HYPOTHESIS
➢ There is no correlation between liberation of
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested
by research.
➢ Before formulating your research hypothesis,
read about the topic of interest to you.
• An assumption and/or an idea that is proposed for the
sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might
be true.
• In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed
before any applicable research has been done, apart from
a basic background review.
• A prediction about the relationship between two or more
variables.
WHY IS HYPOTHESIS IMPORTANT IN RESEARCH?
• A hypothesis enables researchers not only to discover a
relationship between variables, but also to predict a
relationship based on theoretical guidelines and/or
empirical evidence.
• Developing a hypothesis requires a comprehensive
understanding of the research topic and an exhaustive
review of previous literature.
HOW TO WRITE HYPOTHESIS IN RESEARCH
• Predicts the relationship and outcome.
• Simple and concise – avoid wordiness.
• Clear with no ambiguity or assumptions about the readers'
knowledge.
• Observable and testable results.
• Relevant and specific to the research question or problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
• It includes the following characteristics:
1. Easily Understood
2. Specific
3. Conceptually Clear
4. Concise Language
5. Can be Tangibly Measured
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
• There are different types and classifications which
includes:
1. Research Hypotheses
o Also known as Substantive, Declarative,
and Scientific Hypotheses
2. Null Hypotheses
o Also known as Statistical Hypotheses
3. Alternative Hypotheses
o Also known as Experimental
Hypotheses
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• Statements of expected relationships between variables.
• A statement that introduces a research question and
proposes an expected result.
• The statement created by researchers when they
speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment.
• Educated, expected prediction of the outcome of a study
that is testable.
• Example:
➢ There will be a correlation between liberalization
of attitudes and completion of a course in human
sexuality.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
• It states that there is no relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
• A type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no
statistical significance exists in a set of given observations.
• It is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis.
• A comprehensive statement or default status that there is
zero happening or nothing happening.
• Example:
attitudes and completion of a course in human
sexuality.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• These are operational statements of the hypotheses,
meaning they actually state the precise behaviors or
responses that are going to be used to measure the
variable under investigation(Searle, 2000).
• It’s a statement that you or another researcher) thinks is
true and one that can ultimately lead you to reject the null
hypothesis and replace it with the alternate hypothesis.
• Example:
➢ If your null is “I'm going to win up to $1,000” then
your alternate is “I'm going to win $1,000 or
more.” Basically, you're looking at whether
there's enough change (with the alternate
hypothesis) to be able to reject the null
hypothesis.
OTHER TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• There are also other types such as:
1. Simple Hypothesis
2. Complex Hypothesis
3. Directional Hypothesis
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
Remember!
A hypothesis test can either contain a directional hypothesis or
a non-directional hypothesis.
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
• Expected relationship between one independent and one
dependent variable.
• Predicts the relationship between a single dependent
variable and a single independent variable.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
• Prediction of relationship between two /more IV and/or
two/more DV.
• A complex hypothesis describes a relationship between
variables. However, it’s a relationship between two or
more independent variables and two or more dependent
variables.
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
• Specifies not only the existence but also the expected
direction of the relationship between variables.
• The alternative hypothesis contains the less than (“<“) or
greater than (“>”) sign.
➢ This indicates that we’re testing whether or not
there is a positive or negative effect.
• Also known as one-tailed tests
NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
• Does not stipulate the direction of the relationship.
• The alternative hypothesis contains the not equal (“≠”)
sign.
➢ This indicates that we’re testing whether or not
there is some effect, without specifying the
direction of the effect.
• A non-directional hypothesis is a two-tailed hypothesis that
does not predict the direction of the difference or
relationship (e.g. girls and boys are different in terms of
helpfulness).
• Also known as two-tailed tests
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 E X A M P L E S
• There is a relationship between the
Research
woman’s walking during labor and
Hypothesis
the duration of the first stage of labor

• There is no relationship between the

Null Hypothesis woman’s walking during labor and
the duration of the first stage of labor
• The duration of the first stage of
labor of women who walk during
Alternative
labor is shorter than the duration of
Hypothesis
the first stage of labor of women who
do not walk during labor.
• Performance in the College of
Simple
Nursing is related to success in the
Hypothesis
Nurses’ Licensure Examination
• Heredity, home environment, and
Complex quality of instruction are related to
Hypothesis intelligence, motivation, and
performance in school.
• People who smoke are more prone
to lung cancer than those who do
Directional not smoke.
Hypothesis • Older patients are more at risk for
experiencing a fall than younger
patients
• There is a difference in the level of
anxiety of pre-surgical patients who
Non-directional
receive pre-operative instruction
Hypothesis
than those who do not receive such
instruction.

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