economic crises in England→ Due to

supporting anti-revolutionary activities
Start of Social & Political reforms→

Parliamentary reforms
Encouraged revolutionary activities in Ireland

Ireland haath se
gaya…
2. Impact on England & Europe
2.Europe→
Encouraged revolutionary activities in Ireland, hence
weakening of England.
Poland→ Revolutionary activity increased
United the Kings of Europe to come together &

fought anti-revolutionary wars
They tried to bring back the old system of Monarch

3. Impact on World
Nationalism→ Nationalist movements around the world
Impetus to Nation-State system

Unification of Italy, Germany etc.
Gave ideals to the world→ Liberty, Equality & Fraternity
Questioned the idea of Divine rights, privilege based system…!!
Declaration of Human rights→ People are sovereign

3. Impact on World
Napoleon’s Role
Reforms
Nationalism-Unification
Napoleonic code
Spain’s decline- installed brother as ruler of
Spain
Revolution in Latin America
Venezuela- 1810
Role of Simon Bolivar
Q. Rise of Napoleon
Q. Napoleon was child as well as destroyer of the revolution??

Q. Rise of Napoleon
1792 National Convention

1793 Jacobins comes to power
1795 Directory Rule
Napoleon
Reforms by Napoleon
Napoleonic wars


Q. Rise of Napoleon

Q. Rise of Napoleon
Birth- 1769, 15 August

Corsica- Island @ Mediterranean I am the
Revolution
Father- part of nobility

Island became part of French State
Father appointed as Judicial position
Enrolled his sons – Napoleon & Joseph
College d’autun
Learning at military college

Joined army as second lieutenant
Left to join family duties- death of father
1792- French revolution going on

National convention @ Power
Joined the armed forces
Fought against the British @ Touloun Q. How the Rise will take
1794- committee on public safety- place ?
Appointed him @ Artillary

Q. Rise of Napoleon
1795- rebellion against the government

I am the
Napleon given taks to supress the rebellion Revolution
Came under the spot light of the Directory
Given task to command army @ Italy
Established himself as an commander & popular for his

triumph in Europe
Due to anarchy and misrule in 1799, captured power

from the directory
By, 1804 proclaimed himself as the Emperor of the
French Republic
Only objective→ Glory of France
Therefore, Mass appeal among people
Q. Rise of Napoleon
1795- rebellion against the government

I am the
Napleon given taks to supress the rebellion Revolution
Came under the spot light of the Directory
Given task to command army @ Italy
Italian Campaign- 1796-97

Egyptian & Syrian Campaign- 1798-1801

Q. Rise of Napoleon
I am the
Revolution
Italian Campaign- 1796-97
Commanded 30000 soldiers
Gave them motivation
Took control over North Italy
Austrians finally left their control
Supressed religious authority

Ended serfdom
End of nobility
Disintegrated the Holy Roman Empire

Q. Rise of Napoleon
I am the
Revolution
Egyptian & Syrian Campaign- 1798-1801
Egypt- main hub for the British

Trade route to India
Got a call from Tipu
Intially got success
Later on British Navy defeated the French armies
1799- came back to France due to political crises

Welcomed as a hero
Got supported by one of the Directors

Established new government→ The Consulate

Le French People….Bahubali is
Le French….Rulers…. I am back….
back….

Q. Rise of Napoleon
The Consulate System → 1799 I am the

Revolution
1st Counsel- Napoleon as head
No elected assembly
2nd Counsel→ other members
3rd Counsel→ other Members
Started making reforms as a part of consulate system
1804- made him self as the life time counsel

End of consulate, republic
Proclaimed emperor
From 1799- 1815- Multiple battles & confrontation

1815- finally defeated at waterloo Q. Why Napoleon was
supported in these actions ?

Q. Rise of Napoleon
Q. Why Napoleon was

supported in these actions ? I am the
Revolution
France- 3 classes
• Monarchy/Royalists
• Middle Class
• Peasants/workers
Middle class thought he would bring stability, and

economic progress
Even monarchy forces also supported him, because they

believed that a strong person can only handle France
Peasants also supported him as napoleon promised them

land rights

I am the
Revolution
Q. Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon as a Reformer
Political Expansion- as an emperor
Administration
The first French empire
Economic
War with the Coalition partners
Society etc.

Q. Emperor
1797 to 1812
Biggest empire in Europe I am the
70 million subjects Revolution
130 departments
Italy
Spain
Poland
Prussia
Austria
Installed relatives as the rulers in many

states→ satellite states emergence
Brother Joseph→ Italy

Louis → Holland
Jerome- Bavaria

Q. Emperor
Defeated the European coalition

1. 1792-1797
End of the Holy Roman Empire
Italian conquest
Venice lost its independence
Unified Germany from 300→39
2. 1798-1802
Second coalition under Britain
Napoleon came back from Egypt
Treaty signed in 1802
Unified Germany from 300→39
3. 1803-1806
Third coalition
Battle of Trafalgar- naval war
Napoleons navy had a setback
Q. Emperor
4. Post battle of Trafalgar

Tried to defeat England by using
Continental System(1806-10)
Encircling Britain
Impact on British IR
But the outcome of Continental System ?
5. Battle of Austrelitz (1805)

Defeated coalition
Russia-Tsar Alexander I
Austria- Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)

Q. Emperor
6. Fourth Coalition 1806-07
Prussia, Saxony
Russia
Sweden, Briatin
1807-Treaty of Titlist
Expansion of Napoleonic Empire
Rhine Confederation-
Holland- Lous Bonaparte
Spain- Joseph Bonaparte
Belgium, Nice, Savoy, Genoa, Croatia
Friends with Russia, Sweden , Denmark
Only Britain remained outside the ambit

Q. Emperor
7. Spain & Portugal- 1807-08
Removed the local kings

Installed Brother Joseph as the king of
Spain
Spanish revolt→ Spanish Ulcer

Peninsular war
Guerilla warfare
8. Fifth coalition- 1809

Q. Emperor
9. By 1812-
War with Russia
Went till Moscow, but without food
Decided to retreat
Russian winters→ harsh & cold

Just able to survive – disastrous campaign
10. Sixth Coalition (1812-1814)

Motivation for European states
1814- defeat of napoleon
Battle of Leipzig
Exiled to Elba
Restoration of Louis XVIII to power

Congress of Vienna -1814
After 100 days Napoleon came back

Q. Emperor
Finally defeated by European force @ Leipzig (1813)
100 days of Exile @ Elba
1815- Return of the Napoleon

Proclaimed emperor
Rebuild army
Reaction from Britain & Prussia

Duke of Wellington
Arthur Wellesley leading the Army
1815- Battle of Waterloo
Exiled to St. Helena (Atlantic)

1821 death
Q. Napoleon as a ruler ?

Q. Napoleon as a ruler ?
French State - Army
I am the
Revolution
1. Administrative
2. Judicial
Reforms
3.Economic
4. Religious
Q. Empire of
Napoleon

French State
I am the
1. Established strong & stable French state Revolution
Centralized administration
Called himself as the child of the

revolution
Huge empire→ 70 million subjects

Role of Army
Army had all section of population
Ideals of egalitarianism
Patriotic, merit based , ranks
Speed & Mobility

1. Administrative
I am the
1. Established strong & stable French state Revolution
Centralized administration
Established Central Secretariat
2.Curbed Liberty→ to establish law & order

Curbed Liberty→ Press censorship
3. Equality
Merit based appointments
Legion of Honour

1. Administrative
I am the
4. Centralized administration→ Education Revolution
Lycee Education System

State must control Education
Written syllabus
Estd. Military school

Set up French university system

2. Judicial
1. 1804→ Code of Civil Justice

1807→ Napoleonic Code
Rule of Law Equality
All conquered territories had rule of law
Inspired Judicial system all around the

world
Indian Constitution→ Liberty, Equality

& Fraternity

3. Economic
1. Nationalisation
Estd. Bank of France
2. Promoted free trade

Put France towards Industrialisation
3. Uniform tax policy

Market reforms
4. Constructed roads & bridges

Beautification of Paris

4. Religious
1. Adopted Secular policy

Liberty to follow any religion
2. Agreement with Pope

Concordat of 1801
Church gave up its claim
Clergy given back to pope
Catholicism recognised

Thank You

Congress of Vienna
1830 & 1848 Revolutions

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

French Revolution

How it takes
Revolution After
place ?
Revolution ?

Section-A

It is a process

Section-A

Bourgeoisie

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon


Socio-
Cultural
Causes
Economic Political

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

Q. What reasons were responsible behind the downfall

of Napoleon ?

I am the
Revolution
Q. Reasons behind his

Downfall ?

Finally defeated by European force @ Leipzig (1813) & waterloo (1814)
Q. Causes behind Napoleon’s downfall?
Napoleon’s faults Highly ambitious
Offensive monarchy→ Underestimated Nationalism
Continuous war Russian attack→1812
Couldn’t challenge naval power of Britain

Vienna order/Concert of Europe/ Metternich
1815 System
1830 February Revolution@ France
1848 February Revolution@ France

Decline of Metternich system
1850 Metternich runs away to England

French vs. Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden
Metternich, the Austrian Prince conveyed a meeting of all

the European Kings @ Vienna in 1815
Metternich

Metternich, the Austrian Prince conveyed a meeting of all the European Kings @ Vienna
in 1815

Vienna Congress
To reduce France to its old boundaries
Redrawal of boundaries→ by 1790

Frontiers were pushed back
Restoration of old monarchies that that had lost power

during the revolutionary period & napoleon’s expansion
Septermber 1814- 1st meet @ Vienna

Met for several months
Representatives of 200 small & big princely states
Cities
Religious sects, corporations, special interest groups
Ultimately dominated by the Big 4 /5

I am the
Mere pass ek Revolution
plan hai….
Metternich gave them a plan

Congress of Vienaa 1815- Meme Situation
Le….Eurpoean states Le…Metternich to the

during the Napoleonic European States @ the
period Vienna Congress
History Meme by Pratik Nayak

Gave 3 goals @ the meeting
Mere pass ek
plan hai
work in “Concert” to stop growing Isms from spreading

Known as Metternich System
Feared Liberalism, Nationalism, Republicanism

Managed to convince his allies to go back to the old system
Metternich
Very Conservative

Gave 3 goals @ the meeting
Monarchy….
1.Balance of Power
2. Idea of Legitimacy
Metternich
3. Victors should be rewarded

In Europe democracy is a
falsehood. I don’t know
where it will end, but it
cannot end I a quiet old
age
Anti- Liberal
Crushing of
Revolutions
Anti- National
Restoration of
Absolute
Anti- People Monarchies Metternich
Q. How it was done ?

Balance of Power→
No country could easily overpower

another
Maintain peace.
Now it’s my turn
Q. How?
1789→ Revolution in France
Therefore, France should be

surrounded by stronger states
Metternich Italian territory Genoa→ Given to

Piedmont-sardinia
Strengthening of Prussia

2. Idea of Legitimacy
Italy is geographical Restoring Monarchy back to power

expression House of Braganza-
Portugal
Bourbon Dynasty Restored France,
Spain & Naples-Sicily House of Orange-
Netherlands
House of Savoy restored in Piedmont- House of Savoy- Sardinia

sardinia
Metternich German Princess- Rhine
Confederation
Rule of Pope restored in Central Italy
Papal States- Pope
Rule of Austrian Princes in Parma,
Modena, Tuscany

Now it’s my turn

Rhineland→ Prussia
Poland→ Russia
Prussia also rewarded with areas from

Swedish parmenia, saxony etc.
Metternich
Lombardi & Venetia→ Austria
Restoration of Holy Roman Empire

What to do with Germany kept intact

Germany
Austrian prince made the ruler of

Germany
Napoleon integrated 300

German states into 39
Metternich
Except Piedmont-sardinia all other

places were ruled by Foreigners

Post 1815 Onwards
1818- Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
Congress of Vienna or Concert of Europe
Britain
Multiple meetings took place there after Austria
Formed Quadruple Alliance
Prussia
1818- Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle Russia
1820- Congress of Troppau France allowed to participate
1821- Congress of Laibach But there were some conflicts
1822- Congress of Verona 1820- 21-

Greece revolt Revolt broke out in Naples &
Spain revolt Peidmont
Hence Congress of Troppau

Later on Student uprising in Germany- Diplomacy of Metternich
Burschenschaft – nationalist club

Q. Do u think, that the system created by Metternich will be
accepted by the people of Europe???
No. The people of Europe reacted. The Vienna congress tried to

supress the aspirations of common man. Hence, the force of
Nationalism was responsible behind this.

1. Restoration of old absolute monarchy in France→ Reaction in
the form of 1830 & 1848 revolution
1830 Revolution→ Belgium declared Independence from Holland
2. Nationalist→ Formation of Nation-States

Unification of Italy & Germany

1. Restoration of old absolute monarchy in France→ Reaction in the form of 1830 & 1848
revolution
1815 Fall of Napoleon & Vienna Congress
Restoration of Old Monarchies in

Europe & France
1848 February Revolution

revolution
1815 Vienna System

Q. Why 1830
Restoration of Old Monarchies in
Revolution
Europe & France
Louis XVIII Comes to Power

अब मेरी बारी हैं
Old Man, Weak personality
Therefore, French people didn’t opposed

him.
Gave limited liberty to the people

Louis XVIII
Died in 1824
Brother came to power

revolution
1824 Charlex X Succeds Louis XVIII

Q. Why 1830 Ambitious King, Wanted to control power
Revolution Divine rights origin
Stopped all reforms
I’ll again become

the state now…
July 1830 Issued an Ordinance
Dissolves the elected house→ Parliament
Voter’s Franchise decreased
Press , Civil liberty→ Curtailed

Charles X
Changes in Election System
revolution
July 1830 Issued an Ordinance

Q. Why 1830
Revolution Reaction from the Public→ Mass rebellion @
Streets of Paris
I’ll again become Need to teach you a Kings runs away→ Britain
the state now… lesson Downfall of Bourbon
Dynasty
Cousin→ Louis Phillepe
Orleans dynasty comes to

power
Charles X

revolution
Q. Why 1830 Revolution
July 1830 Revolution of 1830
Reaction from the Public→ Mass rebellion @

Streets of Paris
July 1830 Orleans Dynasty comes to Power
Louis Phillipe
Tried to maintain status-quo in France
Citizen King
For worker class no improvement took place
Came to France post Napoleon
Good relations with all
French people want change but the king
But more towards the bourgeoise
rejected. Therefore people revolted again
Impact in other parts of Europe

Belgium & Holland
Q. Impact of the July 1830 revolution ?
Belgian Revolution
Why ?
Congress of Vienna→ Belgium placed under Holland

(Dutch King)
The dutch can’t claim our

waffles…need to fight

Q. Impact of the July 1830 revolution ? फ़्ाांस को छ ांक आयी हम क्या
और यूरोप को कोरोना चाहते....आज़ादी
Belgian Revolution हो जाता है
Holland Belgium
Dutch speakers French speaking
Protestants Catholic
Trading community Manufacturing
Hence, Belgians protested against the Dutch

Nationalism- Patriotic Songs The Polish people also
Taking of Arms- reaction by the Dutch king revolted against the
Eventually the Dutch retreated Russian King Tsar
Alexander- but no success
New constitution- individual freedom
Popular monarchy- king Leopold (crowned in 1831)
King of Belgians title
Next Revolution→ 1848

Q. Impact of July 1830 Revolution
1. Impact on France
1. End of Bourbon Dynasty
2. Orleans dynasty comes to power
3. France became Constitutional Monarchy
4. Middle class became strong

Q. Impact of July 1830 Revolutions
2. Impact on Europe
दौड़ा दौड़ा के मारो
1. Cascading effect सबको
Mass revolutions in Europe

Spain, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Belgium
2. Belgium became Independent from Holland
3.Rebellion in Germany & Italy→

Metternich
Suppressed by Metternich’s Army
4. Triumph of Nationalism→
Beginning of an End of Vienna System

Period from 1830 to 1848
Nationalism on rise
Political upheavals
Revolutions vs Counter Revolutions
Creation of nation-states
culture
Language
Ethnicity
Issues with monarchy
Hence by 1848- again revolutions

revolution
Q. Why 1848 Revolution ? 1840s Louis Phillipe- Orleans dynasty

Status Quo-ist
Unemployment
Inflation
Corruption
Food crises
1847 Socialism was on the rise
No electoral reforms
People demanding reforms –
Louis Phillipe Republic
Feb 1848 Abdication of King

Provisional government formed
Poet- Alphonse de Lamartine-
President

revolution
Q. Why 1848 Revolution ? Feb 1848 Abdication of King

अब मेरी बारी हैं Provisional government formed
Poet- Alphonse de Lamartine-
President
Feb 1848 Class of People→ Prolteriat
Didn’t liked it
Socialist leader→ Louis Blanc
Motivated the workers
Louis Phillipe Workers revolt against the Bourgeoise

June 1848 Helped by the Military
Second Constitution issued –

Second Republic
President, single house, universal adult suffrage
People elected→ Napoleon III

revolution
1848 People demanding increase in Voters

Franchisee
King rejected. People took to streets.
King overthrown.
Napoleon III made the president of

France.
Napoleon III
Q. What was the impact of the 1830

& 1848 revolutions ?

1. Impact on France Napoleon III assumes power as

1. End of Constitutional Monarchy president & later in 1852 becomes the
emperor once again.
2. France became Republic (again)
3. Lower class got strengthened अब मेरी बारी हैं
4. Universal Adult Franchisee
5. Socialism in France
By 1871, France finally became

Republic
Napoleon III

2. Impact on Europe बचाओ

1. Nationalist uprising in Europe
2. Italy, Germany, Holland, Hungary

3. People revolted against Metternich→
4. Metternich Ran away. End of Vienna Congress
5. Socialist Idea’s proliferated. Metternich

revolution

It is not an event of
history,
It is a living legend 1848 February Revolution→ Napoleon III
It is a process becomes President
1852 Napoleon III becomes emperor of France


1848 February Revolution→ Napoelon III become President
1852 Napoleon III →emperor of France
Rules over Italy from 1848-1871.

My turn to rule over
France
During German Unification, the Franco-
Prussian war takes place.
France gets defeated.
End of French Monarchy.
Finally France became republic in 1871.
Napoleon III

Thank You

Redrawal of Boundaries
Italian Unification
German Unification

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

French Revolution

How it takes
Revolution After
place ?
Revolution ?

Section-A

Phase
1795 Directory Rule


Napoleonic wars
Age of
Napoleon

revolution

It is not an event of
history,
It is a living legend 1848 February Revolution→ Napoleon III
It is a process becomes President
1852 Napoleon III becomes emperor of France


1848 February Revolution→ Napoelon III become President
1852 Napoleon III →emperor of France
Rules over Italy from 1848-1871.

My turn to rule over
France
During German Unification, the Franco-
Prussian war takes place.
France gets defeated.
End of French Monarchy.
Finally France became republic in 1871.
Napoleon III

Redrawal of National Boundaries

Q. How Redrawal of Boundaries??
1. Breaking up of Large 2. Integration/Unification

Empires of Regional units
Nationalism
Growth of Nation-States

Redrawal of National Boundaries
Rise of the Nation State System
How it originated ?
30 Years War in Europe

Resulted in a peace treaty
Protestants vs Catholics
European states supporting
1648- Treaty of Westphalia

Church lost their power
people were recognised as the sovereign
Social contract theory

1600s England
1850s Western Europe, France etc.
Unification of Germany & Italy

It is a dynamic process
Today 195
Future it might be more
than 195+
1900s Eastern Europe
1920s Almost Europe
1950s Post WW-II, Asia & Africa

Q. Factors responsible for this? Growth of Nation-States
1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor
2. Political factors Nationalism
3. Economic→
Transport &
communication

Q. Factors responsible for this?

1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor
Renaissance→ Development of
Local language
It took place of Greek-Latin.
New societies based on languages

started developing.


1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor
Renaissance→ Broke the cultural

unity of Europe
Greek-Latin Holy Roman

Language Church
Local language people started
living together
Holy Roman
Empire


1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor

unity of Europe

Language Church
Enlightenment→ Q. the
authority of the church
Holy Roman
Empire Holy roman empire got weak→
New Boundaries


1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor

unity of Europe

Language Church
Factor of Race-Ethnicity-Caste
Holy Roman
Empire German Race, Slav Race, Serbs,
Bulgars…..


1. Intellectual &
Cultural factor

unity of Europe

Language Church
Development of Local Culture
based on language, caste &
religion
Holy Roman
Empire Based on that Countries formed


2. Political
French Revolution→ Popular

soverignity
European people got this

message
Boundaries drawn on will of the

people


3. Economic
Infrastructure
Railways
Water Ways
Trade & Commerce

French Revolution→ Napoleon’s

Conquest
Vienna Order→ Restoring the

boundaries to monarchy
Unification of Germany & Italy Development of Nation States
Colonisation- Imperialism- World

Wars
Decolonisation- eg. Breaking up of

British Empire→ Partition of India


Unification of Italy
Till 1795 Italy was a Geographical Expression

Background
1795-96 Napoleon conquers Italy & unifies it
I am the
Revolution

Italy before Napoleon

Smaller States Jealous of Each Other
Foreign Domination
Geographical barriers→ Regional Disparity
No harmony among leaders
City-States Diverse Culture

Italy before Napoleon
Genoa→ Local Republic
Piedmont-sardinia→ House
of Savoy
Venice-Lombardy→Austria
Parma-Modena-
Tuscany→Austrain Princes
Central Italy-Papal States→ Pope
Naples-Sicily→ Spanish Bourbon

Dynasty

Italy after Napoleon
I am the
Revolution
Napoleon Conquers Italy
Abolished feudal Institutions
Promoted free trade among Italian

states
Italian’s got feeling of Nationalism

→ glorious past
Hence, Italian favoured for Political

Unification

Process
1796 Geographical Expression
Napoleon’s
conquest Napoleon’s Conquest
1815 Vienna Congress
Reaction Rise of Individuals & Organisations
Development of Economy & Communications
1830-1848 Revolutions & its impact, Fall of Vienna

Congress
1854 Event→ Crimean War

Process
1858-59 War against Austria
Phase-I Integration of Lombardy
1860 Integration of Parma, Modena & Tuscany
Phase-II
Integration of Naples & Sicily
1866 Integration of Venetia
Phase-III
1870 Integration of Rome

Process

Process

Q. Reasons
Q. Factors Q. Process of
behind the Italian
responsible Integration
Unification
Q. Reasons behind the Unification of Italy ?
Despotic Austrian Rule
Domination of the Papal States
Spanish Rule- Bourbon Dynasty
Undermining the value of local people
Role of Napoleon- Nationalism

Q. Factors 1. Role of Napoleon(1796-1815)

responsible 2. Vienna Congress (1815)
3. 1830 & 1848 Revolutions
piedmont- 4. Fall of European Congress (1850)

sardinia 5. Role of Individuals→ Mazzini, Count
Cavour, Garibaldi
6. Crimean Wars(1854)
Use of Diplomacy 7. German Unification (1870)
8. Economic Development→ Trade &

Commerce

Background
Till 1795 Italy was a Geographical Expression
1795-96 Napoleon conquers Italy & unifies it

1815 Vienna Congress
Bourbon Dynasty Restored France,

Spain & Naples-Sicily
House of Savoy restored in Piedmont-

sardinia
Rule of Pope restored in Central Italy
Lombardi & Venetia→ Austria

1830 & 1848 Revolutions & its Impact

1810 Role of Individuals & Organisations
Establishment of Carbonari
Secret society of Charcoal burners
Aim: to free Italy from foreigners &

establishment of legal freedom.

1810 Economic Development
1750s Economically backward
1800s Onwards→ Railway lines

Trade increased as interdependence
Also Brought political awakening

1810 Individuals→ Writers & Philosophers
Silvio Pellico→ Wrote @ Austrian prison
Vincenzo Gioberti→
Catholic priest
‘Moral & civil superiority of Italy’
Wanted a federations

1830 Unification, still a long process
Till, 1830, Italian Unification stays on Paper.
Not much effort was paid.
Even in 1830 revolution,

Metternich sends Austrian army to curb the Italian feelings

1848 Unification, still a long process
1848 Revolution- Impact on Italy
1st Italian Independence War 1848-49

Disturbance in Lombardy & venice
Sicily proclaiming independence
Rome captured from the pope for a brief period
Sardania decides to help the Italians,
Austrians later on supressed the revolt in venice &

Lombardy
Revolutionaries were hanged

1830-50 Role of Individuals & Organisations
Mazzini→Heart Count Cavour→Brain Gari Baldi→Sword

Mazzini→ Estd. Young Italy
Participated in 1830 revolution
Sent to exile in France

Mazzini→Heart
Within 2 years 60000 members of Young Italy

Garibaldi→ Took part in Young Italy
February 1848 revolution→ fought against

Austria
Fled away to Rome→America

Gari
1854→ Came back to Italy & participated in Baldi→Sword
Unification process

Count Cavour →Gets help from King Victor

Emmanuel-II of
piedmont-sardinia
Count
In 1852, became Prime minister of piedmont- Cavour→Brain
sardinia State
Newspaper→ Risorgimento

1852 Q. Count Cavour as PM of piedmont-sardinia
Identified obstacles for Italy’s unification
Used Diplomacy as well as Economic tools for

Italy’s Unification
Count
Cavour→Brain
1. Cavour’s Economic policy
2. Use of Smart Diplomacy

1852 Count Cavour as PM of piedmont-sardinia कुछ दिन तो

बिताओ हमारे
Onwards राज्य में
Made piedmont-sardinia model state
Liberty of Press, Civil rights
Establishments of Banks, Co-operatives

society
Economic growth of his State

Count
Abolishes the privileges of the Church Cavour→Brain

1852 Count Cavour as PM of piedmont-sardinia कुछ दिन तो

बिताओ हमारे
Onwards
राज्य में
Made piedmont-sardinia model state
Strengthed the Army→90000 Soldiers
Fortified old places
Hence in next few years, Cavour made his state role

model in Italy.
Count
It also urged other states people to join Cavour.
Cavour→Brain

1852 Count Cavour as PM of piedmont-sardinia

Onwards कूट नीतत
2. Use of Smart Diplomacy
a. Eastern Question
b. Diplomatic relation with France
Count
Cavour→Brain

1852 Count Cavour as PM of piedmont-sardinia कूट नीतत

Onwards
2. Use of Smart Diplomacy a. Eastern Question
Count
Cavour→Brain


1854-56
Crimea→ Strategic location

Russia wanted to control Crimea कूट नीतत
In 1854, Britain & France together fought

against Russia for the control over Crimean
EIC- Sent Soldiers Peninsula.
to fight @ Crimean
War
Count Cavour send his army to help Britain & France.
General Enlistment Hence Russia was defeated
Act, 1856 Count
Cavour→Brain


1854-56
Count Cavour won the confidence from the
British & France
हमको Austria
मार रहा है
1856→ Paris Conference to solve the Eastern question
Cavour invited to take part in this conference
Cavour highlights the suppression of Italy done by the

Austrian rulers
Made Britain & France aware about the condition of Italy Count
Cavour→Brain

Let’s fight against
Austria
2. Use of Smart Diplomacy a. France
1858
Signs Plombier’s pact with Napoleon III
France will help Italy to fight against Austria

What will I
get boss?
Matrimonial Alliance signed Count

Cavour→Brain
France in turn to be given Nice & Savoy
Now, France also under Italian influence.

Napoleon III

1858-70 Stage set for Direct Confrontation

अि आएगा मज़ा
With Britain & France under Italian

Influence, Cavour knew, Austria won’t get
any help.
The process of Unification Starts

1. Lombardy (1859)
2. Parma-Modena-Tuscany (1860) Count
Naples-Sicily (1860) Cavour→Brain
3. Venice (1866)
Rome(1870)

1859 Integration of Lombardy

Lombardy……
Venice-Lombardy under Austrian occupation

Cavour ये तू
ठीक नह ीं कर Cavour instigates people to rebel against the Austrian
रहा है rulers
Austrian Reaction→ Declares war on Piedmont- sardinia
Count
Cavour→ Calls on ally France(plombiers pact) & with this liberated Cavour→Brain
Lombardy from Austrian Control
Couldn’t liberate Venice as in-between France left the war

Integration of Parma-Modena-Tuscany Parma-Modena-

1860 Tuscany
1859→ Piedmont Vs. Austria War

मारो सि को
Spill over effect→ People in these states started rebelling
against Austrian rulers
Austria & Prussia tries to supress these rebellion
Count
Cavour→ Uses Diplomacy. Highlights this to Britain Cavour→Brain
British PM→ Palmerstone→ Italy must be left alone. No external

power should intervene

1860 Integration of Parma-Modena-Tuscany
Austria was looking for International support to curb this Let people
decide
rebellion
Britain,
France help us
Britain→ No interference
France→ Matrimonial alliance, Nice & Savoy. Hence no

interference
Cavour→ Let people decide whom they want to be part of

Count
Plebiscite takes place in this states→ People decided to merge with Cavour→Brain
Piedmont-sardinia

1860 Integration of Naples-Sicily

िॉस फस गए
Ruled by Bourbon Dynasty
Napoleon III & Cavour had conducted Plombiers pact.
Post Integration of Parma-Modena-Tuscany people of

Naples-Sicily also came to Street
Count
Cavour→Brain
Cavour couldn’t interfere in Naples-Sicily as Napoleon will take it
offensive

1860 Integration of Naples-Sicily
Cavour→ Made Garibaldi the face of resistance Garibaldi…u do

something
I’ll liberate
Naples-Sicily
Garibaldi→ Organised group of Soldiers ‘Red Shirts’
May 1860→ Naples-Sicily conquered & liberated

Count
Cavour→Brain
Gari
Baldi→Sword

1861 Count cavour passes away

I’ll integrate
Venice & Rome
Integration of Venice & Rome to be

done under leadership of King Victor
Emmanuel-II of Piedmont-Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel-III

1866 Integration of Venice
Austria used to control Venice
Venice को Victor Emmanuel concludes treaty with Bismarck (Prussia)

नह ीं छोड़ेंगे
Let’s sign a
Okay…koi baat nahi treaty
Victor
Emmanuel-II

I’ll integrate
Unification of Italy Venice
1866 Integration of Venice
Victor Emmanuel concludes treaty with Bismarck (Prussia)

Okay…pakka na
Victor
Italy will attack Austria when Prussia Vs. Austria Emmanuel-II
war takes place
In turn Venice to be given to be piedmont-sardinia

1866 Integration of Venice I’ll integrate

Venice
July 1866→ Battle of Sodowa

Prussia Vs. Austria
Prussia was defeated by Austria

Venice merged with Italy
Victor
Emmanuel-II

I’ll integrate
Rome
1870 Integration of Rome
Rome→ Papal States→ Under Pope

Rome is Given protection by Napoleon3(France)
under my
protection
Waiting for right opportunity
1870→ France Vs. Prussia War→ Battle of Sedan Victor

Emmanuel-II
The Italian army enters Rome as no French soldiers were there to protect
it.
Rome was made capital of Italy.
Napoleon III Pope was made sovereign ruler of Vatican City.

Q. Process of Italian Unification ?

Q. Role of Count Cavour ?
Q. Signinficance/Outcome of Italian
Unification ?

Unification of Germany

I am the
Revolution
1800 Napoleon’s conquest of Germany
Germany→ Used to be of 300 States
Napoleon unifies these states
Gradually, 39 states became as Rhine Federation
300 States
Diet→ Rep
39 States
of people

I am the
Unification of Germany Revolution
1800 Napoleon’s conquest of Germany
Takes the message of Liberty, Equality & Fraternity for the

Germans
Adopted policy of Free Trade
Free movement of Goods
German Nationalism developed because of Napoleon

Napoleon’s Empire

Monarchy…
1815 Downfall of Napoleon & Vienna Congress
Germany→ Used to be of 300 States
Napoleon converts into 39 states→

Rhine Federation
Metternich
The Vienna Congress

couldn’t reverse the
integration of Rhine
federation

Monarchy..
1815 Downfall of Napoleon & Vienna Congress
The Vienna Congress couldn’t reverse the

integration of Rhine federation
Metternich
Hence, Austria would be the

ruler of the 39 states of
Germany
Factors Responsible ?
Austria

Q. Factors 1. Role of Napoleon(1796-1815)

responsible 2. Vienna Congress (1815)
3. 1830 & 1848 Revolutions
4. Fall of European Congress (1850)

Prussia
5. Role of Individuals→ Philosophers &
leaders
6. Role of Organisations
Bismarck
7. German Unification (1870)
Use of Diplomacy
8. Economic Development→ Trade &
Commerce- Zolverin


1815 onwards Rise of Organisations
Burschenschaft→ Student Organisation

‘honour, freedom, fatherland’
Red-Black-Red- Goal
Opened up in Universities, Colleges
Mettercnich→ Congress of Aix-la

Chapple
Crushed the organisation

Role of Philosophers & Historians

1815
onwards
They highlighted common cause for
unification of Germans
Created cultural unity among Germans
Spirit of Nationalism

Development of Economy
1815
onwards
Rhine Confederation already existed
1819 Establishment of Customs Union
19 German States→ Under the leadership of

Prussia, became Economically united

1834 Development of Economy
Customs Union→ Zollverein
Except Austria, all other states of Germany joined

Zollverein
Prussia got the maximum benefit being the leader &

developed a strong economy. Hence strong army as
well.

1834 Zollverein
Common Customs Industrial
Market Union growth
Development-
Communication
Economic
Progress
Urged for
Political
Integration

1834 Zollverein
Economic German Competition from

Progress Capitalist Class Britain & France
Urged for
Wanted German
Political
empire
Integration
Economic progress urged the German states to

get United.

1834 Zollverein
Coal & Iron Policy

Economic progress urged the
German states to get United.
Urged for
Economic
Political
Integration
Integration

1848 July Revolution @ France
Metternich runs away to England after the

revolution. बचोओ
I will rule
Austria now..
But still Austria’s control over Germany doesn’t ends
Prussian king Fredrick William was tried to make the

ruler of Germany but he rejected. Metternich

1850s Emergence of Bismarck Prussia will unite

Germany
Bismarck→ The German Unification will take place

under Prussian leadership
This unification will take place only through one

way→ Military way
Served as an Ambasador of Prussia in different states

of the Rhine Confederation
Blood & Iron Policy of Bismarck

1862 Bismarck→Appointed as Chancellor by William Fredrick-I Prussia will unite

Germany
Blood & Iron Policy
Displays Violence & Strength
Issues to be solved through use of force

Only war
no faith in speeches and diplomacy
Prussia is not a country with an army, but an army with a country!

1862 Bismarck Blood & Iron Policy

Austria should leave
Unification should achieve with Prussia as its leader
Believed that Austria & Prussia can’t be together in Unified

Germany
1. Austria should leave German state

2. France can’t be strong→ we need its territories

1862 Bismarck Blood & Iron Policy

I’ll unify Germany
But problem→ For German Unification
1. Denmark had control over northern German

areas
2. Austria still had domination over German states
3. France controlled areas of Southern Germany

1862 Bismarck Blood & Iron Policy कुछ करना पड़ेगा
France-Austria were having

good relations
France-Austria can’t be
defeated in one single war
Use of Diplomacy by Bismarck directly

केक कटे गा सि में

िटे गा
1864 War against Denmark
1866 War against Austria

Blood &
Iron Policy
1870 War against France


No…You can’t
1815→ Vienna order Denmark used to control over annex……
Northern German states of Schleswig & Holstein
Location→ Important for Germany

Majority German population in these areas
1864→ Denmark tried to annex these territories

Bismarck’s reaction to annexation effort by

Denmark
Meet’s Austrian ruler Franz Joseph & convinces him

to attack Denmark
Boss…Denmark is
We need to annexing our territory
stop this…..

1 Feb. Prussian forces crossed the border into Schleswig

Denmark Vs. Austria & Prussia
Schleswig→ Prussia
Holstein→ Austria
We’ll keep Schleswig &

Holstein…okay Austria can keep Holstein

1 Feb.
Smart Diplomacy by Bismarck→ Gave Holstein to

Austria
But Bismarck also wanted Holstein from Austria

1866 Integration of Holstein

Now, I need
Holstein
But, 1864→ Holstein given to Austria Austria को अकेला
करना पड़ेगा
Bismarck→ I need to get Holstein to Unify
Germany
Holstein is ours Issue→ What to do with Austria??
Not in position to confront Austria directly

1. Isolate Austria→ Cut-out its allies

Austria को अकेला करना

1866 Integration of Holstein पड़ेगा
Russian’s are
Not in position to confront Austria directly right…..supressing Poland
1.Isolate Austria→ Cut-out its allies

1863→ Bismarck supported Russian suppression of
Polish revolt. And hence gained its confidence

1866 Integration of Holstein Austria को अकेला करना

पड़ेगा
Not in position to confront Austria directly I need to get French
Support
Prussian-French Agreement
What will I get
boss?
Bismarck Promised Napoleon III some
French territories in return of French
Neutrality during
Austro-Prussian war
Napoleon III

1866 Integration of Holstein

क्ाींतत करो....
2. Starts Instigating people of Holstein
Aroused popular rebellion by the people

against the Austria Bismarck….तू
तो गयो....
Austria→ Bismarck you aren’t doing right

thing……
Bismarck provoked Austria to war

1866 Integration of Holstein Austria अि

Bismarck….तू िहुत हो गया
तो गयो.... तेरा
July Battle of Sadowa/Königgrätz
Austria Vs. Prussia
Prussia wins this war
Creation of 21 States German Confederation

1866 Treaty of Prague Diplomacy by Bismarck
Aug Treaty of Prague- 23 August 1866
Austria to be excluded from German affairs
Schleswig & Holstein ceded to Prussia

Did treaty with
Austria
िाज़ज़गर में िाज़ीगर Venitia- recognised as a part of Italy

1866 Treaty of Prague Diplomacy by Bismarck
Aug
Austria will not
Okay boss. intervene in
future
By this, Bismarck assured Austrian Neutrality.

1870 Integration of Alsace & Loraine Diplomacy by Bismarck
Aug Can’t unite

Southern location→ Close to them
France directly
Catholic population
Bismarck couldn’t impose

integration directly & fight
against France
In France, after the Austrian-Prussian war the

situation was tense. The French people pressured
the king Napoleon to do something

1870 Integration of Alsace & Loraine Diplomacy by Bismarck Can’t unite

them
directly
Aug In France, after the Austrian-Prussian war the situation was tense.
The French people pressured the king Napoleon to do something
Okay…Folks..
Need to teach
Prussia a lesson
French -आम आदमी Napoleon III

1870 Integration of Alsace & Loraine
Aug French people pressured the king to act.

Napoleon writes a letter to Bismarck
Territory of Rhine river should be neutral
Rhine river
territories should be No bro., can’t Need to teach
kept neutral be possible Prussia a lesson

Napoleon III

Aug French people pressured the king to act.

Napoleon tries to divert mind of people
Thought of Purchasing Luxemburg from Holland
I’ll divert
minds…through No bro, you Need to teach
Luxemburg can’t buy Prussia a lesson
that…

Napoleon III

Aug Thought of Purchasing Luxemburg from Holland
France & Austria conflict

increased due to this

1870 Integration of Alsace & Loraine Spain→ Bourbon Dynasty
Aug Coup in Spain→ Queen Isabella forced to abdicate

Application open for Position of Monarch in Spain
King Leopold of Prussia offered the post
Okay….I
withdraw
No…Spain is our France pressurises Prussia
area... Bourbon to withdraw from Spain
dynasty
King Leopold withdraws

from the Spanish throne
Leopold of
Napoleon III Prussia

1870 Integration of Alsace & Loraine Spain→ Bourbon Dynasty
Aug France pressurises Prussia to withdraw from Spain
King Leopold withdraws from the Spanish throne
•French foreign minister Duc de Gramont insisted on a Prussian guarantee

that the candidacy would not be renewed

French foreign minister Duc de Gramont insisted on a Prussian guarantee

1870 that the candidacy would not be renewed
Aug
I need to
Give in अरे िोला Inform
writing…We can’t ना...नह ीं करें गे Bismarck
Claim about this….
trust you
King William refused to

give this guarantee to the
French ambassador at Ems
Duc de Gramont King William

1870 King William refused to give this guarantee to the French ambassador at Ems
Aug
I need to Inform
Bismarck about I need to do
this…. something
Ems Telegram

Bismarck→ Uses the Ems telegram

1870
अि आएगा
Aug Bismarck was waiting for his opportunity to strike and when the मज़ा
king left it up to him to let the press know about the meeting, he
took advantage of the situation
Bismarck manipulated the situation by making the Prussian

king look as if he was more hostile towards the French then he
really was
Bismarck made it look that the French were humiliated

by the Prussian King

1870 Bismarck→ Uses the Ems telegram
Aug This provoked chaos in both France and Prussia and eventually
led to the Franco-Prussian War
Need to teach
It’s too much अि आएगा
Prussia a lesson
Bismarck मज़ा

Napoleon III

1870 France attacked Prussia
Aug Again Bismarck uses his smart skills to defeat France
ऑज़रिया के
Need to teach
It’s too much लोगों....France has
bismarck attacked us
Prussia a lesson

Napoleon III

1870 France attacked Prussia
Aug Again Bismarck uses his smart skills to defeat France
लोगों....France
Publishes old letter of Napoleon about Rhine land
has attacked neutrality in Newspapers
us
German states & people became united to fight

the French
Created an emotional wave in Germany.

1870 Battle of Sedan
Aug
It’s too much लोगों....France
Bismarck has attacked us
Napoleon III
French lost against the Bismarck’s army

1871 Treaty of Frankfurt
Aug

1871 Proclamation of German Unification @ the mirror hall, Versailles Palace
Aug

Thank You

Capitalism-Socialism

ABOUT ME

& offline platforms


Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

Social-Political Philosophies
Capitalism Origin Role of Others

Differences - Advantages
of forms Philosophers
Socialism Why ? thinkers
- Disadvantages
Communism Features
- Critical
conditions
- Current
relevance

Capitalism

Capitalism
Capitalism
new system of society which had been emerging in Europe from the 15th century
economic system based on private ownership of the factors of production (capital, land,
entrepreneurship and labour)
Q. Origin of Capitalism ?

Capitalism
Origin & Progress of Capitalism
15th Century Europe 17-18th Century

16th Century
Renaissance Feudalism
Colonisation
Enlightenment
static economy
Exploration of New World
Breaking up of Philosophers
Feudalism Local production
Mercantilism Started
no incentive to produce more by
Trade & Commerce Flourished
Colonisation employing better means of
producing goods for a bigger
market

Capitalism
Initially Mercantilism was the prevailing ideology

Capitalism
I am the owner of
Industrial Revolution→ Chopra Group of
Companies
Gave birth to Industrial Capitalism
Industrial Capitalist Class
Demanded for Market & Raw Materials
Got impetus from the writings of Adam Smith

An Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations

Capitalism
Features:
In the Matter of Economy a person gets liberty
Decision making through market based demand &

Supply
If this happens- then the cost of production will

decrease
Production will increase

Prices will fall
Employment increases
Standard of living increases

Capitalism
Features:
State should act as a

Political System – emphasizes competition for use of resources Chowkidaar
Minimum government Interference
Leading to increase in Capital (Wealth Creation)
Development through Individual Success
Fundamentals→ Individualism & Competition (free market)
Individuals are responsible for protecting their own interest in the Market
place
People are encouraged to encourage the talent

Starting of Business etc.

Capitalism
Features:
Business Friendly approach

Competition in market will lead to better innovation, creativity
Also attract the best of the talent/merit
Good job opportunities, high pay scales
Innovation→ economies of scale

High production @ low cost
Consumer also happy, producer also happy
Inferior quality- goods/services

Rejected by the market
Services sector also provided by the private enterprises
Q. Who were the initial preachers ?

Capitalism
Who gave this ideas ?
Who were the preachers ?
Adam Smith JB Say David Ricardo John Maynard

Keynes

Capitalism
Adam Smith :
Scottish philosopher- Economist

The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1776 book, "The Wealth of Nations
importance of free markets, assembly-line production methods, and

gross domestic product (GDP)–formed the basis for theories of
classical economics
minimizing the role of government intervention and taxation in the

free markets
the idea of the "invisible hand" that guides the forces of supply and
demand in an economy
argued against mercantilism and was a major proponent of laissez-

faire economic policies

Capitalism
JB Say
Jean-Baptiste Say
Theory of Markets
as heavily influenced by Adam Smith
proponent of Smith’s free market theories, promoting his laissez-faire

philosophies
all markets will clear because there will always be demand for
something if it is supplied, given the right price.
competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business

Capitalism
David Ricardo
successful investor and member of Parliament
£1 million speculating on the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo

Influenced by writings of Adam Smith
theories of comparative advantage, economic rents, and labor theory
of value
countries can benefit from international trade by specializing in the

production of goods
value of a good could be measured by the labor

Capitalism
John Maynard Keynes
founder of Keynesian economics
Effective demand theory
proponent of full employment and government intervention as a way

to stop economic recession
governments should increase spending and lower taxes when faced

with a recession
to create jobs and boost consumer buying power
Proponent of Laissez Faire policy
Q. Why Capitalism- Factors ?

Capitalism
Factors responsible for the development of Capitalism
Factors
Ideological Economical Social Political

Capitalism
Ideological
Origin from Post Renaissance Period Let the man be

free from the yoke
Rationality→ Enlightenment of the state
John Locke- let the man be free ……
Liberty- man is smart

Man is wise
He knows what is right & wrong
Liberty→ happiness→ full potential of individual→ greater production
Hence free market, no government intervention

Capitalism
Economical
Initially Europe→ feudal
But due to renaissance-enlightenment→ trade & commerce expanded
Commercial revolution→ mercantile capitalism started
By mid of 1750s onwards→ Industrial revolution
Progress of Industrial Capitalism
Over a period of time→ services sector developed
Development of Financial Capitalism

Capitalism
Political
Mein
American Revolution- American civil war
Vikaaaaaaaaaas
Fought on the idea of liberty- free market economics karunga….
French Revolution- Napeolonic reforms
Created a basis for further reforms in the political system

Role of thinkers- philosophers – laissez faire economy
Development of Nation-States
Abolishing the old monarchies
Political unification→ economic progress

All wanted to earn wealth→ hence capitalism was promoted

Capitalism
Social
why the Revolutions were successful

Urbanisation
Rise of Middle class
Became the consumers

Created demand
Supplied labour
Skilled labour- managerial
Lower middle class

Mass labour supply
Progress in Capitalism ?

Capitalism
Progress
In the 18th Century- Capitalsim evolved
By 19th Century- it Progressed in various parts of the world
Imperialism also was an outcome – leading towards Globalisation
Society- Inequality
Have class
Have not class
Rise of socialist ideas- middle of 19th Century onwards
But capitalism progressed in the early part of 20th Century

World wars- increase in production, wealth , consumerism
But by 1920s- crises emerged in capitalism

Capitalism Capitalism is the root
Progress cause of misery of the
people
Crises in Capitalism ? Why ?
Rise of socialism (Marxism)
Russian Revolution
World war-1
Great Depression
Socialism would have challenged capitalism- but with the decline of USSR
its mainstream influence got lost
But still capitalism went towards crises

Progress Capitalism
Problem in the Philosophy of capitalism

Adam smith- free market- laissez Faire Let the market be free
Production will meet the consumption
But over a period of time, production increased

But the consumption dropped down (due to inequalities)
Market crises
Means of production- captured by limited people
Labours getting exploited- not much wages
Demand wasn’t made locally
Went for imperialism – capturing markets & raw materials
But nationalism emerged – boycott of foreign rule (goods)
Demand went down- local & international

But world war-I saved the day for capitalism
Demand increased – called as Illusionary demand

Progress Capitalism
Post World War-I

Market Failure
No source of Income
Factors of production- ready to supply

Demand went down
Great depression
Questions raised on the idea of capitalism ?

Demand=Supply=Market Equilibrium
Capitalism was in crises

Contemporary→ Socialism was getting popular (Russian Revoluton)
New economic policy of 1921
What to do ?
Progress Capitalism
Crises in Capitalism ? Why ? Bhai, help us… ऐसा कैसे चलेगा

John Maynard Keynes→ Effective demand theory
Franklin D Rossevelt→
Policy of New Deal
Construction of infrastructure by the state
2008 Global Recession

India was least affected
Demand Creation was affected
MGNERGA
2020- Chinese Virus COVID-19 ?

Impact on Capitalism ???????

Capitalism
Demerits-Issues with Capitalism
Individual centric No level playing field Profit first

Privatization of
Individual good Certain competitors are resources Disruption in business
having historical
Competition advantages cycle - Unemployment
Monopoly/Oligopoly
Merit to best talents
Leads to inequality Hijacking the policies of
But what if a person doesn’t Not inclusive growth Lesser government
the government control
possess the desired skill
Crippling of democratic Environmental Cost
Ignores the remote sections Class struggle framework-
of the society Have vs. Have-Not Crony capitalism

Q. Impact on Democratic Capitalism
Government ?
Q. Features of Democratic
But as & when capitalist forces influences the government policies by :
Government ?
Allocation of resources- given to few individuals/corporations
-Justice-Equality-Liberty
Initially favouring meritocracy on theory (nepotism in practise)
-Equal distribution of
resources/wealth
Monopoly/Oligopoly- formation of cartel
-Equality of opportunity
Individual rights are infringed
-People are sovereign
Judiciary compromised
Chopra saab, chalo
Money=Power saath mein Vikas
I am the owner of karenge
Parties favouring the candidate having money power
Chopra Group of
Rigging of Elections Companies
Government under Capitalist Class

Capturing of Market- Social Sector
Health, Education, Essential Services
High Charges, Exploitative in nature
Crony Capitalism

Q. Impact on Democratic Capitalism
Government ?
Crony Capitalism
capitalist society that is based on the close relationships between
business people and the state
Symbiotic Relationship between them
favoritism that is shown to it by the government in the form of tax

holidays, government grants, and other incentives
Corruption-Scandals
No free market
No rule of law
Exploitation of all
Concentration of wealth- only few individuals
Solution→ Capitalism- But practise in a Sustainable way

Differentiate between Needs & Greeds …….
Socialism

Socialism
What is Socialism ?
Features
Origin ?
Who gave the idea ?

Thinkers
Progress of Socialism
Types of Socialism
Marxism
Communism
Q. Relevance of Socialism-Communism ?

Socialism
What is Socialism ?
Economic and political system based on public ownership (also known
as collective or common ownership) of the means of production
machinery, tools, and factories used to produce goods that aim to

directly satisfy human needs
How the ownership should be established ?

technocratic,
oligarchic,
totalitarian,
democratic or
even voluntary rule

Socialism
Core Features of Socialism :
1.Collectivism :
Society is the key.
Individuals are part of the society, they aren’t supposed to get
priority
2. Property & Resources :

Society should own & control resources
Not private property
3. Economy & Market :

Command Economy→ Centralised planning
No free market
4. Equality :
All are equal
Social & economic

Socialism
Why collective ownership of means of production ?
- Cost of production comes down
- Production will not be a monotonous job

- Dynamic activities in work culture
- Equality in society
- Avoiding class conflict
- Establishment of real democracy

- Fraternity
Q. Origin of Socialism ?

Socialism
Q. Origin of Socialism ?
Criticism of Capitalism Ideological Origin

Socialism
Origin of Socialism- Criticism of Capitalism ?

- Disadvantageous concentration of wealth/resources
- Control of the surplus by handful of people
- Production & employment imbalance
- Monopolisation of market
- Money control over society, culture & politics
- Exploitation

Socialism
Ideological Origin- Location Based

- Ideas originated in England, then to France
- Outcome of Industrial Revolution & French Revolution
- Industrial Revolution→
- Owner vs Worker Class
- Fluctuation in busiess cycle
- Exploitation increased
- Changes in value system
- Starting of socialist Movement
- French Revolution→ - Gave the idea of Utopian Socialism
- Role of the 3rd Estate - Later on Scientific Socialism by Marx
- San Culottes- revolutionary wing
- Freedom of all types
- Equlality of all- including opportunity
- Poverty should be elimimnated

Socialism
- Starting of socialist Movement

- Gave the idea of Utopian Socialism
Utopian Socialism ?
Society on ideal basis
Ethical value based social system
Future will industrial advancement- possible

Harmony and cooperation required between different
parts of the society
By removing the social evils in the system

We can create just society
Hence Utopia.
Who were the thinkers of Utopain Socialism ?

Socialism
Utopian Socialism ?
Who were the thinkers ?
Henri de Charles Pierre-Joseph Robert Owen

Louis Blanc
Saint-Simon Fourier Proudhon

Henri de Saint-Simon Socialism
Founder of French Socialism

Banker & real estate entrepreneur
Outcome of French Revolution

fraternity should be established
Scientific reorganisation is needed

Production & distribution should be done by the state
All should have equal opportunity
Right use of talent→ social harmony
From each according to his capacity, to each according to

his work
Property rights depend on their social utility
Planned development-
Industry owned by government- scientists, managers,
financiers
Charles Fourier Socialism
Contemporary of Saint Simon

Evil- competition, deceit, greed etc.
Harmony is the key

Association & cooperation
transformation of society into self-sufficient, independent “phalanges” (phalanxes)
Worker should be given share in produce
Didn’t favoured modern industry

Looked for pre industrial society
cooperative agricultural community bearing responsibility for the social welfare of

the individual, characterized by continual shifting of roles among its members
Theory of four movements

Gave the term feminism (1837)-
But no equal rights

Louis Blanc Socialism
Journalist-Author-Politician
Gave practical idea of Socialism
Book- Organisation of Labour

Criticised the competitive system
Reforms in the Political System

Post reforms→ state on democratic basis
guarantee work for everyone (against Henri Simon’s idea)
by establishing “social workshops” financed by the state
Farms for Agriculturlists
Factories for Workmen
Shopes for Traders
Money for Business Start ups

Idea became popular in the 1848 Revolution
But couldn’t be implemented properly

Robert Owen Socialism
Belonged to Britain
Cotton Manufacturer→ Cooperative movement
Workers can be paid generously even without incurring losses

How ?
Factory legislation
Model factory
Villagers provided with

School-home-healthcare-food
Cooperation based living
first law limiting the hours of labor

for women and children in factories
Wanted to highlight the plight of the labours
Tried to set up a socialist system in USA, but couldn’t work

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Socialism
Journalist, Member of the French Assembly (1848)
Father of Anarchism
Didn’t supported capitalism and state ownership of property
small-scale property ownership associated with peasants and artisans
No need of State Government

Power should be given to the communes- local bodies
property should be equally distributed and limited in size to that

actually used by individuals, families and workers associations
The Utopian Socialism Gave rise to Scientific

had limitations ? Socialism- Marxism

Scientific Socialism Socialism
Origin because of failure of implementation of Utopian

Socialism
Term used by Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx
The theory is formulated by using empirical methods &

scientific examinations
The Utopian Socialism Gave rise to Scientific

had limitations ? Socialism- Marxism

Karl Marx (1818-1883) Socialism
Born @ Prussia-
Studied in Bonn, Berlin
Came under Hegelian influence
Wanted to do PhD, but Thesis rejected

1843Started working as Journalist – Rhienshie Zhietung
But the newspaper was supressed
Moved to Paris
Met Fredrich Engels
1845- But later on thrown out
Moved to Brussels
Published the German Ideology
Talked @ means of Production
1847- Joined the German Communist League

Asked to draft Manifesto for the league

1848-The communist Manifest

Written by Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels
Principles of Communism & Communist State

Workers all over the world should get United
1849- Went to London, Stayed their for remaining life

Worked for the NewyorkTribune
1857-compiled work on capital
1864- Oragnised the 1st International
1867- Published ‘Das Capital’
1883- Death
Work published posthumously by Dr. Engels

Socialism
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Philosophy
of Marx ?
Marxism Historical Labour Alienation Class Warfare Communist State

Materialism Theory of
Value

Marxism
Socio-Economic-Political Theory
Based on the thinking of Marx & Engels
The Communist Manifesto stated that the aim of workers all over the world
was the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of socialism
an association in which the free development of each is the condition for the
free development of all
Das Kapital (Capital)

Highlighted the inherent conflict between capitalism & Socialism

Historical Materialism
Materialistic conception of History
Study of Human Society
History of class struggles
Technical advances in the society

Changes in the method of production of wealth
Impact→ change in the nature & balance of social classes
Industrialisation→ gave power to Bourgeoisie

Exploitation of resources & labour

Labour Theory of Value
Value of a commodity can be measured by the average numbers of labour

hours required to produce that commodity
Workers produce more ‘value’ than they get in the form of wages, the
difference being appropriated by the capitalists in the form of profits
Labour power
Profits can be increased at the cost of workers’ wages and, therefore, the
interests of workers and capitalists are irreconcilable
discrepancy between the purchasing power of workers and total production
Leading to the Economic crises
Q. How to solve Economic Crises ?

Labour Theory of Value → Labour power
Q. How to solve the Economic Crises ?
resolved only if the private ownership of the means of production is abolished

and the profit motive eliminated from the system of production
Workers have no nationality

They are destined by revolution
Because all are getting oppressed
Dictatorship of Proletariat
Emergence of a class less society

Alienation
Highlighted in 1844
Capitalism alienates masses

Capitalist control the resources
Workers are supposed to work for the owners

Stops creative thinking
Work is monotonous
Degrading jobs, constant competition
End of Happiness
Individual-Society is alienated

Class Conflict
Means of Production
Money-Power-Politics
Have Vs. Have-Not
Have- Burgeoise
Have-not - Proliteriat
This will lead to Class Conflict
Q. Solution to class conflict ?

Q. Solution to class conflict ?

Communist State
Went against the idea of Utopian socialist
Formulated theory-
Capitalism to be overthrown
Means of violent revolution
Proletariat will do that
They will establish a socialist system
Q. Socialism Vs. Communism ?
Socialism was the first stage of communist system
Stage of transition
Dictatorship of proletariat will establish
Over a period of time- it withers away
The state would wither away
Everything owned by the society/community

No class struggle

Socialism
Q. Socialism Vs. Communism ?
Socialism – evolutionary Communism- revolutionary

End of capitalism- via evolution- slow & gradual End of Capitalism→ via revolution
process
economic and political
economic philosophy State→ central owner and decision maker
Class can live together Class can’t survive together

The class conflict can be solved via different means Abolishment is necessary
Eg. Democratic socialism
No concept of Individual wealth
Proportional Wealth can be achieved by some
individuals Abolition of private property
All sectors of economy- Public Sector
State control over main sectors of economy- public Nationalisation of Resources
sector- Nationalisation of Priority sectors
Private sector allowed in certain sectors
Q. Progress in Socialism ?
Got popular after the 1848 revolution
Communist Manifesto- 1848
The First International- 1866

Das Capital-
Social Democratic Party-1869
Paris Commune- 1871
The Second International- 1889

Bolshevik Revolution- 1917
TheThird International- 1919

The First International – 1866

International Workingmen’s Association-1864
Met @ London
Invited Karl Marx to represent Germany
1866- Meeting at Geneva

Joined by all – England, Russia, Germany & Other
Europeans
Diverse socialist groups came together→ Revolution
Karl Marx & Mikhail Bakunin- main faces

Two groups emerged- clashed ideologically
1872- the spilt occurred finally

1871-The Paris Commune

Franco-Prussian War-
Defeat of France
Uprising in France→ establishing of Paris Commune

March 18- May 28, 1971
Communal Council ruled over Paris
Reforms for workers intiated

1st time application of Marxist ideas on ground
But the French government supressed it.

1889-The Second International
Rise of socialist organisations

100 years of French Revolution
Loose federation of national parties

Not much of a common opinion among themselves
Left- violent revolution

Right- revisionists- improvise the liberal democratic
parties on the path of socialism
Use of trade unions
Labour movement

1919-Third International
1917- Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin came to Power
Invited all groups to Moscow
Proposed the whole world to go for revolution
Continued till 1943
1947- Establishment of Cominform

(Communist Information)
Starting of Cold War
1949- Chinese Revolution Q. Issues in Socialism ?

Q. Types of Socialism ?
1990- Disintegration of USSR Q. Relevance of Socialism ?

Q. Issues in Socialism-Communism ?
Equality of wealth→ leads to decline

How ?
Because no incentive to work, (whatever you will work- you will get paid)
Hence stagnation & lack of creativity
Incentive→ motivates people, some extra mile

Innovation takes place – eases up the work of the society
Materialism gives new direction to the society, nothing harm in it
Also communist revolution→ outcome

Initially gave equality to people, but lack of freedom
Instead of classless society→ Created class among class
Dictatorship of Proliteriat remained on Paper→
Gave birth to Dictatorship of Individuals (Stalin, Mao, Castro, Chavez)
At times emphasizes on violent means to achieve goal→ leads to bloodshed

Q. Types of Socialism ?
Marxist Socialism
Transition point between Capitalism & Communism
Means of production controlled by the Proletariat
State guiding the Proletariat
Reformism- Social Democracy

Changing capitalist society from within
Via change in government, policy reforms
Taxing the rich, excluding the poor
Eg. Fabian Socialism
Market Socialism- running public sector companies in free market

Profit from the PSUs is distributed among the public, social services
State socialism- command centre approach

Planning model etc.

Q. Nehruvian Socialism ?
without social freedom and socialistic
Cambridge days- Fabianism of George Bernard Shaw and structure of society and the state, neither
Sidney Web the country nor the individual could
develop much
1926-27- visited Europe- USSR

Impressed by the efforts of the Communists to eliminate
poverty, disease, illiteracy
His socialism was not of Marxist or revolutionary type,

rather he was in favour of democratic socialism
attainment of social goals without ignoring the Indian

traditions
not the abolition of private property, but the replacement of

the present profit system by the higher ideal of cooperative
service

Q. Nehruvian Socialism ?
control by the state of the means of production We are Socialist in

nature
distinctive characteristic of progressive industrialisation
through which alone the Indian economic problems
(poverty, backwardness, low rate of production) could be
solved
utilising modern science and technology for accelerating the

process of industrialisation
nationalisation of certain key industries and the cooperative

approach in agriculture
3 key areas to be focussed→
(i) economic planning, (ii) mixed economy, (iii) Five Year
Plans
All this via constitutionalism

Q. Relevance of Socialism ?
Ideological
Political
Social
Economical

Thank You

Colonialism- Imperialism

ABOUT ME

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Sources of Reading-

Selected Chapters
Must Have-
Standard 12-

Sources of Reading-




Syllabus
• world wars,
• colonization,
• decolonization,

12th
Ancient Medieval
World World
Enlightenment
Roman Empire


Enlightenment
• colonisation
• World Wars
• Decolonisation
• Socialism etc.

Ideological changes
Age of Revolutions
(1800 – present)
World Wars
− (1776-1860-present)
(1900- present )
Decolonisation
− (1789-1861)
(1940-present)
Cold war
− (1800-present)
(1950s-present)
− Colonisation
− 1600-1800
(2000 onwards)
− Imperialism
− 1850s-present

Colonialism- Imperialism
Origin Others
What is it ? Locations
Differences - Advantages
Why ?
Factors Colonialism Events
- Disadvantages
responsible Vs.
- Critical
Imperialism conditions
Features
- Current
relevance

Colonisation
When the subjugation of one country by the

another leads to these kinds of
political,
cultural,
economic,
social changes,
this process is called colonisation.
Ideology behind this→ Colonialism
Q. Origin of Colonialism-Imperialism

Colonialism-Imperialism
Origin & Progress
15th Century 16th-17th Century 18th-19th Century
Renaissance Colonisation Industrial Revolution

Imperialism-
World Wars
Exploration of New World Industrial Capitalism
Geographical
Discovery Decolonisation
Mercantilism Started Market & Raw Materials
Neo-Imperialism
Trade & Commerce Flourished Capturing of More Areas-
Colonisation Imperialism

Colonialism-Imperialism I want to control
the whole
world….
Origin & Progress of Colonialism
practice of acquiring colonies by conquest (or other means) and making them
dependent
country which is subjugated by a metropolitan capitalist country is described

as a colony, and what happens in a colony is colonialism
total system of imperialist domination of a pre-capitalist country
Occupation / direct rule over a country by another country
formal political control,

involving territorial annexation and
loss of sovereignty
Purpose of Colonialism ?

Purpose of Colonialism Jaa Simran Jaa…

Bhaad mein jaaa
Transfer of population
Settlement of foreign people over the new land
Capture of resources- Raw materials, Revenue
Capture of Market-
Goods Market
Industrial Market
Financial Market

Origin & Progress of Colonialism Jo hukum mere

Jaa Simran Jaa…
aaka…..
Bhaad mein jaaa
Renaissance-
Discovery of new lands and the establishment

of colonies had resulted in unprecedented
expansion of trade and accumulation of wealth
by merchants
Chistopher Columbus
Vasco de Gama
Q. What Factors were responsible behind Colonialism ?

Q. Factors Responsible for Colonialism ?
Renaissance- Renaissance-
Discovery of new lands and the Scientific Discoveries-
establishment of colonies had resulted in Compass
unprecedented expansion of trade and Astrolabe
accumulation of wealth by merchants Mapping technique
Chistopher Columbus Climatology- wind patterns

Vasco de Gama
Leading to Geographical Discoveries
Mercantilism
profits from trade Market
Buy cheap, sell dear Resources- minerals
Multiple Countries- Portugal, Dutch, Spain, Establishment of trading points

England etc. Located @ Natural Harbours

Stages of Colonialism :
Colonisation- Stages
Monopoly of Trade Free Trade Period Capital Investment
Eg. EIC Developed post Industrial Struggle between European powers

Buy cheap sell dear Revolution- Charter Act 1813
Drain of wealth from colony
Plunder & exploitation of Unilateral free trade policy
resources Hence European capitalist invested in
Integration of the colony with the the colonies to drain more wealth in
world trade different form
Industrial Capitalism- Globalisation Accompanied by development of

administration & infrastructure set up
in the colonies
World History- Pratik Nayak © Q. Impact of Colonialism ?

Impact of Colonialism ?
Increase in Trade & Commerce

Growth in Unilateral trade
Colonies lost their sovereignty

Resources also exploited
Cotton-spices-Plantation Sector
Civilisation of non-European cultures

White man’s burden
Material advancement in the colonies Over a period of time→

Imperialism evolved

What is Imperialism ?
I will rule the
whole world….
Latin term- Imperium – to command
practice of extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and
economic life of the areas outside its own borders
subordinates another country/ colony for its own economic and political interests
capitalist countries to conquer and dominate pre-capitalist countries of the world
How it is done ?
through military means or establishment via colonialism
control or influence
formally or informally,
directly or indirectly,
politically or economically Factors responsible
behind Imperialism ?

Imperialism- Factors responsible
Decline of Mercantile Development of Technology

Transport Revolution Slave Trade
Capitalism
Decline of Hegemonistic powers Mission for Civilisation
Rise of Industrial Capitalism
Redrawal of Boundaries – Role of Christian Missionaries
Capitalism=Imperialism
Unification of Countries
Breaking up of Empires Role of Adventurers & Explorers
New colonies were set up in
different part of the world Favorable conditions in the colonies
Jingoistic Nationalism :
Pride and Power
Mind diversionary technique
Political conditions in Europe -

Berlin Congress Q. Types of Colonies in Imperialism ?

Imperialism- Factors responsible
Favorable conditions in the colonies
Not much economic Internal Rivalries Lack of Big Empires Lack of

development in Asia & between the local Industrialisation
Africa powers Didn’t got political-
Cultural unity among Society & Culture quite
Hence– No big Army , Constant conflict masses feudal
No modern weapons among each other
didn’t have the strong
Feudal states feelings for “nation-
Tried to take help from state
the Europeans
Eg .India
Q. Types of Colonies ?
Settler Colonies Dependence Colonies Plantation Colonies Trading Post Colonies

Canada No settling of large scale West Indies- Singapore
North America population Jamaica, Trinidad & Hongkong
Australia Tobago, Barbados Macau
New Zealand Political-administrative- etc. Malacca
South America Economic Control
Fiji Entry point- Harbours
Wiping out the native India Mauritius etc. Helps in establishing
population Egypt
colonies further
Or forcing them to migrate South East Asia
Africa

Colonialism Imperialism

Areas of Imperialistic Expansion→ Asia & Africa

Asia & Africa were primary the areas
India- Britain
East India Company
South East Asia

Dutch East Indies- Indonesia
French Indo China
China- Squeezing of the Chinese lemon
Japan- USA
Commodre Matthew Perry
Central Asia
West Asia


South East Asia
Known as Spice Islands
Spices, cloves, nutmeg, sugar etc.
Initially colonized by the Portuguese & the Spanish

By 1619- the Dutch East India Co. (VOC) established
its trading post
By 20th Century- National Movement
By 1800- VOC became bankrupt
Led by Pijaji & Peasants
1815- Vienna Congress- gave authority to Dutch
Cultivation system started
1940s- Japanese Occupation
Commercialisation of agriculture
Sugar, coffee, rubber etc. exported to Europe
Post WW-II
The Dutch lost Control
Expolitation of peasantry
Missionaries establishing centres
Rise of National leaders- Sukarno-
Use of middle class ‘pijaji’
17 August 1945

French- Indo China

South East Asia
French- Indo China
Vietnam-Laos-Cambodia
Earlier part of Chinese empire
French captured- on basis of civilization

Mission civilastrice
Resources-raw materials-labour-market
20th Century- Came under Japanese
Influence
Control by Governor
Bureaucratic set up- full of corruption
After WW-II→ Decolonisation
Centralisation of power – heavy handedness
Nationalist Movement
Plantation sector development
Cold War- Communist Influence in
French commercial interest
North Vietnam
Rice-Rubber
Ho Chi minh
Labours called as coolies

China- Qing Dynasty
China
Nako re….
Ruled by the Qing Dynasty Give us market
By 1800- Agriculture developed access
Self sufficient economy
Political system- Qing Dynasty

Didn’t liked entry of Foreigners
Hence- Single Point Entry System
Canton Port- only point of trade & commerce for the

Europeans
Canton System (1757-1842)
Europeans had problems

No demand in Chinese market
Chinese goods- Tea, Silk, Jade, Porcelain
Pay in gold for Chinese goods
Trade deficit for the British & Other Europeans
Q. How to reduce trade deficit ?

China We will make the
Chinese
Q. How to reduce trade deficit ? Ganjedi….
Opium can be a good product
Opium banned in china
Hence the British started smuggling opium via the

intermediate private traders
Problem for the Chinese society & economy

The monarchy tried to stop it & even making an
appeal to the monarch of England No…..humari
public ganja nahi
1833- Charter ACT- EIC→ only political function maregi….
Expanison of territory
Conflict with the Chinese

Opium War -1(1839-1842)
Opium War-2 (1856-1860)
Sino-Japan War (1894-95)

China
Opium War -1(1839-1842) Opium War -2(1856-60)
Anglo-Chinese War British expansion of trade & commerce
EIC vs. Qing dynasty Wanted to legalise opium trade
Internal transit duties to be waived off
Why war ? All of china to be open for British
Confiscation of opium by the Chinese Helped by the French
government
EIC reaction- Gun Boat diplomacy Arrow war
Naval supremacy and strength 1860- Treaty of Tienstin
All ports were open
1842- Treaty of Nanking Opium allowed
MFN Status given to Britain Free trade
War indemnity Evangelicals→ Christianity allowed
Canton given to British, Opening of other
ports
Extra territorial rights given to westerners

China
Sino-Japan War (1894-95) By the end of 19th Century
Japan Industrailisation had already started China open for all foreigners
Britain
Conflict with china- Russia
Korean peninsula Japan Created sphere of
Germany Influence
Meiji dynasty defeated the Qing dynasty France
Korea Cutting/Squeezing of the Chinese lemon-

Taiwan
Manchuria By 1899- USA entered China
Given to Japan Suggested→ ‘open door policy’ or
‘me too policy’
By this period china was crippled of its own
powers Free access to port by the European powers
Taxation power to the Chinese government
Qing remained in power for name sake
Q. What will be impact of this
World History- Pratik Nayak © colonisation on the Chinese people ?
Q. What will be impact of this
colonisation on the Chinese people ?
Reaction by the Chinese-

Boxer Rebellion- 1900
Yihetuan- Secret organization

Revolted against the western powers
Attacking foreigners- their properties

Chinese converts
Christian missionaries
Military help sent from Europe to crush the

rebellion
Weakening of the Qing dynasty

Revolution in 1911
Establishment of KMT- 1911 to 1949
Communist Party seized power- 1949

Q. Japan- Imperialism
हमारी तौहीन हो गयी
Origin Phases No…..humari हज़रात हज़रात
public ganja nahi हज़रात..... पापा का दादा का भाई का
maregi…. इतने गोले मरें गे की सबका बदला लेगा तेरा
Initially followed policy of धुआं धुआं हो जायेगा Meiji Dynasty
isolationism
Limited contact with western powers
17th Century-19th Century CE

Tokugawa Shogunate Period
1853- Attack by Commodore Perie
By 19th Century CE- 1868 Onwards

Meiji Dynasty (1868-1912)
Industrialisation→ Economic &

Military Strength

By 1870s Japan once again revived power

Extreme nationalism- country’s glorified image
Expansion in the Neighbouring Areas- Korea-China-Taiwan
1870s- Japan in Korea

Entry of Japanese armed forces
1876- Extra Territorial rights given to the Japanese in Korea
1878- Daichi bank opened at Pusan

Market expansion-raw materials taken away
Japan wanted full control over Korea

But by 1894-95
Entry of Chinese troops in Korea
Objection by Japan
The Korean king- Min ran away to Russia Q. The issue of Manchuria ?
Reply by Japan- Army moved into Northern Manchuria, Navy in Q. Russian Influence in Northern china ?
Yellow Sea
Island of Taiwan also given to the Japanese
Japanese given rights in China
Impact of the Japanese Imperialism 1905- Russo-Japan War

1894→ Aoki-Kimberly Treaty
Japan-Britain Treaty The Russian Monarchy was feeling the
Equal treatment to Japan heat from the Public
Russia, USA, Germany, France, The Japanese thought of increasing their
Netherlands all gave this type of own prestige
treatment to the Japanese
Russia defeated
Japanese imperialism was welcomed by Peace treaty signed after mediation from
USA-Britian as it checked the Russian USA-Theodore Roosevelt
Imperialism
Korea annexed by Japan
By 1900s- Russian Expansion in Northern World War-1 : Sphere of Influnce in
China & Pacific Ocean Areas pacific areas
Trans Siberian Railway- Vladivostok-
Moscow 1931- Annexed Manucharia
Conflict with Japan 1941- Attacked Pearl Harbour
1945- Surrender

Economy→
Militarisation
Results→
1895- Sino-Japan War
1902- Anglo-Japan
Treaty
1905- Russo-Japan War
1914- World War-1
1931- Manchuria
1941- Pearl Harbour

Q. Central & West Asia
Afghanistan
Iran
Turkey
Arabian Peninsula
Britain
France Russia
Afghanistan Afghanistan couldn’t be under direct

- Part of the Great Game control
- 19th Century-
- Russians & British wanted to Control Neither British nor Russians could make
it as a part of empire
- 1836-42→ Lord Auckland wanted to
control Afghanistan Though the British Sphere of Influence
was more dominating
- 1876- Lord Lytton attacked
Afghanistan
- Continuous rebellions from the

Afghans
- 1893- Durand Line
- 1907- Anglo-Russian Alliance
- 1919- 3rd Anglo-Afghan War

Iran/Persia
- 1907- Anglo-Russian Alliance
- Northern Iran→ Under Russian

influence
- Central Iran→ open for both
- Southern Iran→ British Influence
- After the Russian Revolution of 1917-

the new regime didn’t took much
interest in Iran
- Came under British & later on USA’s

Influence

Turkey
- The sick man of Europe
- Controlled eastern Europe
- Later on came under the German Influence
- Berlin-Baghdad railway
- via Constantinople
- Eventually coming towards India
- But World War-1

- Germany & Turkey both lost
- Paris Peace Conference

- League of Nation→ Mandate System
- All areas taken away from Turkey & Germany
- Khalifa removed from power

Q. Colonialism & Imperialism in Africa
Q. The Scramble for Africa

How the Colonisation of Africa Started ?
Proximity to Europe
Used as an intermediate point by the Portuguese and
other Europeans Forts were established in coastal towns
Coastal towns developed initially Only few interior places explored
Portuguese were the earliest ones French- Algeria
Starting of trade & commerce
Concept of 3G British- South Africa
God- Spread of Christianity
Glory- new adventures- new areas capturing Rest focus on Slave trade
Gold – resources in Africa-
Slave trade also evolved

Triangular trade started in the early part of 17th
Century onwards

Slave Trade- Triangular Trade

Slave Trade- Triangular Trade
Why the slaves were needed ?
Americas were colonised by the Spanish

Natives were killed
Leftover were made to work in mining sector
Also many natives faced health issues
So African slaves can be useful in multiple areas

Plantation Sector
Tobacco, Rice, Cotton- North America
Sugarcane- South America (Carribean)
Pattern of trade→
Q. Impact of the Slave trade ?

Q. Impact of the Slave trade ?

Large scale emigration of African origin people
Losing their home-livelihood
Shipping in crampy conditions- very less space
Handcuffed, joined together
No food available- many died due to diseases
Dead bodies thrown away in Atlantic ocean
After reaching the coast line

Exploitation-bondage system
Owner would exploit
Class conflict emerged
Europe-Africa-America (Triangle got strong)
Africa’s valuable primary products (slaves, ivory,
timber, gold etc.) lost all these
No creativity, no development, no culture
Q. Why the Decline of Slave trade in
19th Century CE ?
Mixed racial culture emerged in America
Q. Interior of Africa was explored
This continued till mid of 19th Century-the decline of
Slave trade took place
19th Century the slave trade declined & interior of

Africa was explored → Why so ?
Industrialisation in Europe & other parts

Shifting from Agricultural economy to Industrial
economy
Civil war in America- slavery system abolished

Slaves made free- work in the Industries
Already huge number of slaves got free- their own

society evolved, labour easily available
From middle of 19th Century→ Interior of Africa was explored

Missionaries started going in Merchant-Adventurers

the deep portions of Africa Nation-States
Imperilaism
Evangelicals
Converting into Christianity

Cecil Rhodes- Pietro Paolo Savorgnan

Rhodesia di Brazzà- French Congo
HM Stanely-
Congo Karl Peters-
German East
Africa
By middle of 1850- Redrawal of Boundaries in Europe
Breaking of Empires
Belgium beacme free
Netherlands going through IR
French state beacme republic
Unification of Italy- Germany
Many states were going through Industrialisation

All were looking for resources, market
But issue of conflict within the European powers?

Africa had resources, market

But the European powers can come into conflict-war
To stop this conflict- Bismarck→ diplomacy
1884-85→ Berlin Congress

Scramble of Africa

The Scramble of Africa
Cake कटे गा सबमे
बटे गा
Germany
Austria
Britain
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
Conquest of Africa
Netherland
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Ottoman
USA
End of Slavery
Niger & Congo rivers- free traffic of ships
Free trade throughout congo basin
New possessions to be notified to the other members
Congo free state- private property of the King Leopold-II

Bogus Paper Treaties
Post Berlin Confernce

The European states send multiple forces
Adventurists to control Africa
They signed bogus treaties with the local

chiefs of Africa
Local chiefs were infighting

Hence they were lured by the Europeans
Protectorate states were created

Territories were exchanged
Treaties were interpreted as per the

european convenience

By 1914-
Africa was partitioned by different

European powers
North- South
East- West
Q. Why the Europeans were able to

subjugate Africa easily ?
Q. What Reaction from the African

people also started ?
Q. Which areas were given to the

European powers ?

Q. Why the Europeans were able to subjugate Africa easily ?
Favorable conditions -
Not much economic Internal Rivalries Lack of Big Empires Lack of

development in Africa between the local Industrialisation
powers Didn’t got political-
Hence– No big Army , Cultural unity among Society & Culture quite
No modern weapons Constant conflict masses feudal
among each other
didn’t have the strong
Feudal states feelings for “nation-
Tried to take help from state
the Europeans
Eg .India

Q. Which areas were given to the European powers ?
Around 50% of the population was under the British &

the French Control
Germans had around 10% of the control
Rest were small pockets controlled by the other

European powers

Q. Which areas were given to the European powers ?
Around 50% of the population was under the British &

the French Control
Germans had around 10% of the control
Rest were small pockets controlled by the other

European powers
In detail-
Britain
Belgium
French
Germany
Italy
Portugal
Spain

British Imperialism in Africa
Direct control of some areas

Indirect rule by signing treaties with local king
West Africa- Indirect rule via local chiefs

Gold coast
Sierrra leone
Gambia
Cameroon
East Africa- setting of different administration

Uganda- indirect rule
Kenya
Zanzibar
British Somaliland
Tanganyika- post WWI
Mauritius-Seychelles

British Imperialism in Africa
Central & South Africa

Rhodesia- Zimbabwe & Xambia
Nyasaland (Malawi)
Bechunanland (Botswana)
Bustoland (Lesotho)
Swaziland
South Africa-cape colony, Natal
North Africa- Egypt & Sudan

Egypt initially part of ottoman empire
By 1800s British occupied it- Infrastructure- Suez
Canal 1876
Both got independence after WW-II (post 1950s)

Reaction against the British Rule in Africa ?
Boer Wars-1899
South Africa
Cape colony taken over by the British from the Dutch

Dutch set up 2 states- transval & orange free state
Rich in gold and resources
Hence the British wanted to capture it
Boers were defeated, but allowed to live as planters

Gandhiji took part in favour of British
Union of Africa was done by the British
1906- Zulu rebellion

ampaign against tax being imposed by the British on
the Zulus

French Imperialism in Africa ?
Started in early 1800s

Military colonies were established
Taken over by civil administration
Followed direct rule
Less autonomy for local chiefs
French citizen status given to French nationals

Rest were given status of subjects
North Africa→
Algeria-1830
Tunisia
Morocco
Constant rebellions – WW I & WW II
1956- Morocco & Tunisia- Independent
1962- Algeria

French Imperialism in Africa ?
West & Central Africa

Senegal
Guinea
Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin
Cameroon (later on Britian)
Central African Republic- French Equitorial Africa
Gabon & French Congo
Use of military force

Many colonies were unified→ French West Africa
(1904)
Saharan Colonies- Mali, Mauritiuan, Niger, Chad
East Africa- Madagascar, Reunion, Comoros, Djbouti
Later on Madagascar was capturer by the British

1960s- Independence given to many colonies

German Imperialism in Africa ?
Unification in 1870s
Imperialist agenda started by Bismarck
Initially Missionary Activities started-Togo &

Kamerun
South-West Africa -
East Africa- Rwanda & Burundi
Post WW-I League of Nations

Colonies distributed between the French & the British
Belgiums took control of Rwanda & Burundi

Belgium Imperialism in Africa ?
Became independent from the Dutch control – 1830s
By 1870s the Belgium King Leopold- II

Hired adventurer- Henry Morton Stanely
Stanely travelled to Africa

Treaty with the local chiefs of the Congo region
Territory of Congo River Basin- directly under the King
leopold-II
Full iron hand control, ruthless suppression of people
1908- colony handed over to the Belgian Government
Private companies
Missionary activities
After WW-I
Rwanda & Burundi handed over to Belgium

Portuguese Imperialism in Africa ?
Earliest entrant in Africa

West Africa- Portuguese Guinea (end of 1400s)
Ivory, gold , slaves
Mozambique- early 1500s
Later on – Angola
Spanish Imperialism in Africa ?

Western Sahara
Equitorial Guinea
Morocco (some parts)
Italian Imperialism in Africa ?

Later entrant
Haphazard policies – inexperience
Eritrea, Italian Somaliland , Libya
Ethopia- 1896- lost badly against the people of
Ethopia, still controlled partially
WW-II – Itlay lost the colonies to Britain

Many areas proclaimed independence
Q. Features of European Imperialsim on Africa ?
Setting up of colonial government for economic

exploitation
Colonial government having local chiefs with limited
powers
Resources were exploited to the core

European products entering African markets
Cash crops in agriculture
Infrastructure built- Suez Canal etc.
Cheap labour
Disrupting the traditional society of Africa.

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Reference Books- Norman Lowe-

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Rule of the Class-

Thematic Understanding is Important

Doubts will be taken after the topic is completed

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• UPSC Mains GS I History Syllabus

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History of the World:

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Ancient Medieval World Starting of Modernism Towards Modern World

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Q. Role of Catholic Church ?

Clash with Islam- Crusades

Eastern Roman Empire-

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Role of Catholic Church Increased

Landless Peasants→ Serfs

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Q. Role of Catholic Church ?

Clash with Islam- Crusades

Eastern Roman Empire- expanded till

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By 15th Century CE- Rise of the Ottoman Turks

The European classical period saw a crises

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Q. Old Europe during this period ?

Converted into period of Innovation Renaissance Impact ?

New thinking came Political Economy Culture Religion

Q. What was the old way of life ?

2. Trade & Commerce→

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4. Role- Rise of Intellectuals

Leonardo De Vinci- Engineer, Biologist

Raphael- Architect, Scluptor

Micheal Angelo- Painter, Sculptor, Architect

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Francesco Petrarch- poetry

Nicolo Machiavelli- Politics

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Medicine- colleges established

Galileo-Telescope, planetary Movements

Issac Newton- Physics, Gravitation

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Renaissance→ Inquiry & Adventure

Merchant & Traders→Mercantalism

Kings→ Spain- Portugal

Discovery of new places by individual merchants

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Christopher Columbus- Crossed Atlantic

Ferdinand Magellan- Made a world tour

Q. Impact of Geographical Discoveries ?