Proje ct A Pg.

1. BRACE-001

Design of bracing systems

( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005, )

Design of lateral bracing system L=16.000m, H=5.000m, Lx=4.000m, Ly=5.000m, qed=16.00kN/m

qed=16.00kN/m

H= 5.000 m
Lx= 4.000 m

L= 16.000 m

0m
.00
=5
Ly

1.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1-1 Actions on structures
EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
EN1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3 1-8 Design of Joints

1.2. Materials

Steel: S 355 (EN1993-1-1, §3.2)

t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 355 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 510 N/mm²
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 335 N/mm², Ultimate strength fu= 470 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass ρ= 7850 Kg/m³

Partial safety factors for actions (EN1990, Annex A1)

γG= 1.35, γQ= 1.50

Partial factors for materials (EN1993-1-1, §6.1)

γΜ0= 1.00, γΜ1= 1.00, γΜ2= 1.25

1.3. Dimensions and loads (EN1991-1-1 )

Dimensions L = 16.000 m
H = 5.000 m
Lx = 4.000 m
Ly = 5.000 m
Transverse load/m on roof level qed = 16.000 kN/m

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1.4. Steel cross-section properties

Cross-section L120x120x10-S 355

Dimensions of cross section 6.5

Depth of cross section h= 120.00 mm
Width of cross section b= 120.00 mm
Web depth hw= 120.00 mm L120x120x10
10z

120
Depth of straight portion of web dw= 120.00 mm
Web thickness tw= 10.00 mm
Flange thickness tf= 10.00 mm y
Radius of root fillet r= 13.00 mm 13
Mass = 18.20 Kg/m 6.5
120
Properties of cross section
Area A= 2318 mm 2 r2
Second moment of area Iy= 3.129x10 6 mm 4 Iz= 3.129x10 6
mm4

Second moment of area Iu= 4.976x10 6 mm 4 Iv= 1.283x10 6 mm 4

t
Section modulus Wy=36.010x10 3 mm 3 Wz=36.010x10 3 mm 3
h
Plastic section modulus Wpy=157.00x10 3 mm 3 Wpz=74.500x10 3 mm 3
Radius of gyration iy= 36.7 mm iz= 36.7 mm r1
t r2
Radius of gyration iu= 46.3 mm iv= 23.5 mm
2 2
Shear area Avz= 1233 mm Avy= 1200 mm
Torsional constant It= 0.107x10 6 mm 4 ip= 52 mm b
Torsional modulus Wt=10.707x10 3 mm 3
Warping constant Iw= 4.356x10 9 mm 6

1.5. Horizontal loadings

Horizontal (roof) braced girder

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 16.00x4.000 =64.00 kN
The braced girder at roof is loaded with point horizontal loads Qed1=16.00x4.000=64.00kN
at the nodes of the bracing system (at spacing 4.000 m).
The braced girder is supported horizontally at the columns
Length of braced girder members 6.403 m, inclination φ=51.34°, tanφ=5.000/4.000=1.250
Forces in members of braced girder

Vertical (wall) braced girder

Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 16.00x16.000/2= 128.00 kN
The vertical brace system is loaded with point horizontal load Qed2=128.00kN
at the top of the column h= 5.000m.
Length of braced girder members 7.071 m, inclination φ=45.00°, tanφ=5.000/5.000=1.000
Forces in bracing members
Tension Nted2= 1.00x128.0/cos45.00= 181.0 kN
Compression on columns Nced2=181.0xsin45.00=128.0kN

1.6. Classification of steel cross-section, Compression Nc (Bracing member) (EN1993-1-1, §5.5)

fy
h/t=120.0/10.0=12.00, (b+h)/2t=(120.0+120.0)/(2x10.0)=12.00
S 355 , t=10.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm², ε=(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
+ c
h/t=12.00<=15ε=12.15, (b+h)/2t=12.00>11.5ε=9.32

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 4, Compression Nc,ed

1.7. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing member (EN1993-1-1, §6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for tension (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.3)

Nt.ed=181.00 kN
Tension Resistance Nplrd= A·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x2318x355/1.00=822.89kN
Nt,ed= 181.00 kN < 822.89 kN =Nt,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Nt,ed/Nt,rd= 181.00/822.89= 0.220<1

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Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.2.5)

Web
-
λ p=(b/t)/[28.40ε Ö (Kσ)] (EN1993-1-5, §4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
-
b=d=120.0mm, t=10.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=4.00, λ p=0.261
-
λ p=0.261<=0.673, ρ=1.0, deff=ρ·d=1.000x120=120.0 mm

Flange
-
λ p=(b/t)/[28.40ε Ö (Kσ)] (EN1993-1-5, §4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
-
b=c=120.0mm, t=10.0mm, ε=0.81, ψ=1.00, Kσ=0.43, λ p=0.796
-
λ p=0.796>0.673 ρ=[1-0.188/0.796]/0.796=0.960 (ρ<1.0), ceff=ρ·c=0.960x120=115.2 mm

Effective area Aeff=2318-1x(120.0-120.0)x10.00-1x(120.0-115.2)x10.00=2270 mm²

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression (EN1993-1-1, §6.2.4)

Nc.ed= 82.00 kN
Compression Resistance Ncrd= Aeff·fy/γΜ0=[10 -3 ]x2270x355/1.00=805.84kN
Ned= 82.00 kN < 805.84 kN =Nc,rd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 82.00/805.84= 0.102<1

1.8. Flexural Buckling, Bracing member (Ultimate Limit State) (EN1993-1-1, §6.3.1)
Nc,ed=82.00 kN, Lcr,y=6.403 m, Lcr,z=6.403 m

Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x6403=6403mm, Lcr,z=1.000x6403=6403mm

Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 4 ) (EC3 §6.3.1.3)
-
λ y= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy) Ö (Aeff/A)/λ1)=(6403/ 36.7)x(0.979/76.06)=2.243
-
λ z= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz) Ö (Aeff/A)/λ1)=(6403/ 36.7)x(0.979/76.06)=2.243
-
λ v= Ö (A·fy/Ncr,v)=(Lcr,v/iv) Ö (Aeff/A)/λ1)=(6403/ 23.5)x(0.979/76.06)=3.503
λ1=π Ö (E/fy)=93.9ε=76.06, ε= Ö (235/fy)=0.81, Ö (Aeff/A)= Ö (2222/2318)=0.979
- -
λ eff,y=0.50+0.7x2.243=2.070, λ eff,z=0.50+0.7x2.243=2.070 (EC3 Annex BB.1.2)
-
λ eff,v=0.35+0.7x3.503=2.802

y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αy=0.34, χy=0.197 (T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

- -
Φy=0.5[1+αy( λ y-0.2)+ λ y²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.070-0.2)+2.070²]=2.961
-
χy=1/[Φy+ Ö (Φy²- λ y²)]=1/[2.961+ Ö (2.961²-2.070²)]=0.197 <=1 χy=0.197
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αz=0.34, χz=0.197
- -
Φz=0.5[1+αz( λ z-0.2)+ λ z²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.070-0.2)+2.070²]=2.961
-
χz=1/[Φz+ Ö (Φz²- λ z²)]=1/[2.961+ Ö (2.961²-2.070²)]=0.197 <=1 χz=0.197

v-v buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: αv=0.34, χv=0.113

- -
Φv=0.5[1+αv( λ v-0.2)+ λ v²]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.802-0.2)+2.802²]=4.868
-
χv=1/[Φv+ Ö (Φv²- λ v²)]=1/[4.868+ Ö (4.868²-2.802²)]=0.113 <=1 χv=0.113
- - -
Reduction factor χ=1/[Φ+ Ö (Φ²- λ ²)], χ<=1.0, Φ=0.5[1+α( λ -0.2)+ λ ²], χ=0.113 (EC3 Eq.6.49)
-3
Nb,rd=χ·Aeff·fy/γΜ1= 0.113x[10 ]x2222x355/1.00=89.13kN (EC3 Eq.6.48)
Nc,ed= 82.00 kN < 89.13 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 82.00/89.13= 0.920<1

1.9. Bolts connecting braces

Bolt connection data, Bracing member (EN1993-1-8 )

Type of connection End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts
Category of connection Category A: Bearing type (EC3-1-8 §3.4.1)
Connected members Thickness t=10 mm
Bolts M22, Strength grade 8.8
Bolt diameter d = 22 mm
Diameter of holes do = 24 mm
Nominal area πd²/4 =πx22²/4= 380.1 mm²
Tensile stress area As = 380.1 mm²
Bolt strength grade 8.8, fyb=640N/mm², fub=800N/mm² (EC3-1-8 §3.1.1)

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Shear resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Fv,rd=αν·fub·As/γM2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x380.1/1.25=146.0 kN

Bearing resistance of bolts (EN1993-1-8, §3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/γM2
t=10.0mm, d=22mm, do=24mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=800kN/mm², fu=360kN/mm²,
αb=min[fub/fu, 1, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=min[800/360, 1, 50/(3x24), 100/(3x24)-0.25]=0.69
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7, 2.5]=min[2.8x50/24-1.7, 2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1·αb·fu·d·t/γM2= [10 ]x2.50x0.69x360x22x10.0/1.25=110.0 kN

Necessary bolts per brace 181.0/110.0= 2 M22, Grade 8.8

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