Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 2015 38 (1): 1-11

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v38i1.7382

REVIEW ARTICLE

Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional

development RESEARCH ARTICLE
.%dóh-kd.ßl wka;¾ in|;d iy m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul
miqìu
R. J. M. Uduporuwa*
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka,
Sri Lanka.

Abstract: Even though rural and urban areas are considered
as detached entities in regional development efforts, they are
mutually dependent in their development. Rural and urban
areas are tied together by various types of rural-urban
linkages and the understanding of the reciprocal relationship
behind these areas and consideration of this relationship in
regional development strategies are very effective in the
development of both areas. The main purpose of this
article is to discuss rural-urban linkages and the conceptual
underpinning of regional development, emphasising how this
reciprocal relationship brings positive impact on regional
development. Attention will also be drawn to explore the
nature of rural-urban linkages in both developed and developing
countries. Research papers, books and articles written on this
field are reviewed in this article.
Rural and urban areas are absolutely connected to each
other in terms of complex linkages such as physical, social,
economical, infrastructural, demographical, technical,
attitudinal and environmental linkages. The intensity of these
linkages vary from region to region, depending on different
factors or situations in each region. As studies from different
parts of the world show, rural-urban linkages have been strongly
established in developed coutries with high rate of urbanisation
than developing countries where rural-urban linkages are
mostly weak with slow and low rate of urbanisation. A number of
studies has been done on rural-urban linkages in
Sri Lanka, which has revealed that despite the fact that the country
has a large number of small and medium size urban centres,
relationships between those towns and their peripheral
areas are weak and this weak relationship negatively
affects the regional development of Sri Lanka. However,
recently established new mega projects in remote areas such
as Hambantota by the government and emergence of new
marketing trends such as chain supermarkets and their
collective systems of rural productions and agreements
with farmers by the private sector are much favourable in
*
jeewani@sab.ac.lk
strengthening the rural-urban relations in Sri Lanka. These new
emerging trends are good signs for the regional development
of Sri Lanka.
Keywords : Rural areas , urban areas, linkages, regional
development
idrdxYh
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok m%h;akj, § .%dóh yd kd.-
ßl m%foaY fjka fjkaj ie,l=jo ixj¾Okfha §
tajd mrdh;a; jk neúka" fuu fol u taldnoaO
flfrk m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok m%fõYhla flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu jvd;a M,odhS l%fudamdhla
fõ' .%dóh m%foaY yd kd.ßl m%foaY" .%dóh-kd.ßl
in`o;d yryd tlsfkl ne`§ mj;sk w;r tu wka;¾
in`o;djfha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s j wjfndaO lr .ekSu
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok ie,eiqïlrKfha § b;d m%fhdaackj;a
h' fuu wOHkfhys uqLH wruqK jkafka .%dóh-kd.ßl
in|;d ys ixl,amkd;aul ikao¾Nh idlÉPd lsÍu yd
tu`.ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg isÿ jk Okd;aul n,mEu
ms<sn|j ú.%y lsÍu jk w;r Bg wu;rj ixj¾ê;
iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, mj;sk .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;dj, iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug o wjOdkh
fhduq lrkq ,efí' fï i`oyd wod< fËa;%h yd iïnkaO
fmd;a m;a" m¾fhaIK m;%sld iy ,sms fhdod .kakd ,§'
.%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY fN!;sl" wd¾Ól" iudc"
fiajd myiqlï" m%cdúoHd;aul" ;dËKsl" wdl,amuh iy
mdßißl wdÈ ixlS¾K in`o;d rdYshlska tlsfkl yd
ne`§ mj;sk w;r tu in`o;d ys ;Sj%;djh úúO fya;= u;
m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia fõ' ixj¾ê; rgj, by<
kd.ÍlrKh iuÕ jvd;a Yla;su;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
f.dv ke.S we;s w;r fndfyda ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
2 R. J. M. Uduporuwa
rgj, Yla;su;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d f.dv ke.S ke;'
Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd yd uOHu m%udK k.r úYd, m%udKhla
mj;sk kuqÿ" fuu k.r iy tajdfha m¾hka; m%foaY w;r
ÿ¾j, in|;djhla mj;sk nj;a" ÿ¾j, in|;d m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okhg ndOdjla nj;a úúO wOHhk u`.ska fmkajd
oS we;' tfy;a j¾;udkh jk úg rdcH iy mqoa.,sl
wxYfha odhl;ajfhka wrUd we;s kj ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
iy fjf<`o m%;sm;a;s .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d n,.ekaùu
i`oyd b;d u iqNodhS jk w;r tu kj m%jK;d
Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i`oyd iqN ,l=Kq fõ'
ye¢kaùu
z.%dóh-kd.ßlZ jYfhka mj;sk zfn§uZ (Rural-urban
dichotomy) hqfrdamfha ld¾ñl úma,jh iuÕ we;s jQ
fõ.j;a kd.ÍlrKh;a iuÕ jHjydrhg meñKshls'
.%dóh iy kd.ßl m%foaYj, mj;sk jHqyd;aul ,ËK
mokï lr.ksñka tu m%foaY tlsfklg fjkia jQ m%foaY
f,i ks¾jpkh jQ w;r" wdfhdack yd ixj¾Ok ie,iqï
ilia lsÍfï § fuu m%foaY fjka fjka jYfhka i,ld
ie,iqï ilia lrk ,§' miq.sh oYl yhl muK ld,h ;=<
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, hg;aúð;lrKh ksid
zkd.ßl .e;sZ (Urban bias) ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul
lsÍfuka iudc-wd¾Ól fukau wjldYSh jYfhka o kd.ßl
m%foaY jvd Yla;su;a ùu ;=< .%dóh m%foaY idfmaË j
ÿ¾j, ùfuka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok mr;rh jeä jkakg úh'
tfy;a j¾;udkh jk úg .%dóh-kd.ßl hk
iïm%odhsl fn§u m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï§ iy ixj¾Ok
ie,eiqïlrKfha§ bj;a fjñka mj;S' fuhg m%Odk
jYfhka fya;= folla jeo.;a jk nj fmfka' tkï
ixj¾Okh i|yd fj<|fmd< u; mokï jk l%fudamdhkag
(Market-strategies) udre ùfï f.da,Sh m%jK;djh ;=<
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha uq,sl
idOlhla f,i ie,elSu iy f.da,ShlrKh yryd fuu
m%foaY wfkHdakH jYfhka jvd ióm ùuh' ta wkqj ;j
ÿrg;a .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY fjka fjka jYfhka
i,ld ta u; l%shd lsÍu fkdj tajd w;r mj;sk wka;¾
mrdh;a;;djh y÷kd f.k ta u; l%shd lsÍfï jeo.;alu
y÷kd f.k we;' j¾;udkh jk úg ixj¾ê; fukau
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka
úiska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd jvd id¾:l m%fõYhla
wkq.ukh lsÍfï§ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍu
yd Yla;su;a lsÍu flfrys m%n, wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka
isà'
.%dóh-kd.ßl m%foaYj, mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;d
ms<sn|j wjldYSh ixj¾Ok kHdhka u`.ska bÈßm;a fldg
;snqK o ta ms<sn| j iDcq f,i újD; l;sldjla wdrïN
jkafka 1980 oYlfhka miqj h' uE; ld,Sk úoaj;=ka"
m¾fhaIlhska" m%dfoaYSh yd kd.ßl iemhqïlrejka
úiska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok m%fõYhla f,i tys mj;sk
úNj;dj ms<sn| j woyia olajd we;' fndfyda
m¾fhaIlhska ixl,amkd;aul j fuka u wdkqNúl
June 2015 Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1)
wOHhkhka u`.ska wjOdrKh lrkq ,nkafka .%dóh yd
kd.ßl m%foaY w;r wka;¾ mrdh;a;;djhla mj;sk
neúka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha§ fuu wxY folu iïnkaO
flfrk m%fõYhla úkd z.%dóh ixj¾OkhZ fyda zkd.ßl
ixj¾OkZ jYfhka fjka jQ tal md¾Yùh ixj¾Ok m%fõY
;j ÿrg;a j,x.= fkdjk nj hs' úfYaIfhka u tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ckdjdi ms<sn| wdh;kh (UN-Habitat) olajk
wdldrhg m%d.aOk .,kh" mqoa., ydKav .,kh" woyia"
wdl,am" ;dËKh yd kfjda;amdok .,kh yryd .%dóh
yd kd.ßl m%foaY taldnoaO ù we;s neúka fuu m%foaY
foflys u ixj¾Okh i|yd z.%dóh-kd.ßl ixj¾Okh
m%fõYhZ (Rural-urban development approach) hkqfjka
ms<s.kakd ,o kj m%fõYhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj hs'
tu wdh;kh ;j ÿrg;a mjik mßÈ cd;Hka;r ixj¾Ok
kHdh m;%h úiska ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ;sridr
ixj¾Okh yd /lshd ckkh lsÍug z.%dóh-kd.ßl
ixj¾Okh m%fõYhgZ we;s yelshdj ms<sn| j wOHhk
lrñka mj;S' ta wkqj" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,
ixj¾Okfhka wvq m%foaYj, ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu
i|yd .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍu l%fudamdhla
f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs (Okpala, 2003).
úúO úoaj;=ka iy m¾fhaIlhka wdkqNúl wOHhk
Tiafia fmkajd fok mßÈ miq.sh oYl lsysmh mqrd
fl;rï l%fudamdhka l%shd;aul l< o ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj, iudc-wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhka ÿ¾j, m%foaY
mj;S' yr-mßê jHqyh (Core-periphery structure) b;du
m%n, f,i j¾Okh ù we;s Y%S ,xldfõ o iudc-wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okfhka ÿ¾j, m%foaY mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'
ta wkqj úYd, .%dóh ck;djla yd wvq kd.ßl ck;djla
isák Y%S ,xldj jeks rglg m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha
mr;rh wvqlr .ekSfuys,d m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha§ yd
ie,eiqï lsÍfï§ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d wjYH fõ' fï i|yd
.%dóh m%foaY iy kd.ßl m%foaY w;r mj;sk wka;¾
mrdh;a;;djh f;areï .ekSu m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha§
fl;rï wod< o hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSu m%fhdaackj;a
h' tneúka fuu wOHhkfhys flakaøSh wruqK jkafka
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d m%fõYfhys ixl,amkd;aul
ikao¾Nh idlÉPd lsÍu yd tu.ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg
úh yels Okd;aul n,mEu (Positive effects) ms<sn| j
ú.%y lsÍu hs'
fuu wOHhkh mq¾K jYfhka u oaú;Shsl uq,dY%
u; mokï fõ' fuu úIh fËa;%h iïnkaOfhkaa ,sh
ù we;s ,sms f,aLk fï i|yd Ndú; lrk ,§' .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d ys ixl,amkd;aul miqìu ms<sn| j
idlÉPd lsÍfï§ ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a
ù we;s úúO ixl,amkd;aul yd kHdhd;aul lreKq
o tajd iïnkaOfhka úúO úoaj;=ka iy m¾fhaIlhka
úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o u;jdo" idlÉPd iy úYaf,aIK
wdY%fhka ,sh ù we;s f;dr;=re o Ndú; lrk ,§' f,dalfha
úúO rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj, iajNdjh ms<sn| j
idlÉPd lsÍu i|yd lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,ska bÈßm;a
fldg we;s f;dr;=re o Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ,§' Y%S ,xldfõ
Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional development
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍu i|yd uE;
ld,Sk j Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o m¾fhaIK w<,d ,shjqKq fmd;am;a"
m¾fhaIK m;%sld iy ,sms fhdod .kakd ,§' fï wkqj fuu
wOHkh u.ska ixj¾Ok ixl,am" kHdhd;aul woyia yd
m¾fhaIK wdÈh Wmfhda.S fldg f.k wod< úIh fËa;%h
iïnkaOfhka id¾j uÜgñka lreKq ú.%y lsÍula
fldg we;'
.%dóh-kd.ßl wka;¾ in|;d
.%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY fjka fjkaj ie,lSu fndfyda
wjia:dj, § isÿjkakls' fuu mdßNdIs; jpk foflka
lsishï fn§ula (Dichotomy) yeÕefjk w;r tys wjldYSh
fuka u wdxYSh udkhla (Spatial and sectoral dimension)
o fjhs' .%dóh m%foaYj, uQ,sl wd¾Ól lghq;a; lDIsl¾uh
jk w;r kd.ßl m%foaYj, uQ,sl wd¾Ól lghq;a;
jkafka ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokh iy fiajd iemhSu hs'
fuu m%foaY fol w;r in|;dj f.dv kef.kafka .%dóh
ck;dj kd.ßl NdKav iy fiajd u; hemSu;a kd.ßl
ck;dj .%dóh iïm;a iy ksIamdokhka u; hemSu;a ksid h'
.%dóh m%foaYj,ska kd.ßl m%foaY fjka fldg y÷kd
.ekSu úúO mrud¾: i|yd wjYH fõ' tfy;a fuu
m%foaY fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu i|yd f,dalfha ish¨
u rgj,a ms<s.kakd ,o fmdÿ jQ ks¾Kdhl ke;' tla
tla rgj,a ish wNsu;d¾:h mßÈ ;SrKh lr.kakd ,o
ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka kd.ßl m%foaY y÷kd .kq
,efí' fndfyda rgj,a ;uka úiska ;SrKh lr.kakd
,o lsishï ckixLHdjla fï i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk
rEmh 01# .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj
uq,dY%h ( Mangiza, 2005 weiqßks'
Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1) June 2015
3
w;r" we;eï rgj,a ck >k;ajh" oaù;shsl iy ;D;Shsl
wd¾Ól lghq;=j, kshqla; ck ixLHdj" mßmd,k fyda
m<d;a md,k udhsï jeks ks¾Kdhlj,ska tlla fyda
lsysmhla Ndú; lrhs' Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a md,k udhsï
kd.ßl m%foaY y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
kd.ßl yd .%dóh m%foaYj, jHqyd;aul ,ËK
wkqj fuu m%foaY tlsfklg fjkaj y÷kd .;a; o tajd
ksrka;rfhkau tlsfklg noaO j l%shd lrhs' Jefferson
(1931) mjik mßÈ k.rj,g ;ksju j¾Okh úh
fkdyels w;r .%dóh m%foaYj, wkq.%yh ta i|yd wjYH
fõ' Douglas (1998) mjikafka .%dóh mqoa.,hl=f.a
ffoksl Ôú;hg .%dóh yd kd.ßl hk wjYH;d
folu we;=<;a nj h' .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| j
isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK ^Bhooshan, 1986; Bryceson &
Jamal, 1997; Saint & Goldsmith, 1980) u`.ska fmkajd
fokafka wdxYSh in|;d tkï" kd.ßl jeishka .%dóh
lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok u; hemSu;a .%dóh jeishka ;u
wdodhu i|yd k.rh Ndú;hg .ekSu;a" wm is;kjdg
jvd jeä nj hs' .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaYj, we;s fuu
wdxYSh in|;dj ;=< nyqudkSh wjldYSh in|;d o
mj;S' tkï .%dóh m%foaYj, Ôj;a jkakkayg wdodhï
bmehSu we;=¿ kd.ßl wjYH;d rdYshla mj;S' .%dóh
ck;dj .ïj, Ôj;afjñka Ôú;fha úúO wjYH;d ,nd
.ekSu i|yd ^is,a,r nvq" we֕ me<e`ؕ yd .Dy NdKAv
fukau wOHdmksl" fi!LHh" mßmd,k yd úfkdaod;aul
fiajd& yd /lshd i|yd o ffoksl j k.rhg meñfK;s'
k.rh .%dóh mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d iy /lshd wjia:d
imhhs' tfukau .%dóh ck;djf.a lDIs ksIamdokh wf,ú
lr .ekSfï§ fjf<`ofmd< jkafka o k.rh hs ^rEmh 01&'
4 R. J. M. Uduporuwa
Mushi (2003) mjik mßÈ .%dóh m%foaY yd
kd.ßl m%foaY w;r fuf,i we;sjk in|;dj .%dóh
m%foaYj,g muKla fkdj kd.ßl uOHia:dkj,g o oeä
f,i n,mdkq ,efí' .%dóh ksIamdokj, ñ< my< hdu
fyda .%dóh ksIamdok wvqùu .%dóh m%foaYj, øßø;djhg
n,mdkjd muKla fkdj kd.ßl m%foaYj,ska imhkq ,nk
NdKav yd fiajdj,g mj;sk b,a¨u o my; neiSug fya;=
fõ' tfukau Tyq olajk mßÈ" kd.ßl oßø;djh by<
hdu ;=<ska yef`.kafka .%dóh ixl%uKslhkag kd.ßl
m%foaYj, mj;sk /lshdj, ys`. njhs' fuu`.ska kd.ßl
m%foaYj, isg .%dóh m%foaYj,g isÿjk wdodhu .,dhdu
wvqjk w;r .%dóh ksIamdokj,g mj;sk b,a¨u o
wvqfõ' tfukau" .%dóh ck;dj Wmhkakka fkdj
hefmkakka msßila njg o m;a fõ (Mushi, 2003).
fï wkqj .%dóh m%foaY yd kd.ßl m%foaY w;r
mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;djfha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s
fõ' fuu wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh ;=< lDIsld¾ñl øjH
.%dóh m%foaYj, isg kd.ßl fj<|fmd<g .,dhdu iy
ksñNdKav kd.ßl m%foaYj, isg .%dóh m%foaYj,g .,d
hdu" .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaYj, isÿjk ffoksl fyda
ld,Sk ixp,;djh" ;dËKh yd f;dr;=re .,dhdu yd
uq,Huh .e,Sï wd§ ixlS¾K l%shdj,Ska rdYshla mj;S'
fï ;=<ska f.dúhd yd fjf<`ÿka w;r fukau NdKav
ksIamdolhka yd mdßfNda.slhka w;r o ffokslj
yqjudre in|;d we;s fõ' fuf,i mqoa.,sl wjYH;d
u; .u yd k.rh iuÕ ffoksl j isÿjk NdKav yd
fiajd yqjudrej wLKav j mej;Su tu m%foaYfha .=Kl M,
(Multiplier effects) we;s lrñk a m%dfoaYh
S j¾Okhg odhl fõ'
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| kHdh iy ixl,am
kd.ßl uOHia:dk yd tajdfha m¾hka; ^.%dóh& m%foaY
w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| j úúO oDIaÀfldaKhka
f.ka idlÉPd flfrk isoaOdka; lsysmhls' fuu
isoaOdka; fmdÿfõ i,ld n,k úg fmkS hkafka
fuu isoaOdka; jvd;a zkd.ßljd§Z oDIaÀhlska bÈßm;a
ù we;s w;r" tajd .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY w;r we;s
wfkHdakH in|;djfha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug
jvd wjldYSh ia:dk.; ùfï§ iy ld¾hhuh
ixflakaøKh isÿ ùfï§ m¾hka; m%foaYj, mj;sk
n,mEu ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkq ,enQ tajd nj hs' fï
iïnkaOfhka wdkqNdúl wOHhkhla yryd
uq,ska u m%fõYhla bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka von Thǖnen
(1866) úisks' Tyqf.a uQ,sl mrud¾:h jkafka kd.ßl
fjf<|fmd< u; mokï j úúO lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ
mßfNda.hka wjldYSh jYfhka ia:dk.;jk wdldrh
tal flakaøsl jD;a; kHdhla weiqßka (Co-centric ring
theory) ú.%y lsÍu hs' fuu isoaOdka;h u; mokï j
Cristaller (1933) úiska flakaøia:dk kHdh (Central
place theory) bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;r tys uqLH wruqK
jQfha fiajd uOHia:dk ia:dk.; ùfï iajNdjh iy
Oqrdj,sh meyeÈ,s lsÍu hs' tfukau Perroux (1950),
Myrdal (1957), Hirschman (1958), Hagerstrand (1953),
June 2015 Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1)
Johnson (1970), Rondinelli & Ruddle (1978), Friedman
& Douglas (1979) úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o kHdhhka o
jvd;a kd.ßljd§ m%fõYhla miqìï lrf.k we;s w;r
tajd u`.ska kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, wjldYSh ia:dk.;ùu
.%dóh m%foaYj, j¾Okhg fya;=jk wdldrh fmkajd §
we;' ta wkqj f,dalfha iuyr rgj,a m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
i|yd kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, úfYaI úNj;djhla olsk ,o
w;r jvd;a kd.ßl .e;s m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrk ,§'
tfy;a miq ld,Sk j Rondinelli (1982,1983,1984a iy
1984b) Hardoy & Satterthwaite (1986) úiska lrk ,o
m¾fhaIKj,ska fmkajd § we;af;a" Perroux (1950) úiska
bÈßm;a l< j¾Ok O%ej ixl,amh (Growth pole) u; mokï
fjñka l%shd;aul l< ixj¾Ok l%fudamdhj,ska me;sÍfï
M,j,g (Spread effect) jvd ms<sfidaod M, (Back-wash
effect) jeä ùu fya;= lrf.k lDIs moku u; ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj, .%dóh m%foaY ÿ¾j, ù we;s nj hs'
tfukau 1950 iy 1960 oYlj, m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok
ie,eiqïlrKfha § b;d ckm%sh u;hla jQfha l=vd yd
uOH mßudK k.r .%dóh ixj¾Okfha§ Okd;aul
ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrk njhs' l=vd yd uOH mßudK
k.rj,ska ixj¾Okh ldkaÿ lsÍfï fuu oDIaÀhg
jvd;a u n,mdk ,oafoa Rondinelli & Ruddle (1978)
úiska bosrsm;a lrk ,o .%du ixj¾OkfhaoS
kd.ßl wxYfha lD;Hh (Urban function in rural
developmet) hk isoaOdka;h hs' fuys§ m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okh i|yd wjldYSh jYfhka taldnoaO jQ iu;=,s;
kd.ßl Oqrdj,shla ia:dms; lsÍu ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;sj,
uQ,sl wNsm%dh úh' fuu m%fõYh fndfyda rgj, m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okfha § fhdod .;a kuqÿ miqld,Sk j lrk ,o
wdkqNúl wOHhk fmkajd § we;af;a l=vd yd uOH
mßudK k.r .%dóh ÿmam;=ka iQrdlñka Tjqka oßø;djhg
weo ouk nj h (Southall, 1979). ta wkqj 1970 oYlh
muK jkúg k.r j¾Okh hkq lDIsl¾uh fkdi,ld
yßk fukau W!k ixj¾Okhg u. mdok zmrfmdaIs;
l%shdj,shlaZ (Parasitic process) f,i fmkajd fok ,oS'
fuf,i ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha§ kd.ßl flakaÈ%;
isoaOdka; u; mokï jQ l%fudamdhka m%dfhda.sl;ajfha §
wid¾:l ùu jvd;a .%dóh flakaÈ%; l%fudamdhka flfrys
fhduq ùug fya;=jla úh' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
ztaldnoaO .%%dóh ixj¾Ok jevigykaZ (Integrated rural
development projects) jvd;a fhda.H l%fudamdhka f,i
ms<s.kakd ,oS' fuu m%fõYh hgf;a zlDIsld¾ñl fjkiZ
flfrys oeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< w;r kd.ßl ixj¾Okh
flfrys b;d w,am wjOdkhla fhduqúh (Escobar, 1995).
tfy;a fuu wdxYSh ixj¾Ok l%fudamdhka u.ska we;s jQ
wi;=gqodhl m%;sM, ;=<ska f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a úiska
wjfndaO lr.;a i;Hh jkafka we;eï wjia:dj,§ .%dóh
m%foaY yd kd.ßl m%foaY fjka fjka j i,ld lghq;=
l< o m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha§ .%dóh-kd.ßl fn§u fkdj
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=
nj hs' ta wkqj j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha fndfyda
Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional development 5

rgj,a kd.ßl flakaÈ%; fyda .%dóh flakaÈ%; ixj¾Ok lsÍfï§ .;jk ld,h yd m%jdyk msßjeh wvqfõ'
m%fõYj,ska neyerj fuu m%foaY foflysu wfkHdakH NdKav yd mqoa., ixp,;djh jeäjk úg fjf<|fmd<
jYfhka ixj¾Okhg fya;=jk uOHia: m%fõYhla m%idrKh fõ' wdfhdack by< hhs' wOHdmk
jYfhka .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wjia:d mq¿,a fõ' ikaksfõokh ÈhqKq ù fiajd
úYajdih ;nd we;' thg fya;=j jkafka m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh imhkq ,nk m%foaY jeä fõ' ÿ¾j, m%jdyk moaO;shla
we;s lsÍu i|yd tys mj;sk úNj;dj f;areï .ekSu hs' mej;Su wvq ixp,;djhg" lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok foaYSh
fj<|fmd<g muKla iSud ùug yd wvq ld¾ñlrKhg
fya;= fõ' tneúka" ÈhqKq m%jdyk moaO;shla mej;Su ish¨
wka;¾ in|;d iy m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
.%dóh yd kd.ßl in|;d ;Sj% lsÍu flfrys n,mdkq ,efí'
.%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY w;r mj;sk in|;d
ixlS¾K in|;d fõ' tajd ksYaÑ;j u j¾.SlrKh lsÍu wd¾Ól in|;d
wmyiq h' tfy;a ;ud ú.%y lrkq ,nk oDIaÀfldaKhg
.e,efmk mßÈ m¾fhaIlhska (Rondinelli" 1985; Kaur, m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh hkq wd¾Ólh j¾Okh ùfï ixisoaêh
1995; Mushi, 2003) úiska .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY hs' (Friedmann,1966)" .%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY wd¾Ól
w;r mj;sk ixlS¾K in|;d j¾.SlrKhg ,la fldg moku jYfhka tlsfklg fjkia jqj o ta u; we;s-
;sfí' tajd wOHhkh lrñka fuu ú.%yhg wjYH mßÈ jk wka;¾ in|;d m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha § b;d jeo.;a
j¾.SlrKh fldg tajd my; j.=j 01 ys olajd we;' fõ' Yla;su;a wd¾Ól in|;d yryd N+f.da,Sh jYfhka
m%foaY taldnoaO jk w;r ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól in|;d m%foaY
j.=j 01( .%dóh kd.ßl in|;d j¾.SlrKh yqol,d lsÍug fya;= fõ' wd¾Óluh jYfhka mj;sk
in|;dj (Linkage) l%shd;aul jk wdldrh in|;d wxY ;=klska y÷kd .; yelsjk w;r tajd my;
(Manifested in) mßÈ fõ'
fN!;sl (Physical linkages) ud¾. moaO;sh ^uyd ud¾." ÿïßh yd
c, ud¾.&
ksIamdok in|;d (
wd¾Ól (Economic linkages) ksIamdok in|;d" fjf<| in|;d"
uq,Huh in|;d m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg ksIamdok in|;dj, jeo.;alu
fiajd myiqlï (Service wOHdmkh" fi!LH" mßmd,k iy wxY lsysmhlska i,ld ne,sh yelsh' tla w;lska
delivery linkages) úfkdao lghq;= ksIamdok l¾udka;hla hkq m%d.aOkh" ;dËKh" Y%uh"
m%cd úoHd;aul (Population ffoksl fyda ld,Sk ixp,;dj iajNdúl iïm;a wd§ .%dóh yd kd.ßl wjYH;d fol
movement linkage ) $ixl%uK u tlsfklg ne÷kq cd,hla jk w;r .%dóh yd kd.ßl
m%foaY foflys u j¾Okhg ksIamdok in|;d jeo.;a
;dËKsl (Technical ;dËKh" úÿ,sh" ikaksfõokh"
fõ' tfukau" kd.ßl m%foaY u`.ska .%dóh m%foaYj,
linkages)
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd wjYH lDIs WmlrK ksIamdokh
iudc (Social linkages) m%;sfudaol lghq;=" újdy yd {d;s fyda wf,úh isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r .%dóh m%foaY u`.ska
in|;d" iudÔh lghq;= kd.ßl ksIamdok l¾udka; i|yd wuq øjH imhkq ,efí'
wdl,amuh (Ideological f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu" .=jka úÿ,sh"
linkages) rEmjdysks" fmd;a yd fjk;a ,sÅ;
udOH fj<|fmd< in|;d (
mdßißl (Environmental N+ñh" c,h
linkages)
fj<|fmd< in|;d hkq NdKav yqjudrej hs' ksIm a dok
uq,dY%( Rondinelli (1985), Kaur (1995), Mushi (2003)
NdKav yqjudre lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka .%dóh m%foaY yd
kd.ßl m%foaY tlsfklg fj<|fmd< jYfhka l%h s d lrhs'
fj<|fmd< in|;d flfrys ck;djf.a wdodhu" mßfNdack
fN!;sl in|;d rgdj" NdKav wf,úh" uQ,H .KqfoKq wdÈh b;d jeo.;a
fõ' Johnson (1970) fmkajd fok wdldrhg fj<|fmd<
m%foaY w;r wjldYSh taldnoaO;dj (Spatial integra- in|;d hkq lDIsl¾uh jdKsclrKh lsÍu" ksIm a dok
tion) m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha§ b;d ;SrKd;aul idOlhls' úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu" yqjudre lghq;= m%idrKh lsÍu
m%foaY w;r wjldYSh taldnoaO;djh we;s lrkq ,nkafka iy wjidkfha§ wd¾Ól j¾Okh flfrys n,mdkq
fN!;sl in|;d yryd h' fN!;sl in|;dj, iajNdjh ,nk m%Odk n,fõ. fõ' zfj<|fmd<Z hk jpkh
wfkl=;a ish¨ in|;dj, ;Sj%;djh flfrys n,mdkq úl=Kïq lrejka yd .eKqïlrejka yuqjk ia:dkh f,i
,efí' ud¾. cd,h fN!;sl in|;d we;s lrkq ,nk w¾:l:kh lrkq ,efí' fuu yqjudrej fndfyda úg
udOH fõ' ñksid úiska ilia lrk ,o m%jdyk cd,h kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, isÿjk w;r fl;rï ÿrlg .%dóh
tkï uyd ud¾." c, ud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. wjldYSh ck;dj k.r iuÕ wd¾Ól in|;d mj;ajkjd o hkak
ixj¾Okh i|yd b;d jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrhs' fj<|fmd< úYaf,aIKhla (Market centre analysis) u.ska
ÈhqKq lrk ,o ld¾hËu ud¾. moaO;shla ;=<ska .uka wjfndaO lr.; yelsh'

Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1) June 2015

6 R. J. M. Uduporuwa
uq,Huh in|;d (
wdodhï .,kh" uq,H lghq;= yd m%d.aOk .,kh hk-
dosh uq,Huh in|;d f,i jeo.;a fõ' kd.ßl uO-
Hia:dkj, msysá nexl= yd fjk;a uq,H wdh;k .%dóh
ck;djg wjYH Kh ,nd .ekSug myiqlï imhk w;ru
b;sß lsÍu i|yd fmd<Ujkq ,nhs' fuh mqoa.,sl fukau
m%dfoaYSh j¾Okhg o fya;= fõ'
fiajd myiqlï ms<sn`o in`o;d
fiajd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg wjYH ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhls'
úfYaIfhka u mqoa.,fhl=f.a Ôú;fha .=Kd;aaul j¾Okh
i|yd fuh b;d jeo.;a h' .%dóh ck;djf.a fi!LHh"
wOHdmksl wjYH;d" mßmd,k iy úfkdaod;aul wjYH;d
i|yd k.r uOH flakaø f,i l%shd lrkq ,nhs'
m%cdúoHd;aul in|;d
m%cdúoHd;aul jYfhka o .%dóh m%foaY yd kd.ßl
m%foaY w;r úYd, in|;djhla we;' fuu m%foaY
§¾> ld,hla ;=<oS .%dóh-kd.ßl ixl%uK yryd
ne£ mj;S' idïm%odhsl fukau kj iïNdjHjd§
m%fõYj, úia;r flfrk mßÈ ;,a¨ lsÍfï yd weo
.ekSfï (Push and pull factors) idOl u; ixl%uK
;SrKh fõ' uq,a ld,Skj .fuka ;,a¨ l< ckhd
k.rfhka weo .;a w;r uE;l isg m%Odk kd.ßl
uOHia:dkj, tys m%;súreoaO ÈYdj l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S'
ffoksl ixp,;djh o .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj
fmkakqï lrk idOlhls' lsishï m%foaYhl
ffoksl ixp,;djhg wd¾Ól iy iudÔh fiajdjka ,nd
.ekSfï yelshdj" by< jegqma" wOHdmksl wjia:d" ÿr
m%udKh" .uka úhoï iy .ufka myiqj hkd§ lreKq
n,mdkq ,nhs' úfYaIfhkau rgl l=vd yd uOH mßudK
kd.ßl uOHia:dkj, fuu myiqlï mj;skafka kï
.%dóh ck;dj tu k.r iuÕ mj;sk iïnkaOh jeä
fõ' fuu m%foaYj, wd¾Ól iy fiajd myiqlïj,
ixflakaøKh jeä jkafka kï tu`.ska by<
ixp,;djhla we;s lrkq ,nhs' ffoksl ixp,;djh jeä
ùu hkq wfkl=;a ish¨ iïnkaO;d ;Sj% ùuls'
;dËKsl$ ld¾ñl in|;d
ld¾ñl in|;d jYfhka úÿ,sh iy ikaksfõokh
wjldYSh ixj¾Okfha§ b;d jeo.;a fõ' tuÕska .%dóh
iy kd.ßl m%foaY w;r kj f;dr;=re yd woyia .,dhdu"
kj ;dËKsl l%u Ys,am .d,dhdu isÿjk w;r tajd
kfjda;amdokj,g fya;= fõ'
iudc in|;d
.%dóh yd kd.ßl m%foaY iudc iïnkaO;d yryd o ne£
mj;S' kd.ßl uOHia:dk .%dóh ck;djf.a úúO iudc
June 2015 Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1)
wjYH;d bgqlr fokq ,nhs' .%dóh ck;djf.a ixialD;sl
W;aij" m%;sfudaol lghq;= i|yd ia:dk" wd.ñl lghq;="
l%Svd" ix.S; ixo¾Yk" kdgH" Ñ;%mg iy ñ;=rka uqK
.eiSu wd§ úúO iudc wjYH;d i|yd ia:dkh jkafka
k.r fyda kd.ßl fjf<|fmd< hs' fujeks wjia:d
u`.ska ck;djf.a iudÔh lghq;= j¾Okh jk w;r
fndfyda úg ;reK ck;djg fujeks in|;d yryd
;u iylrejka fidhd .ekSug wjia:dj ,efí'
tu`.ska kj {d;s in|;d we;s ù Ôú; ld,h mqrdu wka;¾
N+f.da,Sh m%foaY yryd .uka lrk w;r fuh m%foaY
w;r in|;d j¾Okhg fya;= fõ' fuu`.ska k.rhlg
meñfKk jdr .Kk jeäjk w;r th fjf<| yd fiajd
lghq;= mq¿,a ùug yd mqoa., ixp,;djh we;s ùug fya;=
fõ' ;reK mqoa.,hkag fuu iïnkaO;d yryd /lshd
fidhd .ekSug o wjia:dj ,efnk w;r kd.ßl wxYfha
/lshdjl ksr; ùu kj woyia iy wdl,am we;s ùug;a"
iïm%odhsl iudc jHqyh ì| yßñka kj wdrl Ôú;hlg
msúiSug;a yels fõ' tfukau kj wOHdmk wjia:d újr
ùu yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqùïj,g fhduq ùug wjia:dj ,eîu
o jeo.;a fõ' Rondinelli & Ruddle (1978) mjik
mßÈ ñks i q k a f .a iudÔh wjia:d jeãùu hkq Tjqkaf.a
Ñka;kh" yeisÍu iy wdl,am fjkia ùu yryd kj
Ôjk rgdjla we;sùuhs'
mdßißl in|;d
mdßißl jYfhka o fuu m%foaY w;r wka;¾
in|;djhla we;s fõ' kd.ßl m%foaY ish kS;Hdkql+,
udhsï fyda iSudfjka Tíng m%idrKh ùfï§ (Urban
sprawl) .%dóh j mj;sk iajNdúl iïm;a" tkï" N+ñh"
c,h jeks iïm;a i|yd b,a¨ula we;s lrhs'
fuf,i .%dóh kd.ßl m%foaYj, ffokslj mj;sk
yqjudre l%shdj,sh fuu m%foaY folg u m%;sM, f.k
tkq ,nk nj b;d meyeÈ,s h' fuu m%foaY w;r
mj;sk iïnkaOh fkdue;sj .%dóh m%foaY fyda
kd.ßl m%foaY j¾Okh fkdfõ' tneúka fuu m%foaY
fjkafldg ie,lsh fkdyels h' wo .%dóh m%foaYhla
j mj;sk ia:dkhla fyg k.rhla úh yels h' fuu
l%shdj,sh .%dóh m%foaY kd.ßl m%foaYj,g mßj¾;kh
lrk w;r idïm%odhsl Ôjk rgdj lvd ì| ouñka
kd.ßl Ôjk rgdj jHdma; lsÍug fya;= fõ'
tneúka m%dfoaYSh ie,eiqïlrKfha§ fuu l%shdj,sh
ukdj wjfndaO fldg .; hq;=hs' fl;rï ÿrg .%dóh yd
kd.ßl ck;djf.a wdodhï .%dóh yd kd.ßl wjia:d
u; mokï jkafkao" .%dóh yd kd.ßl wd¾Ólhka w;r
mj;sk nyqúO wka;¾ iïnka O ;d ljf¾o" .ï yd k.r
fl;rï ÿrg tlsfkldf.a Ôú; fjkia lrkafkao" hkak
ms<sn| j m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok ie,eiqïlrKfha § úfYaI
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
fndfyda rgj,a ;ju;a m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s
ieleiSfï § fuu m%foaY w;r mj;sk taldnoaO;djhg
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlrhs' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka
ck;dj oßø;djhg f.dÿre ùu yd n,dfmdfrd;a;=
Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional development
fkdjk f,i ndysr ixl%uK we;s ùu hs' tneúka Y%S
,xldj jeks lDIsld¾ñl mokula we;s ixj¾Okh jk
rgl m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhl § mj;sk fujeks wka;¾
in|;d wjfndaO fldg .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
ixj¾ê; rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in`o;d
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd kj m%fõYhla jYfhka
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j¾Okhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu;a
iuÕ m%dfoaYSh ie,eiqïlrKh lsÍfï wruqKska úúO
l,dmj, iy rgj, mj;sk .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj,
iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd jk m¾fhaIK jeä ù we;'
tjeks wOHhk weiqßka ,nd.;a f;dr;=rej,g wkqj ix-
j¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk l,dm$rgj, mj;sk
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d j.=j 02 ys olajd we;'
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn| j hqfrdamd rgj, lrk
,o m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj tu rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
b;d by< uÜgul mj;S ^Mushi, 2003&' j¾;udkh jkúg
hqfrdamd rgj, uq¨ ckixLHdfjka 75] la muK kd.ßl
m%foaYj, jdih lrhs' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq hqfrdamd
l,dmfha kd.ÍlrKh yd ld¾ólrKh noaO fjñka .uka
l< w;r" tu`.ska lDIsl¾udkaa;h kùlrKh ùu fiajd
úhqla; lDIsld¾ñl Y%ñlhkaf.a .eg¨j,g m%n,
úi÷ula úh' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka j¾;udkh jkúg
hqfrdamfha kd.ßl m%foaY yd ta wdY%s; m¾hka; m%foaY
w;r úúO yqjudre in|;d rdYshla f.dvke.S ;sfí'
lsishï m%foaYhl wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok uÜgu wjldYSh
in|;dj, ;Sj%;djh iy ixhq;sh ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs'
Kreibich & Tamakloe (1996) mjik mßÈ kd.ßl m%foaY
iy ;odikak .%dóh m%foaY w;r Yla;su;a wd¾Ól in|;d
mej;Su b;d m%n, .=Kdldr M, we;s lrhs' Kunzmann
& Wegener (1991) mjik mßos hqfrdamd l,dmfha ish¨u
j.=j wxl 02 ( úúO l,dm$rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
rg$ l,dmh .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
wd¾Ólh m%cd
úoHd;aul
hqfrdamh ‌
√ √
wefußldj √ √
wdishdj √ √
ol=Kq wm%sldj √ √
isïndõfõ √ √
flkahdj √ √
ol=Kq √ √
gekaidkshd
√( Yla;su;a in|;d f.dvke.S we;'
uq,dY%h( Mushi, 2003
Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1) June 2015
7
yr m%foaY ish ;odikak m%foaY iuÕ ukdj iïnkaO ù
mj;s' wefußld tlai;a ckmofha 2$3 ck;dj wdh;k
yd fiajd k.r m¾hka; m%foaY ;=< ia:dk.; fjñka
mj;S' tneúka k.r m¾hka; /lshd iy fiajd imhk
m%uqL ia:dk njg m;a j we; ^Mushi, 2003&'
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
ixj¾ê; rgj,g jvd fjkia jQ .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk wdishd iy
wm%sld rgj, mj;sk nj ta iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o
wOHhkj,ska fy<s fõ' Dias (1991& fmkajd fokafka
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, lDIsl¾udka;h
jdKsclrKh jqj;a th hqfrdamd l,dmfha fuka .%dóh
N+ñ mßfNda.h fjkia lsÍug ;rï odhl ù ke;s njhs'
Tyqg wkqj Bg m%Odk fya;=j wdishdkq rgj, mqrjr
m%foaY j¾Okh jkafka tajdfha ;odikak .%dóh m%-
foaY iuÕ noaO fjñka fkdùuhs' kd.ßl l¾udka;
ÿria: mßndysr m%foaYj,ska f.k tkq ,nk wuqøjH u;
mokï jk w;r" k.r ;=< mj;sk ,dNodhS Y%uh ksid
kj /lshd W;amdokfhka .%dóh w;sßla; Y%uh Wrd
.ekSug fkdyels jk w;r" fï ;=<ska .%dóh lDIs wxYfha
kùlrKh m%udo lrkq ,nhs' tneúka" ;j ÿrg;a Tyq
fmkajd fok mßÈ" wdxYSh in|;d" tkï" .%dóh lDIs
wxYh iy kd.ßl ld¾ñl wxYh w;r mj;sk wka;¾
hemSu ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' ta wkqj Tyq mjikafka
fuu rgj, mqrjr iïnkaO jkafka ;odikak .%dóh
m%foaYj,g jvd cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;r wd¾Ólh iuÕ
nj hs' McGee (1987) iy Dias (1991) kSßËK wkqj
iuyr wdishdkq rgj, m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólhka ksjerÈ
iy Yla;su;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ksid fõ.fhka
jefvk w;r" ;j;a rgj, ÿ¾j, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
ksid m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólhka b;d miq.dó ù we;' fuys §
m¾fhaIlhd
fN!;sl ;dËKsl wdh;ksl
√ √ √ Kunzmann &Wegener (1991)
√ √ √ Fishman (1991)
x x x Dias (1990)
McGee (1990)
(as cited by Mushi,
x x x Smith (1998)
2003)
x x x Kamate (1998)
x x x Karaska (1998)
x x x Mushi et al. (2000)
x ( in|;d f.dvke.S ke;
8 R. J. M. Uduporuwa
Tjqka fuu miq.dó wd¾Ólhka ld¾hËu wd¾Ólhka
lsÍug b;d w;HjYH idOlhla f,i NdKav iy mqoa.,
ixp,;djh by< kexùu i|yd m%jdykh iy
ud¾. moaO;sh kùlrKh lsÍu" wd¾Ól lghq;=
úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu" Yla;su;a yd ixúOdkd;aul
wdh;kuh jHqyhla we;s lsÍu wjYH nj fmkajd fohs'
wm%sldkq rgj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn|
wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fokafka hg;a úð;lrKfhka miq
we;s jQ k.rj, ld¾ñl mokula fkdue;s neúka ld¾ñl
fhojqï i|yd ;odikak .%dóh m%foaY iuÕ Yla;su;a
in|;d f.dvke.S ke;s njhs' hg;a úð;jd§ kd.ßl
moaO;sh úfoaYslhkaf.a mßmd,k lghq;= yd .%dóh
lDIsld¾ñl iïm;a /ia lsÍu i|yd f.dvke.=kls'
tys§ foaYSh lDIsld¾ñl øjH wêrdcHhg .,d .sh w;r
wêrdcHfha ksIamdÈ; NdKav i|yd hg;a úð;h fj<|fmd<
úh' fufia wdkhkh lrk ,o ksñ NdKav ksid fndfyda
foaYSh idïm%odhsl l¾udka; lvd jegqKq w;r th foaYSh
/lshd iy foaYSh kd.ßl moaO;sh Èhlr yeÍug fya;=jla
úh' fuu ;;a;ajh wm%sldjg muKla fkdj fndfyda ol=Kq
wdishd;sl rgj,g o wod< jkakls' foaYSh j jevqKq fndfyda
k.r j¾;udkfha § mjd ÿ¾j, iy ukao.dó j jefvk
w;r tajdfha há;, myiqlï iy fiajd myiqlï o b;d
wvq uÜgul mj;S' hg;a úð;lrKfha n,mEug yiq jQ
fndfyda fjr<nv k.r j¾;udkfha§ mjd idfmaËj
fõ.fhka jefâ'
ol=Kq gekaidkshdfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ms<sn|j
wOHhkhl fhfok Mushi et al. (2000) fmkajd fokafka
ol=Kq gekaidkshdfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ÿ¾j, lrk
m%Odk;u idOlh jkafka tys ÿ¾j, m%jdyk moaO;sh nj
hs' fN!;sl in|;d ÿ¾j, ùu wfkl=;a iïnkaO;d ÿ¾j,
lsÍug n,mdk m%Odk;u idOlh fõ' Tjqka fmkajd fok
mßÈ ;eme,a ld¾hd, uÕska uqo,a heùu" wOHdmksl iy
fi!LHh fiajd ,nd .ekSu" /lshd fidhd .ekSu" lDIs
øjHh wf,ú lsÍu wdÈh uÕska .%dóh ck;dj kd.ßl
m%foaY iuÕ iïnkaO ù we;s w;r" iD;=uh jYfhka
lDIsld¾ñl /lshd fidhd .ekSu" k.rj, úlsKSu
i|yd lDIs øjH /f.k tau wdosh u.ska kd.ßl
mqoa.,hska .%dóh m%foaY iuÕ iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d f.k
we;s nj hs' fuh jvd Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd ld¾hËu
m%jdyk cd,hl wjYH;dj Tyq wjOdrKh lrhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj, miqìu iy
mj;sk iajydjh ms<sn|j wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ta
iïnkaOfhka uE; ld,Sk j lrk wOHhk lsysmhla
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'
1950 ka miq Y%S ,xldfõ ckdjdi moaO;sfha
wiu;=,s;;djh jvd;a j¾Okh ù we;' ksoyiska miq
úfYaIfhka u fld<U j¾Okhg uq,sl;ajh ÿka rdcH
m%;sm;a;s u; j¾;udkh jk úg fld<U mqrjrh Y%S
,xldfõ yrh njg m;a ù wfkl=;a nyq;r .%dóh m%foaY
ukao.dó m¾hka; m%foaY f,i mj;S' tfy;a fuu
June 2015 Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1)
ukao.dó m¾hka; m%foaYj, j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍug
odhl lr.; yels l=vd iy uOHu m%udK k.r rdYshla o
msysgd ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ kd.ßl moaO;sfha k.rj,ska 75]
la u l=vd iy uOHu m%udK k.rhka h' fuu k.r iy
;odikak m%foaY w;r yqjudre in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍu tu
m%foaYj, j¾Okhg fnfyúka Wmldß fõ'
niakdysr m<d; yereKqfldg Y%S ,xldfõ wfkl=;a
m<d;a lDIsld¾ñl moku u; jefvk m<d;a fõ'
Wanasinghe (2001) y`ÿkajk mßÈ ukao.dó m¾hka;fha
;sfnk W!j" inr.uqj iy W;=re ueo m<d;aj,
m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólhg we;s lDIsld¾ñl odhl;ajh
b;d by< h' Amarasinghe (2000) fmkajd fokafka
fudKrd., Èia;%slalh w;sßlal ksIamdokhla iys;
.%dóh m%foaYhla jqjo tu ksIamdokh m%foaYfhka msg;g
fhduq jQ fj<| in|;d yryd msg;g .,d hdu ksÍËKh
l< yels nj hs' fuf,i ksIamdok msg;g .e,Sug
m%Odk;u fya;=j f,i Tyq fmkajd fokafka fudKrd.,
Èia;%slalfha wjldYSh jYfhka taldnoaO jQ Yla;su;a
kd.ßl Oqrdj,shla fkdue;s ùu hs' ksIamdok w;sßla;h
msg;g .e,Su ;=<ska uq,Huh yd wfkl=;a iïm;a
.,d tau jdisodhl jqjo fuys mj;sk .eg¨j jkafka
m%foaYfha kd.ßl uOHia:dk Yla;su;a fkdùu
;=< w;rueÈ .%yKhg ksIamdolhka yiqùu ksid
Tjqka ,nk wdodhu wvqùu u; w;sßla; ksIamdokh
i|yd lrkq ,nk wdfhdack ÿ¾j, ùuhs' fudKrd.,
Èia;%slalfha fndfyda kd.ßl ,ËK iys; m%foaY kd.ßl
ia:dk f,i ms<sf.k ke;' tneúka fuu kd.ßl ,ËK
iys; m%foaY l%uj;a wdldrhg j¾Okh fkdjk w;r cd;sl
kd.ßl moaO;sh yd iïnkaO fkdjk ukao.dó k.r
f,i mj;S' fudKrd., jeks lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ
Èia;%slalhl wjldYSh j noaO jk ld¾hËu kd.ßl
moaO;shla mej;Su .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ;Sj%
lsÍug;a" tu`.ska lDIs jdKsclrKh yryd oaú;Shsl
wxYhg udre ùug;a wkqn, fohs' ld¾hËu k.r u`.ska
lDIsl¾uh i|yd kj fhojqï" kùk ;dËKsl Wmfoia
iy f;dr;=re fukau kùk hkaf;%damlrK o wjg .%dóh
ck;djg ,nd.; yels h' tu`.ska idïm%odhsl fyda h,a mek
.sh ksIamdok l%ufõo fjkia lsÍug yelsjk w;r jeä
ks uejq ula we;s ùfuka f.dùka f .a fjf<`o fmd< in`o;d
iy .kq f okq m% i drKh fõ' idum% o dhs l l% ufõo u;
flfrk ksIamdokhg .=Kd;aulj fukau m%udKd;aulj
o újD; fjf<| fmdf<a ;rÕ lsÍug wmyiq h'
tfukau" ksIamdokh úúOdx.SlrKh ùu wd¾Ól j¾Okhg
w;HjYH wx.hls' tfy;a ÿ¾j, kd.ßl moaO;shla
meje;Su ksIamdokh úúOdx.SlrKh j<ld,k w;r th
wdodhu iSud ùug;a" wdodhu iSud ùu wdfhdack iSud
ùug;a fya;= fõ'
hï m%foaYhl ksIamdokh flfrys ÿ¾j, .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d iDcq f,i n,mEï lrk w;r th
mdßfNdackh flfrys o wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,efí' wvq
ksIamdokh l%h Yla;sh wvq lsÍug fya;=jk w;r l%h Yla;sh
ÿ¾j, ùu ksid NdKav yd fiajdj,g ;sfnk b,a¨u iSud fõ'
Amarasinghe (2000) mjik mßÈ fudKrd., jeks .%dóh
Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional development
m%foaYj, fndfyda lv idmamq wju m¾hka; ck
ixLHdjla hgf;a mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'
Ratnayake (2007) úiska bvï whs;sh" fj<|
fmd< iy Y%u Ndú;h hk wxY yryd .%dóh-kd.ßl
in|;d ms<sn|j W;=re ueo m<df;a f;dard.;a kd.ßl
uOHia:dk lsysmhl lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhkag wkqj ks.ukh
lrk tla lreKla jkafka" u kd.ßl uOHia:dkj,
m¾hka; m%foaYfha f.dúhdf.a wd¾Ólh flfrys
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d t;rï jeo.;a fkdjk njhs' uq,sl
jYfhkau ù j.dj mokï fldg .;a wd¾Ólhla we;s
W;=re ueo m<df;a f.dùka fhojqï ,nd .ekSfï§ iy
ksuejqï wf,úfha § hï iSudjkag fldgq ù we;' tkï"
f.dùka Kh moku u; ;u lDIs fhojqï ,nd .kakd
w;r ;u lDIs ksujqu Kh moku u; lDIs fhojqï
,nd ÿka mqoa.,hdg úlsKSug ne£ isà' tneúka W;=re
ueo m<df;a .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d .%dóh wd¾Ólh
Ylaa;su;a lsÍfï§ Okd;aul idOlhla fkdjk nj
fmkajd § we;' tfukau Tyq fmkajd fok ;j;a
lreKla jkafka W;=re ueo m<df;a .%dóh ck;dj
wu;r wdodhï bmhSu i|yd tu m<df;a l=vd k.r iuÕ
iïnkaOjkjdg jvd fld<U" l=reKE., jeks
msgia;r úYd, k.r iuÕ Okd;aul f,i iïnkaOjk
nj hs' fuu.ska .uH jkafka W;=re ueo m<df;a k.r
m¾hka; m%foaYj, Y%uh Wrd .ekSu i|yd /lshd ckkhg
wiu;a k.r nj hs' m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ól j¾Okfha§ fuh
iDKd;aul idOlh ls'
inr.uqj m<df;a f;dard .kakd ,o k.r lsysmhl"
tkï" udjke,a," rTqlalk" iy me,auvq,a, hk kd.ßl
uOHia:dk iy tajdfha m¾hka; m%foaY w;r f.dv ke.S
we;s in|;d ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrk Uduporuwa (2005)
ks.ukh lrkafka j;= lDIsld¾ñl mokula we;s
fuu m<df;ys .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ;ju;a m%d:ñl
wjia:dfjys mj;sk nj hs' fuhg tla m%Odk fya;=jla
f,i fmkajd § we;af;a m¾hka; m%foaYfha ck;djf.a
wvq l%h Yla;sh ksid kd.ßl NdKav yd fiajdj,g
;sfnk b,a¨u iSud ùu hs' tfukau" fuu k.r yqfolau
m¾hka; m%foaYfha ck;djg fiajd imhk fiajd
uOHia:dk úkd ld¾ñl moku u; jefvñka /lshd
ckkh lrk k.r fkdfõ' m¾hka; m%foaYfhka ie,elsh
hq;= m%;sY;hka fjk;a m<d;aj, m%Odk k.rj, tkï"
uykqjr" fld<U" l=reKE., jeks k.rj, /lshdj
lrkq ,nhs' tfukau l÷lr N+ o¾Ykhla iys; inr.uqj
m<df;a D iy E fY%aKsfha ud¾. b;d ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhl
meje;Su ksid mj;sk m%jdyk wmyiq;d .%dóh iy kd.ßl
m%foaY w;r øjH yd mqoa., ixp,;djh flfrys iSudldß
idOlhla f,i n,mdkq ,efí'
Amarasinghe (2000) iy Uduporuwa (2005)
fmkajd§ we;s wdldrhg Y%S ,xldfõ ÿ¾j, fN!;sl
in|;d ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól yd iudc in|;dj,g fya;= fõ'
wld¾hËu ud¾. moaO;sh fudKrd.," r;akmqr" lE.,a,
jeks .%dóh Èia;%slalj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ÿ¾j,
lsÍug iDcq f,i n,mdk m%Odk idOlhla fõ' j¾;udkh
Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1) June 2015
9
jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh ud¾. m%;sixialrKh lrñka
.%dóh-kd.ßl iqu.;dj jeä lsÍu wrUd ;sîu .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd Okd;aul f,i
n,mdk m%Odk idOlh ls' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk k.r
iïnkaO lrk A, B iy C fY%AKsfha ud¾. kùlrKh
lr we;;a fndfyda .%dóh m%foaYj, jdyk .ukd.ukhg
wmyiq" mgq fukau" §¾> ld,hla ;siafia kv;a;= fkdl<
ud¾. mj;sk w;r tajdfha u;=msg mDIaGh ÿ¾j, j mj;S'
inr.uqj m<df;a fndfyda .%dóh m%foaYj, ud¾.j,
fuu ;;a;ajh mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yel' fuu
m<df;a l=vd yd uOH mßudK kd.ßl uOHia:dkj,
m¾hka; m%foaYfha ck;dj k.r lrd ;u ksIamdok
fojqr u;ska f.k hkq ,nk w;r" Bg wu;rj w;a g%elag¾"
lr;a; jeks ieye,a¨ jdyk NdKav m%jdykh i|yd
fhdod .kS' m%jdyk msßjeh by< hdug fuu m%foaYj,
mj;sk ÿ¾j, ud¾. fya;=jk w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
lDIs ksIamdok tl;= lsÍu i|yd .ug meñfKk cx.u
fjf<ÿkag f.dùka ;u ksIamdok wvq ñ<lg úlsKSu
fmdÿ ixisoaêhla njg m;aù we;' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka
tla mfilska .%dóh f.dùkag ksIamdok i|yd idOdrK
ñ,la fkd,eîu iy wfkla miska ish ksIamdok wf,úf-
ha§ kd.ßl fj<| fmd< iuÕ iDcq iïnkaO;d f.dv
kexùula isÿ fkdùuhs'
.%dóh kd.ßl in`o;d ys kj m%jK;d
miq.sh ld, mßÉfÊoh ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj,
lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhkag wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda
m%foaYj, .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d ÿ¾j, uÜgul
meje;sh o" j¾;udkh jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d Yla;su;a lrk kj m%jK;d /ila
ìysfjñka mj;S' tkï" j¾;udkh jk úg rdcH
odhl;ajh hgf;a wrïN fldg we;s uyd mßudK ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;Ska Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;dj,g b;d
iqNjd§ f,i n,mdkq ,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh yd kd.ßl
m%foaY taldnoaO lrñka wêfõ.S ud¾. cd,hla bÈlsÍu"
.%dóh ud¾. m%;sixialrKh lrñka .%dóh-kd.ßl
iq.u;djh jeä lsÍu" kj j¾Ok O%ejhla f,i
yïnkaf;dg ixj¾Okh lsÍu hk ldrKd Y%S ,xldfõ
.%dóh-kd.ßl in`o;d Yla;su;a lsÍu flfrys iDcq f,i
n,mdkq ,nk idOlhka fõ' úfYaIfhka u fuu jHdmD;s
u`.ska kd.ßl m%foaYj,ska ÿria: .%dóh m%foaY fN!;sl iy
iudcSh há;, myiqlï iy /lshd ckkh hk wxYj,ska
n, .ekafjk w;r" tu`.ska cd;sl iy m%dfoaYSh kd.ßl
uOHia:dk iu`. kj in`o;d rdYshla we;s ùug bv
ie,efia' úfYaIfhka u yïnkaf;dg kj j¾Ok
O%ejhla f,i f.dv ke.Su fudKrd., iy weô,smsáh
jeks lDIsld¾ñl iïm;aj,ska fmdfydi;a tfy;a
ÿ¾j, .%dóh-kd.ßl in`o;d iys; m%foAYj, ish¨
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍug n,mdkq we;'
yïnkaf;dg bÈfldg we;s wka;¾ cd;sl jrdh iy
.=jka f;dgqfmd, uQ,sl fldg f.k tu m%foaYj,g
ixflakaøKh jk ckixLHdjg wjYH wdydr imhkq
,nk m%Odk m%foAY jkafka o fudKrd., iy weô,smsáh
10 R. J. M. Uduporuwa
jeks m%foaYhka h' fï i`oyd oekg ls%hd;aul .%dóh
kd.ßl ud¾. m%;sixialrK jev igyk o b;d jeo.;a
fõ' fï ;=<ska .%dóh ud¾. jk C, D iy E fYa%Ksj,
ud¾. ixj¾Okh jk w;r tu.ska tu m%foaYj, fN!;sl
in`o;d Yla;su;a jkq we;'
j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
Yla;su;a lsrSu flfrys rdcHh wxYfha odhl;ajh
g wu;rj mqoa.,sl wxYfha odhl;ajh o n, md
we;' úfYaIfhka u Y%S ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul jk
iqmsß fjf<`oie,a odu (Chain Supermarkets)" .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d Yla;su;a lrk idOlhla ù we;'
Tjqkaf.a fjf<`o m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kejqï ksIamdok
mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd §u i`oyd f.dúhd <`.g u f.dia
lDIs ksIAmdok tl;= lrkq ,nhs' Tjqka úiska .%dóh lDIs
ksIamdok tl;= lsÍfï uOHia:dk .%dóh m%foaY ;=<
msysgqjd we;s w;r tu`.ska l=vd mßudK f.dùkag ish
ksIamdok m%jdyk msßjehlska f;drj wf,ú lr .ekSfï
wjia:dj Wod jk w;r" kej; wdfhdackh i`oyd th Èß
.ekaùula o fõ' fuf,i .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d iïnkaO
j we;s ù ;sfnk kj m%jK;d Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okh i`oyd iqN ,l=Kq fõ'
ks.ukh
jHqyd;aul ,ËK wkqj .ï iy k.r fjkia jqj o
tlsfkflys j¾Okfha§ tajd tlsfklg mrdh;a; jk
nj b;d meyeÈ,s h' fuu mrdh;a;Ndjfha iajNdjh
ukdj wjfndaO lr .; hq;= jk w;r th wjfndaO lr
fkd.ekSu .ï iy k.r w;r mr;rh jeä lsÍug
fya;= fõ' j¾;udkfha f.da,ShlrKh yryd fuu
m%foaY jv jvd;a ióm fjñka mj;sk neúka m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okfha§ ;jÿrg;a kd.ßl flakaøs; fyda .%dóh
flakaøs; m%fõY wod< fkdjk w;r fuu m%foaY
foflys u j¾Okhg odhljk m%fõYhla f,i .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍu flfrys jvd;a wjOdkhla
fhduq lsÍu w;HdjYH h' ixj¾ê; rgj, by<
kd.ÍlrKh iy jdKsclrKh jvd;a m%n, .%dóh-
kd.ßl in|;d we;s lsÍu flfrys n, md we;s w;r"
lDIs mokula we;s ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,
.%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d m%n, fkdùu iudc" wd¾Ól iy
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka jQ fya;= rdYshl m%;sM,h ls'
Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd yd uOHu m%udK k.r úYd,
m%udKhla mj;sk kuqÿ fuu k.r iy tajdfha
m¾hka; m%foaY w;r Yla;su;a in`o;djhla we;s fkdùu
flfrys uQ,slj u wjldYh jYfhka taldnoaO jQ kd.ßl
OQrdj,shla ia:dms; ù fkd;sîu" kd.ßl ld¾ñl
wd¾Ól moku Yla;su;a fkdùu ksid /lshd ckkhg
wjia:d fkd;sîu" ÿ¾j, .%dóh ud¾. ksid iq.u;djh
wvqùu" m¾hka; m%foaYj, ck;djf.a wvq l%h Yla;sh
ksid kd.ßl NdKav yd fiajdj,g ;sfnk b,a¨u
iSud ùu iy ;dËKsl iy wdh;ksl in|;d Yla;su;a
fkdùu n,md we;s nj meyeÈ,s h' tfy;a j¾;udkfha
June 2015 Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 38 (1)
§" fuu m%jK;dj fjkia lrñka rdcHh iy mqoa.,sl
wxYfha odhl;ajfhka wrUd we;s kj ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;s iy fjf<`o m%;sm;a;s .%dóh-kd.ßl in|;d
n,.ekaùu i`oyd jevodhS jk w;r tu kj m%jK;d Y%S
,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i`oyd b;d jeo.;a fõ'
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