STUDIES IN FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEMS

UNDER PATTERN LOADING USING MATLAB

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(With Specialization in Building Science and Technology)

By
GURBIR KAUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE -247 667 (INDIA)
JUNE, 2008
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the dissertation entitled
"STUDIES IN FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEMS UNDER PATTERN LOADING USING
MATLAB" in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of
Technology in Civil Engineering with specialization in Building Science and Technology,
submitted in the department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is an
authentic record of my own work carried out for a period of twelve months July 2007 to June
2008 under the supervision of Dr. Jagdish Prasad, Associate Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award of any other
degree or diploma.

Place: Roorkee
Date: 30 - 6 - D8 (GURBIR KAUR)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Dr. JAGDISH-13113
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee-247667 (India)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to respected Dr. Jagdish

Prasad, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee, for his

invaluable guidance & criticism, kind and continuous encouragement, which were the

vital factors in successful completion of the present work. It was very pleasant and

inspiring experience for me to work under his able guidance.

I am thankful to all the staff members of my department who assist me directly or

indirectly for their timely cooperation and help.

I also acknowledge the blessings of my parents and cooperation of my friends, which is

very valuable to me.

Gurbir Kaur
M.Tech, (BST)

ii
 ABSTRACT

The structural function of beamless floor system is to collect the gravity load and other
load such as wind load etc and to transfer to the vertical structural elements i.e. column
through the combined capacity in flexure, and shear. In Flat slab, the slab is directly
supported on the columns. Moments and shear values are usually the largest over the
columns. However when spans are relatively small and imposed load is low, the
thickness of slab can be increased to reduce the stresses at slab-column joint which would
result in providing greater effective depth for negative moments occurring near the
column. With increasing span and live load intensity, the thickness requirement increases
which does not give economical solution, so to tackle this problem flaring of the column
at top is done such that the plan geometry at the column head is similar to that of the
column. The column capital is intended primarily to increase the capacity of the slab to
resist punching shear.
The column capital stiffens the slab, which help in controlling the floor
defection. Thus, the floor span can be increased to some extent. Beyond a certain range of
span, further stiffening of the slab is required which is achieved by increasing the slab
thickness of the slab panel around the column capital. This portion of the slab is known
as drop panel.
For flat slabs and flat plates supported directly by columns, shear may be the
critical factor in design. In almost all tests of such structures, failures have been due to
shear or perhaps shear and torsion. These conditions are particularly serious around
exterior columns.
In the present study, attempt has been made to understand different methods of
analysis of flat slab and parameters, which governs the design parameters of the flat slab.
Attempts have been made to identify the range of span and imposed load which would be
require for the design of flat slab.

iii
 CONTENTS

Candidate's Declaration
Acknowledgement 11

Abstract 111
---t
Contents iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
List of Symbols x

Chapter 1— INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2— LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
2.2 Reinforced Concrete Floor System 5
2.3 Basic Definitions I 8
2.3.1 Flat plate 8
2.3.2 Flat slab 8
2.3.3 Components of Flat Slab 9
2.4 Guide outlines to improve Construction Efficiency 10
2.4.1 Key message 10
2.4.2 Best practice 11
2.4.3 Benefits of Using Flat Slab Construction 11
2.5 Flat Slab and Flat Plate Floor System 13
2.6 Advantage of floor Flat slab/Flat plate Floor system 14
2.7 Flat slab under Lateral load 15

Chapter 3— FLAT SLAB: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND 16

BEHAVIOUR
3.1 General 16
3.2 Components of Flat slab 16

iv
 3.3 Structural Components 20
3.3.1 Variations of Moments in Two-way slab panel 20
3.3.2 Transfer of shear and moments to columns in beamless two-way 22
slabs
3.3.3 Transverse distribution of longitudinal moment 22
3.3.4 Design moments in columns

3.4 Reinforcement in Flat slab

24
Chapter 4 — DESIGN METHOD 26
4.1 General 26
4.2 Direct design method 27
4.2.1 Limitations 28
4.3 Equivalent Frame Method 30
4.3.1 Applicability 30
4.3.1 Concept of Equivalent Frame Method 31
4.4 Column and Middle Strips 34
4.5 Slab-Beam Member 34
.6 Properties of Column 35
4.7 Equivalent Column 36
4.8 Torsional Stiffness of Transverse beam 36
4.9 Torsion constant of Transverse beam 37
4.10 Punching Shear Strength of Flat Slab 38
4.11 Shear Design 39
4.12 Design Steps of Direct Design Method 40
4.13 Deflection Evaluation 45
4.14 Pattern loading 46
Chapter 5 — About MATLAB 49
Program of Equivalent Frame Method 52
Chapter 6 — PROBLEM STATEMENT 62
6.1 By DDM using IS code 63
6.2 By EFM using IS Code 66
6.3 By EFM using ACI Code 76
6.4 Pattern Loading 95
6.5 Future Scope 96
Chapter 7 — CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 97
REFERENCES 99

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
No. Title
No.
2.1 Slab Constructions 6

2.2 Flat Plate 8

2.3 Flat Slab 9

2.4 Flat Slab with column Capital and Drop 9

2.5 Slab with Column Capital 10

2.6 Flat slab construction 14

3.1 Effective diameter of column capital 19

3.2 Size of drop Panel 20

3.3 (a) 21
Moment variation in two-way slab panel
4.1 29
Distribution of moments in Direct Design Method
4.2 31
Floor plan of an Equivalent Frame
4.3 32
Pattern Loading on an Equivalent Frame
4.4 33
Equivalent Frames
4.5 35
Column Stiffness Diagram by Column Analogy Method
4.6 38
Punching Shear Failure
4.7 40
Critical Section
4.8 43
Longitudinal distribution of moment
4.9 45
Transverse Distribution of bending moment
4.10 47
Pattern Loading

vii
6.1 62
Floor Plan 6mx4m
6.2 Moment Distribution by Equivalent Frame Method using IS 73
Code
6.3 78
Slab Stiffness by Column Analogy Method
6.4 80
Slab Fixed End Moments by Column Analogy Method
6.5 85
Slab without drop & column with column head
6.6 Slab with drop & column with column head 92

6.7 Moment distribution using ACI Code 94

6.8 Pattern Loading 1 95

6.9 96
Pattern Loading2

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
No. Title No.
3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness as per ACI 318-98 17

4.1 Distribution of Longitudinal Moment in Exterior Panel 42

4.1 (a) Column Strip: Interior Negative Moment 43

4.1 (b) Column Strip: Exterior Negative Moment 43

4.1 (c ) Column Strip: Positive Moment 44

4.2 Load Factor and Load Combination 48

6.1 Transverse Distribution of Moments in Design Strips 65

6.2 Equivalent Frame Analysis (moment distribution method) by 72

IS Code
6.3 Equivalent Frame analysis (moment distribution method) by 93
ACI

ix
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Aac Area of the analogous column

Ac Area of concrete resisting shear
C Cross-sectional constant to define torsional constant
c 1 Size of rectangle column measured in the direction of the spans for
which moment s are being determined
c2 Size of rectangle column measured transverse to the direction of the spans
cAB Distance of centroidal axis of critical section from inner face AB
CCD Distance of centroidal axis of critical section from inner face CD
E Modulus of elasticity of concrete
fci Specified compressive strength of concrete cylinder
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube
fy Yield strength of reinforcement
h Thickness of slab
lac Moment of inertia of analogous column
Icx Moment of inertia of column strip in x direction
Icy Moment of inertia of column strip in y direction
Imx Moment of inertia of middle strip in x direction
Imy Moment of inertia of middle strip in y direction
Je Polar moment of inertia
Ke Flexural stiffness of column
Kec Flexural stiffness of equivalent column
Ks Flexural stiffness of slab
Kt Flexural stiffness of torsional element
II Length of span in direction in which moment is determined, measured
centre-to-centre of span
12 Length in transverse direction
l,, Length of clear span in direction in which moment is being determined,
measured face to face of support
iii

x
Mo Static moment
Vcs Shear force in concrete slab
x Shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of cross-section
y Longer overall dimension of rectangular part of cross-section
w weight of the concrete
wu uniformly distributed load
Acx Deflection of column in x direction
Acy Deflection of column in y direction
Amx Deflection of middle strip x direction
Amy Deflection of middle strip y direction
a Ratio flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of a
slab bounded laterally by centre line of adjacent panels
al a indirection of 11
(12 a indirection of 12

xi
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Flat slabs include two-way reinforced slabs with capitals, drop panels, or both. These
slabs are very satisfactory for heavy loads and long spans. Although the formwork is
more expensive than for flat plates, flat slabs will require less concrete and reinforcing
than would be required for flat plates with same loads and spans. They are particularly
economical for warehouses, parking and industrial buildings, and similar structures where
exposed drop panels or capitals are acceptable.

Flat slab systems are popular for use in office and residential buildings, hospitals, schools
and hotels. They are quick and easy to formwork and build. The architectural finish can
be directly applied to the underside of the slab. Absence of beams allows lower storey
heights and, as a result, cost saving in vertical cladding, partition walls, mechanical
systems, plumbing and a large number of other items of construction especially for
medium and high rise buildings. They provide flexibility for partition location and allow
passing and fixing services easily. Windows can be extended up to the underside of the
ceiling. The absence of sharp corners gives better fire resistance and less danger of
concrete spalling and exposing the reinforcement. Moreover, a flat slab can result in more
storeys being accommodated within a restricted height of the building.

The flat slab system has been adopted in many buildings constructed recently due to the
advantage of reduced floor heights to meet the economical and architectural demands.Flat
slabs are favoured by both architects and clients because of their aesthetic appeal and
economic advantage. However, from the structural engineering point of view, flat slab
have a major weakness, namely they are vulnerable to punching shear failure at the
junctions of slabs and columns.

A flat slab floor system is often the choice when it comes to heavier loads such as multi-
storey car parks, libraries and multi-story buildings where larger spans are also required.
Flat slabs can be supported by a column capital or a drop panel in order to provide a good
resistance to punching shear around the column. However, in some cases, column

1
capitals and drop panels cannot be used for architectural reasons or to save space between
the floors. If this is the case, alternative forms of shear reinforcement must be provided
for the junctions.

In flat slabs, shear failure due to punching shear is the most serious type of failure that
may occur at a column-slab junction. A typical punching shear failure is characterized by
diagonal cracks starting from the bottom of the slab and making their way to the top at an
angle of 20-45° to the horizontal, leading to the separation of the slab around the column
in a truncated pyramid shape. Punching shear failure is characterized as a one-way
reaction that will lead to the progressive collapse of a structure. Punching failure of only
one internal junction can be catastrophic, as the shear at the neighboring columns can be
increased by 25%, leading to failure of all columns. Once triggered, it can easily spread
horizontally and when the debris falls, subsequent floors will be overloaded and a vertical
failure process will lead to complete collapse of a structure. The punching shear capacity
of a slab without shear reinforcement depends on the strength of concrete, the area of
tension reinforcement, the depth of the slab and the column size. Additionally, the shear
capacity may be reduced by any openings close to the column's perimeter, which are
required for services for multi-storey buildings.

In flat slab, all loads supported by the slab converge to the columns. Moments are usually
the largest over the column and shear stresses also reach a peak there. To tackle heavy
moment's large shear stresses, certain stress reducing devices are provided in the form of
drop panel or column head or both. These devices enhance the shear capacity besides
increasing the slab stiffness. So, it is pertinent to study the effectiveness of these devices
in reducing the shear stress and in controlling the deflection.

One way of tackling the higher stresses in the vicinity of column is to increase the slab
thickness, which reduces the shear stress as well as provides greater effective depth for
negative bending moment occurring near the column. But this method of reducing the
stresses is good enough only for smaller span and low imposed load, which in turn,
increases the stresses due to its own weight, making the floor system quite inefficient. An

2
ingenious approach to tackle the heavy shear stress around the column is to flare the
column as it meets the slab, i.e. providing the column head which also increase the slab
stiffness, without increasing the dead load of structure. Similarly, to have greater
effective depth for negative bending moment, thickening of slab is done near the column,
known as drop panel, which further reduces the shear stress and requires less
reinforcement for negative for negative bending moment without much aiding to dead
load. Also the drop panel enhances the slab stiffness, thereby, lessening the deflection of
slab.

In present study attempts have been made to identify the range of span and imposed load
which would be require for the design of flat slab. The IS code does not specify the limit
of span for design of flat slab for floor system.

Also to understand the provision laid by various codes to design flat slab for example I.S.
456; 2000, CSA standard A23.3-94 and ACI 318-98 method.

The two method namely direct design method and equivalent frame method have been
adopted by these codes for finding moments and other forces. The direct design method
and the equivalent frame method for gravity load analysis differ essentially in the manner
of determining the distribution of bending moments along the span. The former uses
moment coefficients, whereas the latter requires an elastic partial frame analysis. The
procedure for apportioning the factored moments between the middle strip and the
column strip is identical for both design methods. Both methods require the values of
several relative stiffness parameters in order to obtain the longitudinal and transverse
distribution of factored moments in the design strips. For this purpose, as well as for
determining the dead loads on the slab, it is necessary to assume, initially, the gross
section dimensions of the floor system. These dimensions may need to be modified
subsequently, and the analysis and design may therefore need to be suitably revised.

3
The ACI code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:
1. The direct design method, DDM, is an approximate procedure for the analysis and
design of two-way slabs. It is limited to slab systems subjected to uniformly
distributed loads and supports on equally or nearly equally spaced columns. The
method uses a set of coefficients to determine the design moments at critical
sections. Two-way slab systems that do not meet the limitations of the ACI Code
must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method, FEM, is one in which a three dimensional building
is divided into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by cutting the
building along lines midway between columns. The resulting frames are
considered separately in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building
and treated floor by floor.

4
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

Floor systems are required to serve two functions namely structural and non structural.
Under the structural function, the floor collects the structural and non structural. Under
the structural function, the floor collects the gravity load in the forms including its own
weight and transmits them to vertical structural elements through the combined resisting
capacity in flexure and shear. Non structural functions are in the form of providing space
for services such as floor finish, electrical wiring, air conditioning ducts, water pipes and
false ceiling etc.

2.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM

Concrete floor systems are so numerous as to defy concise classification. In general, the
commonly used reinforced concrete floor systems may be classified as follows:

1. One-way slab
■ Slab supported on monolithic concrete beams
■ Slab supported on steel
2. Two-way slab
■ Two-way slabs on beams
■ Flat slabs
■ Flat-plate floors
■ Two-way ribbed and the waffle slab system

Flat plates, Flat slabs, Waffle slabs, Slabs on beams, One-way slabs on beams, One-way
joist floor system are economical choices of concrete floor systems. There are two basic
types of floor construction, slab-beam construction and beamless slab construction. The
former refers to floors formed by slabs or floor panels supported by and acting together

5
with beams running in one or two directions, slabs are directly rested on columns. These
types of slabs are termed as Flat Plate or Flat Slab depending upon whether thickening of
slab around the column has been provided or not. The flat slab construction is quite
popular in many parts of the world. The emission of beams provides a larger clear ceiling
height and also much simplification in construction and formwork. It enhances the
architectural appearance of the floor ceiling. It reduces the overall height of building.

ay, Flat Plato o.Way Fiat Slab;`

0.4*. lb.
401......7!,

Fig 2.1: SLAB CONSTRUCTIONS

6
The distinction between two-way slabs and flat slabs is completely valid only for two
extremes, that is, for the above case. When flexible beams are introduced, perhaps not on
all four sides of the slab the structural behavior lies between the limit extremes. As the
size and flexibility of the beam vary from very small and highly flexible to very large and
very stiff, the structural behavior varies smoothly from that of a flat slab to that of a two-
way slab.
In reinforced concrete flat slab buildings, floors are directly supported by columns
without the use of intermediary beams. Flat slab systems are popular for use in office and
residential buildings, hospitals, schools and hotels. They are quick and easy to formwork
and build. The architectural finish can be directly applied to the underside of the slab.
Absence of beams allows lower storey heights and, as a result, cost saving in vertical
cladding, partition walls, mechanical systems, plumbing and a large number of other
items of construction especially for medium and high rise buildings. They provide
flexibility for partition location and allow passing and fixing services easily. Windows
can be extended up to the underside of the ceiling. The absence of sharp corners gives
better fire resistance and less danger of concrete spalling and exposing the reinforcement.
Moreover, a flat slab can result in more storeys being accommodated within a restricted
height of the building.
In Flat Slab, all loads supported by the slab converge to the columns. Moments are
usually the largest over the column and shear stresses also reach a peak there. To tackle
heavy moment's large shear stresses, certain stress reducing devices are provided in the
form of drop panel or column head or both. These devices enhance the shear capacity
besides increasing the slab stiffness. So, it is pertinent to study the effectiveness of these
devices in reducing the shear stress and in controlling the deflection. One way of tackling
the higher stresses in the vicinity of column is to increase the slab thickness, which
reduces the shear stress as well as provides greater effective depth for negative bending
moment occurring near the column. But this method of reducing the stresses is good
enough only for smaller span and low imposed load due to the fact that very thick slab is
required for longer span and high imposed load, which in turn, increases the stresses due
to its own weight, making the floor system quite inefficient. An ingenious approach to
tackle the heavy shear stress around the column is to flare the column as it meets the slab,

7
i.e., providing the column head which also increase the slab stiffness, without increasing
the dead load of structure. Similarly, to have greater effective depth for negative bending
moment, thickening of slab is done near the column, known as drop panel, which further
reduces the shear stress and requires less reinforcement for negative for negative bending
moment without much aiding to dead load. Also the drop panel enhances the slab
stiffness, thereby, lessening the deflection of slab.

2.3 BASIC DEFINITIONS

2.3.1 Flat plate

Fig 2.2 FLAT PLATE

Flat plate is a two-way reinforced flat slab having uniform depth without interior beams,
drop panels, or capitals and is supported on columns spaced to form a square or
rectangular grid. RC plates are used for spans 4.5 m to 7m in hotels and short span office
buildings.

8
 2.3.2 Flat slab:

Fig: 2.3 Flat Slab

In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs &

Beams. However it may
be possible to undertake construction with out providing beams
, in such a case the frame
system would consist of slab and column without beams. These
types of Slabs are called
flat slab, since their behavior resembles the bending of Flat plate
s.
2.3.3 Components of flat slabs:
Drops:
To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the
contact of slab and
column support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -
that direction. third of panel length in

Fig: 2.4 Flat Slab with Column Capital and drop panel

9
Column heads:
Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the column at the
support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support needs to be increased .this
is facilitated by providing column capital/heads.

Fig 2.5 Flat Slab with Column Capital

2.4 This Guide outlines the benefits of using flat slab construction to improve
construction efficiency

2.4.1 Key messages

1. For spans from 5 to 9 m, thin flat slabs are the preferred solution for the
construction of in-situ concrete frame buildings where a square or near-square
grid is used. For spans over 9 m post-tensioning should be considered.

2. Eliminating drops results in simpler false work and formwork arrangements,

enabling rapid floor construction and giving maximum flexibility to the occupier.

3. The benefits associated with flat slab construction may well outweigh those of
other structural solutions, which could be more complicated, time-consuming and
ultimately more costly.

10
2.4.2 Best practice

1. The benefits of using in-situ concrete flat slab construction should be investigated
at the conceptual design stage. Consider not only the benefits in terms of potential
design efficiencies but also the major advantages for the overall construction
process, notably in simplifying the installation of services and the savings in
construction time.

2. Omit drops wherever possible. If column heads are regarded as essential, detail
them to be cast as part of the column to allow the advantages of flat soffits for the
floors to be retained.

3. Look at the construction process in its entirety, including the contractual

arrangements, the procurement route, whether to use contractor detailing and the
level of reinforcement rationalization. This is further explained in a companion

(Practice Guide, Rationalisation•of flat slab reinforcement.)

4. To optimize the slab thickness, consider all factors such as the method of design,
the presence or absence of holes, the importance of deflections, and previous
experience.

2.4.3 Benefits of using Flat Slab Construction

Faster Construction

The benefits of using flat slab construction are becoming increasingly recognized. Flat
slabs without drops (thickened areas of slab around the columns to resist punching shear)
can be built faster because formwork is simplified and minimised, and rapid turn-around
can be achieved using a combination of early striking2 and flying systems. The overall
speed of construction will then be limited by the rate at which vertical elements can be
cast.

Reduced services and cladding costs

Flat slab construction places no restrictions on the positioning of horizontal services and
partitions and can minimise floor-to-floor heights when there is no requirement for a deep

I1
false ceiling. This can have knock-on benefits in terms of lower building height, reduced
cladding costs and prefabricated services. Flexibility for the occupier Flat slab
construction offers considerable flexibility to the occupier who can easily alter internal
layouts to accommodate changes in the use of the structure. This flexibility results from
the use of a square or near-square grid and the absence of beams, down stands or drops
that complicate the routing of services and location of partitions.

Slab thickness
Having chosen a flat slab solution, the next key issue is to determine an appropriate slab
thickness. In general, thinner slabs not only save on direct material costs for the frame
and the supporting foundations but also provide knock-on benefits in terms of reduced
height of the structure and lower cladding costs. There is, of course, a lower limit to the
slab thickness. As this is approached, the savings identified above become outweighed by
the extra reinforcement required to deal with serviceability issues and the increased
difficulty in designing and fixing it. There is also a case for providing some margin,
particularly at outline scheme stage, to accommodate late changes in architectural
requirements and the provision of holes in the slab. In addition, consideration could be
given to possible changes of use after construction and to future alterations.

Dealing with construction loads

A high ratio of dead to live load is an inherent feature of flat slabs (and reinforced
concrete construction in general). With the trend towards faster construction and lower
design imposed loads, the 'spare capacity' of a slab over its self-weight is being reduced.
There is evidence that early striking and early loading through rapid floor construction
has some impact on long-term deflections. This has implications for the extent of
cracking, which can marginally increase deflection when more permanent loads are
applied. Proprietary punching shear reinforcement systems. Thin flat slab construction
will almost certainly require punching shear reinforcement at columns. This has
traditionally taken the form of a large number of individual shear links arranged on a
series of perimeters from the edge of the column. However, proprietary shear
reinforcement systems are now available, which can greatly speed up the fixing process.

12
These are described in a companion Best Practice. (Guide: Prefabricated punching shear
reinforcement or reinforced concrete flat slabs.) The savings in labour and time make
these systems almost always worthwhile.

Rationalisation of main reinforcement

Some design methods, in particular yield line, result in more rationalized reinforcement
layouts than others. To overcome the misconception that opting for the least material
necessarily results in lowest overall price, the benefits of rationalization need to be clear
to all those involved in the process.

Rationalized layouts of reinforcement also simplify the amount of detailing and reduce
the number of bending schedules required. The level of rationalization will be a matter of
engineering judgments. Elastic designs should aim to reduce the number of bar variations
used by about one third compared with conventional solutions aimed at minimising the
use of material. If the full benefits are to be realized in practice, rationalisation needs to
be done at an appropriate stage. Traditional contractual arrangements are seen as a
potential barrier to this. Where possible, the contractor should undertake the detailing as
recommended in a Construct report.

2.5 FLAT SLAB AND FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM

Historically, flat slab predates both two—way slabs on beams and flat plate. Flat slab
floors were originally patented by O.W. Norcross in the United States on April 29, 1902.
Flat slab floor systems are used for long and heavy load. To accommodate the heavy
bending and shear stresses around columns, the slab is thickened and the column
enlargement is called a column capital. The shape of the column capital usually matches
the shape of the column for simplicity of formwork.

When the span and loading are small, drop panel and column head are no longer required.
When these devices are eliminated, the resulting structure is called a flat plate. Flat plate
can be quickly constructed due to simple formwork and reinforcing bar arrangement.
Flat slab are very satisfactory for heavy loads and longer span. Although the formwork is
more expensive than span for flat plates, flat slab requires lesser amount of concrete and
reinforcement for the same loads and spans as for flat plate, because drop panel and

13


column capital serve the double purpose of

column support reducing shear stress in the slab near the
are particularly uand
provide greater effective depth for negative bending moment. They
useful for warehouses, parki
drop panel or colu ng and industrial
mn capital give an a building where exposed
ppearance of strength.

Fig 2.6: Flat slab construction

2.6 ADVANTAGE OF FLAT SLAB /FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM

I.
It needs the smallest overall height toprovide specified headroom requirement.
II. It
provides little obstruction to light and ventilation.
III. Structural fired
amage risk is reduced because there are few sharp corners
spalling of the concrete might occur. Also the installation of automatic sp where
is greatly simplified as there is no obstruction rinkler
N. It needs sim to the spray path.
le formwork and provides maximum architectural freedom in
V. Design and in future changes

14
2.7 FLAT SLAB UNDER LATERAL LOAD
Although the flat slab floor system has been widely practiced in residential building in
many parts of the world, since the beginning of the last century, its resistance behavior is
still imperfectly understood. This system is highly advantageous because of the simple
formwork, minimum total height of building and maximum architectural freedom in
design and in future changes. Because of its limited rigidity in moment transfer, a flat
slab-column is especially vulnerable to damage through lateral cyclic displacement under
earthquake loading (Recommendation, 1988; Mohehle et al., 1988). Hence, its
application in regions of high seismic risk is restricted to building of moderate height,
and to building provided with shear walls, which controls the lateral displacement
according to their own rigidity. Even so, the basic problem of slab column connection of
limited resistance persists in the composite solution in the composite solution as well,
depending on the level of ductility of shear walls.
Extensive and important experimental research work on slab-connection has been
achieved over the last two decades (Hanson and Hanson, 1968; Islam and Park, 1976;
Kanoh and Yoshizaki 1979). Yet uncertainties persist considering the present design
method. There is current trend towards simplifying the latter with a view of saving
calculation time, but such simplification tend to draw attention away from the real
mechanical behavior of the connection and its environment.
The major problem in these flat slab-column connections is that of load transfer between
such two differently shaped elements. Large flexural and torsional moments as well as
shear forces are concentrated around the connection crown, favoring one-sided punching
shear failure. A clear notion of behavior mechanism in the different loading stages, are
thus essential but their realization is hampered by the perplexity of the three dimensional
stress-distribution in the slab and the large number of interdependent parameters
involved.

15
 Chapter 3
FLAT SLAB: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS & BEHAVIOR

3.1 GENERAL

The structural engineer most important responsibility is to design a structural that

function satisfactory with in prescribe limit states. These limit states have been identify as
the deflection and strength with respect to bending, shear and torsion. The central
problem in two-way slab system is to assure safety in the connection between slab and
column, which is a small area or portion of the supporting columns, and shear stresses
also reach a peak there, so primary attention is required over this small but important
area. Research engineers who have test flat slab and flat plates to destruction have
commented that such structures seldom fail in flexure. In fact, they usually fail in shear
almost regardless of the amount of flexural reinforcement seems to have little effect on
the ultimate flexural capacity. In other words, if too much reinforcement is placed in one
part of slab seems more important than its exact placement. However it may create some
serviceability problem.

3.2 COMPONENT OF FLAT SLAB

Whether the "Direct Design Method" or "Equivalent frame method" is used for
determing the longitudinal distribution of moments, certain nominal requirements for slab
thickness and size of beams, column capital and drop panel must be fulfilled. These
requirements are termed "nominal" because they are code prescribed. It should be
realized, of course, that the code provisions are based on a combination of experience,
judgment, tests and theoretical analysis. The basic structural components of a full fledged
flat slab are (a) Slab (b) Column Capital and (c) Drop Panel.

16
Slab thickness

The thickness of slab is generally governed by deflection control criteria. The calculation
of deflections of two-way slab systems is quite complex and recourse is often made to
empirical rules which limit maximum span/depth ratios as indirect measures of deflection
control.

For flat plates and slabs with column capitals, the minimum overall thickness of slab is:

D > [i„ (0.6 + fii/1000)

)0

For slabs with drop panels, the minimum thickness of slab is:

D> ln (0.6 + A / 1000)

1+( 2xd j (Dd — D)}
0{ 1, D

Where, Dd = overall thickness of drop panel, mm

D = overall depth

xd = dimension from face of column to edge of drop panel,

G = characteristic yield strength of steel (in MPa)

ln= clear span in the longer direction

Also minimum thickness should be in accordance with the provision of table given
below:

Table3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness as per ACI 318-98

Yield Without drop panels With drop panels
strength Exterior panel Interior Exterior panel Interior
G (psi) Without With edge panel Without With edge panel
edge beam beam edge beam beam
40000 1,, /33 In /36 1„ /36 In /36 1„ /40 In /40
60000 In /30 In /36 In /33 In /33 1„/33 1„ /36
75000 In /28 In /33 1„/31 In /31 In /34 1„ /34

17
Where ln is the length of clear span in the long direction of two-way construction,
measured face-face of supports in slabs.

As per ACI section 9.5.3, slab thickness in no case should be less than 5 inch without
drop panel and 4 inch if drop panel is provided.

As per IS 456:2000,

The thickness of the flat slab shall be generally controlled by considerations of span
to effective depth ratios given as given below:

Cantilever 7

Simply supported 20

Continuous 26

If drop panel is not provided, shall be multiplied by 0.9. For this purpose, the longer span
shall be considered. The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125 mm.

Column capital

The column capital is an enlargement of the column as it meets the floor slab or drop
panel. The purpose of the capital is to gain increased perimeter around the column to
transmit shear from the floor loading and to provide increased thickness as the perimeter
decreases near the column. It is provided at the top of a column, is intended primarily to
increase the capacity of the slab to resist punching shear.

The code (C1.31.2.3) restricts the structurally useful portion of the column capital to that
portion which lies within the largest pyramid or right circular cone which has a vertex
angle of 90 degrees, and can be included entirely within the outlines of the column and
the column head. The is based on the assumption of 45 degree failure plan, outside of
which enlargements of the support are considered ineffective in transferring shear to the
column. Where column heads are provided, that portion of a column head which lies
within the largest right circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 90"and can be
included entirely within the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be
considered for design purposes same as per ACI section 13.1.2,

18
 or c
■
•••41■••■•••

Stab

Fig 3.1: Effective Diameter of Column Capital

Drop panel

The drop panel is formed by local thickening of the slab in the neighbourhood of the
supporting column. These are provided mainly for the purpose of reducing shear stresses
around the column supports. They also help in reducing the steel requirement for negative
moments at the column supports.

The code (C1.31.2.2) recommends that drops should be rectangular in plan, and have a
length in each direction not less than one-third of the panel length in that direction. For
exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to the discontinuous edge and measured
from the centre-line of the columns shall be equal to one-half the width of drop for
interior panels. It is silent about the thickness of the drop panel.

The code does not specify a minimum thickness requirement for the drop panel. It is,
however recommended that the projection below the slab should not less than one-fourth
the slab thickness, and preferably not less than 100 mm. In computing required slab
reinforcement, thickness of drop panel below the slab shall not be assumed greater than
one-quarter the distance from the edge of drop panel to edge of column or column capital.

19
 N(1 lenn than Mi.'
Nf)1 less
Not leSr, than r./6 than lb/6

it,

Fig 3.2: Size of Drop panel

Edge beam at discontinuous edges:

For slabs supported by interior beams, the minimum thickness requirements assume an
edge beam having a stiffness ratio a not less than 0.80. If such an edge beam is not
provided, the minimum thickness as required must be increased by 10% in the panel
having discontinuous edge.

3.3 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR

3.3.1 Variations of moments in a two-way slab panel

The variation of bending moment in the floor member along the span, under gravity loads
is sketched in fig. Such a variation with 'negative moments' near the support and
`positive moments' in the neighbourhood of the midspan is typical in any beam subject
to uniformly distributed loads. Mab denotes the total 'negative' moment in the slab-beam
member along the support line AB, and Ma denotes the total 'positive moment' along the
middle line EF of the panel.
These moments are distributed across the width of the panel nonuniformly, as sketched in
fig. The actual variation along AB or EF depends on several factors, such as the span
ratio 12/11, relative stiffness of beam (if any) along the column lines, torsional stiffness of
transverse beams (if any), etc. the actual moment variation is very difficult to predict
exactly , and hence suitable approximations need to be made. This is generally achieved
by dividing the slab panel into a column strip and two half-middle strips, and by suitably

20
apportioning the total moment (MA or Mef) to these strips with assumption that the
moment within each strip is uniform. This is indicated by the broken lines.

w 12 per unit length

(B)

(C)
Fig: 3.3 Moment variation in a two-way slab panel

21
3.3.2 Transfer of shear and moments to columns in beamless two-way slabs

In the analysis of an equivalent frame in a building, moments develop at the slab-column

joints due to lateral loads, such as wind, earthquake, or unbalanced gravity loads, causing
unequal moments in the slab on opposite sides of columns. A fraction of the unbalanced
moment in the slab must be transferred to the columns by flexure, and the balance must
be transferred by vertical shear acting on the critical sections for punching shear.
Approximately 60% of the moment transferred to both ends of the column at a joint is
transferred by flexure, and the remaining 40% is transferred by eccentric shear at the
section located at d/2 from the face of the column.

In slabs without beams along the column line, the transfer of the unbalanced moment
from the slab to the column takes place partly through direct flexural stresses and partly
through development of non-uniform shear stress around the column head. A part of the
unbalanced moment can be considered to be transferred by flexure and the balance
through eccentricity of shear forces. The ACI Code, states that the fraction of the
unbalanced moment transferred by flexure M i. at a slab-column connection is determined

as follows:

Mf = yf ivit,

1 1
7f= =
2 lici±c1 (2)11b2
3 b,
1 l+
+ ( 3 c2 + d )

And the moment transferred by shear is:

Al, = (1 —y./ )11„ = M.—M1

Where c1 and c2 are the lengths of the two sides of a rectangle or equivalent rectangular
column, b1 = (c1+d), and b2 = (c2-1-d). When c1 = c2, Mf= 0.6M,„ and Mv = 0.4 Mu.

3.3.3 Transverse distribution of longitudinal moment

The longitudinal moment values, whether those of the direct design moment or those
obtained by structural analysis using the equivalent frame method, are for the entire width
of the equivalent rigid frame. Each of these moments is to be divided, between the

22
column strip and the two half middle strips. The transverse distribution of the
longitudinal moment to column and middle strips is a function of three parameters, using
L1 and L2 for the longitudinal and transverse spans, respectively: (1) the aspect ratio
L2/1_, I ; (2) the ratio al = Ecb i b I E„I s of the longitudinal beam stiffness to slab stiffness;
and (3) the ratio A = E,bc !(2E,' s )of the torsional rigidity of edge beam section to the
flexural rigidity of a width of slab equal to the span length of the edge beam.
Regarding the distribution percentages, the following observations may be made:
The column strip takes more than 50% of the longitudinal moment.
The column strip takes a larger share of the negative longitudinal moment than the
positive longitudinal moment.
When no longitudinal beams are present, the column strip takes the same share of the
longitudinal moment, irrespective of the aspect ratio. The column strip width is a fraction
of L1 or L2, whichever is smaller.
The column strip takes a smaller share of the exterior moment as the torsional rigidity of
the edge beam section increases.

exterior column interior column

0.125 M6,int
bhms

Fig. 3.4 Transverse distribution of bending moments in exterior panel

23
3.3.4 Design moments in columns
When the analysis of the equivalent frames is carried out by the direct design method, the
moments in columns due to the unbalanced loads on adjacent panels are obtained from
the following equation, which is specified by the ACI Code,

Mi, = 0.071(wd + 0.5w, )/2/„2 — wd/2 (/,„

If the modified stiffness method using K„ and a„ is used, then the moment M„ is
computed as follows:

0.081(w, + o 5w,Y212, — w'd1 (1:,)2

2
Mt, 7

1
1+
aec

Where wa and w, = factored dead and live load on the longer span

wdi = factored dead load on the shorter span

/,, and /,,' = length of the longer and shorter spans, respectively

3.4 REINFORCEMENT IN FLAT SLAB

SPACING
The spacing of bars in a flat slab shall not exceed 2 times the slab thickness, except where
a slab is of cellular or ribbed construction.
Area of reinforcement
When drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for determination of area shall be
the lesser of the following:
a) Thickness of drop, and
b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of
capital.

24
Minimum length of Reinforcement
a) Reinforcement in flat slabs shall have the minimum lengths. Larger lengths of
reinforcement shall be provided when required by analysis.
b) Where adjacent spans are unequal, the extension of negative beyond each face of
the common column shall be based on the longer span.
c) The length of reinforcement for slabs in frames not braced against sideways and
for slabs resisting lateral loads shall be determined by analysis but shall not less
than those prescribed.

25
 Chapter 4
DESIGN METHOD

4.1 GENERAL

In common with the design of other structural types, the aim of slab design is the
attainment of acceptable probabilities that they will not become unfit for their specified
use during some defined life. Slabs, should therefore, be designed to sustain, with an
appropriate degree of safety, all loads and deformations liable to occur during
construction and in service, to perform their intended functions adequately, and to
possess an appropriate factor of safety against failure. Slab can be designed by any
procedure satisfying factor of safety against failure.

Slab system can be design by any procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and
geometric compatibility of shown that design strength at every section is at least equal to
the required strength and that all serviceability criteria are met. The present state of
knowledge permits reasonable evaluation of moment-capacity and serviceability behavior
as determined by deflection control.

SIMPLIFIED METHOD

Usually building have their columns arranged on grids which are very nearly, if not
exactly, rectangular. Hence, floor slabs, whether or not they are supported on beams, can
very often be conveniently divided into rectangular panels. In addition, floor loadings are
essentially uniformly distributed.

In view of the common reoccurrence of uniformly loaded rectangular panels, many code
of practice gives simplified methods for the analysis and design of floor slabs. These
simplified methods have been developed over a number of years and are based upon a
combination of the result of tests of elastic analysis, the result of yield line calculations,
the result of tests on both model and full size slabs and practical experiences.

26
In ACI code, unified approach is given which can be applied for slabs supported on
beams and for slabs supported directly on column. Also it allows taking into account for

flexibility of supporting beam. Within the ACI unified approach there are two methods of
design:
D Direct Design Method (DDM)
D Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
The DDM is semi-empirical is semi-empirical in nature whereas the EFM is the elastic
analysis method. These two procedures differ primarily in the way in which slab
moments are computed. In this method, the distribution between positive and negative
moments zones of the total factored static moment along the span is made approximately
using a set of co-efficient prescribed by the code.
In EFM, a more accurate structural analysis is made for each frame utilizing the relative
stiffness of the elements comprising the equivalent frame.
IS 456:2000, ACI 318-95 and CSA A23.3-94 have adopted the above method of design.

4.2 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD (DDM)

The DDM consists of a set of rules for distributing static moments which will satisfy the
safety requirement and serviceability requirement, for a range of conditions which must
be satisfied:
1. There must be at least three panels in each direction. This is because the negative
moments assigned to an interior support in the direct design method are
inappropriate to two spans.
2. The aspect ratio of a panel should not exceed two, since a panel with a greater
aspect ratio behaves essentially as a one-way spanning slab.
3. Adjacent span lengths should not differ by more that 1/3. This is to prevent
negative moments occurring beyond the points where the top reinforcement is
curtailed according to the detailing rules.
4. Columns may be offset from a rectangular grid by a maximum of 10% of the
span. Thus, a total offset of 20% of the span can be accepted.

27
 5. The loads should be vertical gravity loads. Otherwise a frame analysis is
necessary.
6. The live load should not exceed three times the dead load. This requirement is
related to the fact that the effects of pattern loading are allowed for only in an
indirect manner.
7. For slabs supported on beams, the ration of the relative beam stiffness in the
orthogonal directions should lie between 0.2 and 5.0. Otherwise, the actual
distribution of elastic moments will be very much different to those assumed in
the direct design method, and serviceability problems could arise.

4.2.1 Limitations

Slab system designed by the direct design method shall fulfill the following conditions:

1. There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each direction,

2. The panels shall be rectangular, and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span
within a panel shall not be greater than 2.0,
3. It shall be permissible to offset columns to a maximum of 10 percent of the span
in the
1. direction of the offset,
4. The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one-
third of the longer span. The end spans may be shorter but not longer than the
interior spans, and
5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over the entire
panel. The live load shall not exceed two times the dead load.
6. If the panel is supported by beams on all sides, the relative stiffness of the beams
in two perpendicular directions shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0

28
 Column ColittnIt

0.63/4 f.

(a) Two-way slab with exterior edge unrestrained.

Column Column

(b) Two-way slab with columns and without beams.

Column t—nIttottri Column

Edre beam

0 ;OM

f) ".

CC) wo•way slat: will') columns and edge beam

Fig 4.1 Distribution of moments in Direct Design Method

29
4.3 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD (EFM)

General comments

This method has been incorporated in 1971 and subsequent ACI code.The EFM invites
the representation of the 3-D slab system by a series of 2-D frames which are then
analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the frame.

As the name implies is, the equivalent frame method is a frame analysis scheme in which
beam and column joint are found, and from these the moments and shears at the faces of
the supports and the maximum positive moments may be determined. Any of the
conventional frame analysis techniques may be used. However, since the structure being
analyzed is not really a frame but a slab system, a number of special approximations must
be made so that the frame analysis results will have some valid relationship to the slab.
These approximations are concerned with the effective stiffnesses of the various
members and the fixed-end moments to be used in the analysis.

4.3.1 APPLICABILITY

The Equivalent Frame method for the design of two-way slab and plate systems is a more
rigorous form of the direct design method. It differs only in the means of computing the
longitudinal variation of bending moments along the design frame such that it would be
applicable to a wide range of applications. Its main features can be summarized in the
following:

1. Moments are distributed to sections by an elastic analysis such as moment

distribution, rather than by general factors. Pattern loadings have to be considered
for the most critical loading conditions.
2. There are no limitations on dimensions or loadings.
3. Contrary to the simplifications in the direct design method, variations in the
moment of inertia along the axes of members have to be considered, such as the
effects of column capitals,
4. Effects of lateral loadings can be accounted for in the analysis.

30
 5. Because of the refinement possible in its use, the total statical moment need not
exceed the statical moment Mo required by the direct design method.

4.3.2 CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD

It consists of a row of column member and of horizontal slab member that are one
panel in width and extended transversely each side of the centerline of the row to the
centerline of adjacent panel. The equivalent frame comprises three parts (1) the
horizontal slab strip, (2) The column or other vertical supporting member and (3) the
elements of the structure that provides moments transfer between the horizontal and
vertical members.
For gravity load analysis, the code allows analysis of an entire equivalent frame
extending over the height of the buildings or each floor can considered separately
with the far ends of ends of the columns fixed.

Y
$

F
FT1

Fig: 4.2 Floor Plan of Equivalent Frame

31
 1/1/11/ /////// /111/1/

Fig: 4.3 Pattern loading on Equivalent frame

(a) Four-Storey Flat Slab Building

Slab Represented
by longitudinal

1- - -1 Edge Beam

0 1 0 Slab Represented
by longitudinal
Interior Beam

± H
0 0

Transverse Stab Represented Slab Represented

Interior frame Transverse by longitudinal by longitudinal
Edge frame Interior Beam Edge Beam

(b) Plan of Equivalent Frame (c) Plan of Flat Slab

32
 Com

nom"Transverse
Interior frame

..\\\
Transverse
Edge frame

(d) Plan of an Equivalent Frame (e) Elevation of an Equivalent Frame

(e) Elevation of Sub-Frame

Fig 4.4 Equivalent Frames
The discussion of the direct design method of analysis for two-way systems summarizes
the ACI Code approach for evaluation and distribution of the total moments in a two-way
slab panel. The various coefficients are taken directly from the ACI Code provisions.
A solution of such an idealized frame consisting of horizontal beams or equivalent slabs
and supporting columns enables the design of the slab as the beam part of the frame.
Approximate determinants of the moments and shears using simplified coefficients are
presented throughout the direct design method. The equivalent frame method treats the
idealized frame in a manner similar to an actual frame, and hence is more exact and has
fewer limitations than the direct design method. It basically involves a full moment
distribution of many cycles, compared to the direct design method, which involves a one-
cycle-moment distribution approximation.

33
4.4 COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS:
After the design moments have been determined by either the direct design method or the
equivalent frame method, they are distributed across each panel. The panels are divided
into column and middle strips and positive and negative moments are estimated in each
strip. The column strip is a slab with a width on each side of the column center line equal
to one-fourth the smaller of the panel dimensions 11 or 12. It includes beams if they are
present. The middle strip is the part of the slab between the two column strips

4.5 SLAB-BEAM MEMBER

The slab-beam member in an interior frame is bounded laterally by the centerline of the
panel on each side of the column line, thus comprising a column strip plus two half-
middle strips. The slab-beam member comprises the slab, drop panel (if provided) and
beam(s) (if provided).

The cross-section of the slab-beam member varies along its span, on account of provision
of drop panels and the increased cross-section within the bounds of the supporting
column; the consequent variation of second moment of area along the span must be
accounted for in the frame analysis by EFM [CL.3 1 .5.1] In order to account for the
enhancement in the second moment of area of centerline, a magnification factor (1 -c2/12)2
is recommended. The variation of second moment of area of the slab-beam member in a
flat slab (with drop panels).
The calculation of the stiffness factors, carry-over factors and fixed —end moments of the
slab-beam member are dependent on the variation of the second of area along the span.
Such factors have been tabulated for common geometric and loading configurations in
various design handbooks.
ACI section 13.7.3 explain how these are to be modeled for analysis.

The moment of inertia of the slab-beam from the centre of column to the face of column
or column capital shall be as the moment of inertia of slab-beam of the face of column or
column capital divided by the quantity (1-c2/12)2. This allowance is made for the greater
effective stiffness within a joint as compared with the stiffness within the clear span.

34
4.6 PROPERTIES OF COLUMN

The length of a column is assumed to run from the mid depth of the slab on one floor to
the mid depth of the slab on next floor. For stiffness calculations, the moments of inertia
of columns are based on their gross dimensions. Thus if capitals are present, the effect of
their dimensions must be used for those parts of the columns. Columns are assumed to be
infinitely stiff for the depth of the slabs.

1. The moment of inertia of column at any cross-section outside of the joints or

column capitals may be based on the gross area of concrete, allowing for The
moment of inertia of columns shall be assumed to be infinite within the depth of
variations in the moment of inertia due to changes in the column cross-section
along the length of column.
2. The slab-beam at a joint illustrates this for four common cases. Again, the column
analogy can be used to solve for the moment distribution constant.

—d

=(C.XCY
12
h-d

Actual column

Fig: 4.5 Column Stiffness Diagram

With a column stiffness diagram, the column flexural stiffness Kc can be determined by
the conjugate beam procedure procedure or other methods.

In applying moment distribution to a particular frame, stiffnesses of the slab beam, the
torsional members, and the equivalent column so that the distribution factors can be

35
calculated. For this purpose the equivalent column, the equivalent slab beam, and the
torsional members are needed at a particular joint.

4.7 EQUIVALENT COLUMN

The actual columns above and below, and the torsional member are replaced by an
equivalent column of stiffness K. The concept of an equivalent column is introduced to
account for the increased flexibility of the connection of the slab-beam member to its
support, because of its connection to the column, for most of its width, through a
torsional member. This is affected by taking the equivalent flexibility of the connection
as equal to the sum of the flexibilities of the actual columns and torsional member.
Equivalent column is a single element consisting of the column above and below the
floor and attached torsional member.

The stiffness of equivalent column Kee, the combined stiffness of the columns above and
below the floor and attached torsional members.

1 /Kee=1 /K, + 1/Kt

It is to be noted that moment distribution analysis is carried out for a frame having slab
stiffness Ks and equivalent column stiffness Kec not the stiffness of actual column.

4.8 TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF TRANSVERSE BEAM

The equivalent rigid frame approximates the 3-dimensional structure by a series of 2-

dimensional ones. But the columns stand on or provide support for only a small portion
of the width of the equivalent rigid frame. Hence, either the column stiffness has to be
spread thinly over the entire width of the equivalent rigid frame, or the slab-beam has to
be shrunk to the narrow transverse width of the columns. The idea of attaching a torsional
member to the column in the transverse direction and in essence shifting the flexural
stiffness of the slab-beam to the end of the torsional member away from the columns.
Thus the effectiveness of the column to restrain the ends of the slab-beam is reduced;
hence the name of a less effective equivalent column.

Formula for the torsional stiffness Kt of the attached torsional member:

36
Where, C = torsional constant of the transverse beam

Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete

Is = moment of inertia of slab over width of equivalent frame

LI, = moment of inertia of entire T-section within the width of the equivalent rigid
frame

L2 = span of member subject to torsion.

4.9 TORSION CONSTANT OF TRANSVERSE BEAM

One important parameter useful in the analysis and design is the torsional constant C of
the transverse distribution beam spanning from column to column. Even if there is no
such beam actually visible, for the present use one still should imagine that there is a
beam made of a portion of the slab having a width equal to that of the column, or capital
in the direction of the span for which moment are determined. When there is actually a
transverse beam web above or below the slab, the cross section of the transverse beam
should include the portion of slab within the width of column, bracket, or capital
described above plus the projection of beam web above or below the slab, whichever is
greater, but not greater than four times the slab thickness.

The torsional constant C of the transverse beam equals,

C=E l-0.63 xix3Y)

( Y 3

Where x = shorter dimension of a component rectangle

y = longer dimension of a component rectangle

and the component rectangles should be taken in such a way that the largest value of C is
obtained.

37
4.10 PUNCHING SHEAR STRENGTH OF FLAT SLAB
In the flat slab, load is directly transferred to column from slab. In such cases the column
tends to punch upward through the slab and the inclined cracking arising from the
punching hear must be prevented. The necessary shear may be obtained by several
procedures:

(i) Enlarging the top of the column in the shape of an inverted frustum,
known as "column capital", thus lengthening the section over which the
shear can be carried from the column perimeter to the capital perimeter.
(ii) Thicken the slab in the vicinity of the column, which is referred as drop
panel, thus providing an increased shear-resisting area along the perimeter
of the column.
(iii) Providing both column capital and drop panel, thus combining an
increased thickness.
(iv) Using special shear reinforcement consisting of steel rolled section
devices or multiple bar stirrups to increase the shear resistance at the
junction of the slab and the column. This is generally used in the case of
flat plate.

Fig: 4.6 Punching Shear Failure

38
Shear provision (punching shear):

Two-way action where each of the critical sections to be investigated shall be located so that
its perimeter bo is a minimum but need not approach closer than d / 2 to

(a) Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas, or

(b) Changes in slab thickness such as edges of capitals or drop panels.

4.11 SHEAR DESIGN

Stresses representing interaction between flexure and shear

The moment Mu, transferred by shear acts in addition to the associated shear force Vu at
the centroid of the shear area around the critical periphery located at d/2 from the column
faces. The factored shear stress is

Vu A 1 ,,,,,x,
Vol —
A, J,

Vu M uv X 2
V u2 =
A, J,

For an exterior column, x1 and x2 are obtained by locating the centroid of the channel-
shaped vertical shear area represented by the dashed line (b1+b24-b3), and

A, =(2bi +b2 )cl

b, 2d
x2 =
A,

b3 b c13
J -= d[ 1 —Obi + b2 )x 2 -2 1+ '
'- 3 6

For an interior column,

A, = 2(b1 + b2 )cl
b3 bb2] bid'

J = dH -i-
21 ±
6 2 6

39
As per ACI -11.12.6.2, the larger factored shear stress v„2 mustnot exceed the
stress covn = c9V, I bi,d , otherwise shear reinforcement is required.

—"-- d / 2 •-••—

Fig: 4.7 Assuming Critical Section

4.12 DESIGN STEPS OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

There are three fundamental steps involved in the DDM
As per IS 456:2000
Step 1: Determination of the static moment i.e. the total design moment Mo
Mo=W„12 1„ 2 /8

Step2: Distribution of the total factored static moment to negative and positive sections
(a) Interior span
In an interior span, the total design moment Mo, shall be distributed in the
following proportions:
A Negative design moment 0.65
A Positive design moment 0.35

40
 (b) End span:

D Interior negative design moment = (0.75- 0.10/ (1+ Vac)) Mo

)%. Positive design moment= (0. 63- 0.28/ (1+1/a.,)) Mo
> Exterior negative design moment = 0.65/ (1+1/ac) Mo

Where ac=EI(/Ks
Step3: Distribution of the negative and positive moments to the column strip and middle
strip

(i) Column strip: Negative moment at an interior support. At an interior support,

the column strip shall be designed to resist 75 percent of the total negative
moment in the panel at that support.

(ii) Column strip: Negative moment at an exterior support. At an exterior support,

the column strip shall be designed to resist the total negative moment in
the panel at that support. Where the exterior support consists of a column or a
wall extending for a distance equal to or greater than three-quarters of the
value of 12. The length of span transverse to the direction moments is being
determined, the exterior negative moment shall be considered to be uniformly
distributed across the length 12.
(iii) Column strip: Positive moment for each span. For each span, the column strip
shall be designed to resist 60 percent of the total positive moment in the panel.
(iv) Middle strip:
a) That portion of-the design moment not resisted by the column
strip shall be assigned to the adjacent middle strips.

b) Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the

moments assigned to its two half middle strips.
c) The middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge supported by a
wall shall be proportioned, to resist twice the moment assigned to
half the middle strip corresponding to the first row of interior
columns.

41
As per AC1 318-95
Step 1: Determination of the total factored static moment

MO=W.121. 2 /8
Step2: Distribution of the total factored static moment to negative and positive sections
(a) Interior span
In an interior span, the total design moment Mo, shall be distributed in the
following proportions:
➢ Negative design moment 0.65
D Positive design moment 0.35
(b) In an end span, total factor static moment Mo shall be distributed as follows:

Table 4.1: Distribution of Longitudinal Moment in Exterior Panel

Exterior Slab with Slab without beams Exterior
edge beams between between interior supports edge
unstrained all supports Without With edge unstrained
edge beam beam
Interior negative 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
factored moment
positive factored 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
moment
Interior negative 0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
factored moment

42
 exterior span I B interior span

0.65Mo/q Mo = Wu121n2/8
.65Mo
q= 1 + 1 /ac
ac= Z Kc / Ksto
[0.63-0.28/q] Mo 0.35 Mo

Fig: 4.8 Longitudinal distribution of Moment

Step3: Distribution of the negative and positive moments to the column strip and middle
strip:
Factor Moments in Column strip
(a) column strips shall be proportion to resist the following portions in percent of
interior negative factor moments :

Table 4.1 (a) Column Strip: Interior Negative Moment

12/11 0.5 1.0 2.0
al 12/11=0 75 75 75
al 12/11>=0 90 75 45

(b) column strips shall be proportion to resist the following portions in percent of
exterior negative factor moments :
Table 4.1 (b) Column Strip: Exterior Negative Moment
12/11 0.5 1.0 2.0
al 12/11=0 Bt=0 100 100 100

43
 Bt >=2.5 75 75 75
al 12/11 >=0 Bt=0 100 100 100
Bt>=2.5 90 75 45

(c) column strips shall be proportion to resist the following portions in percent of
positive factor moments :
Table4.1 (c) Column Strip: Positive Moment
12/11 0.5 1.0 2.0
oti 12/11=0 60 60 60
al 12/11 >=0 90 75 45

Linear interpolation shall be made between values shown.

According to CSA standard A23.3- 94

Column Strip Moment

The static moment shall be suitably multiplied by suitable factor
➢ Negative moment at interior column- 0.6 to 1.00
➢ Negative moment at interior column- 1.00
➢ Positive moment in all span- 0.50 to 0.70

Factored Moments in Middle Strips

This is applied to all the three codes i.e. IS, ACI, CSA
(i) That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by
column strips shall be optionally assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
(ii) Each middle shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments assigned
to its two half middle strips.
(iii) A middle strip adjacent to and parallel with an edge supported by a wall shall
be proportioned to resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip
corresponding to the first row of interior supports.

44
 exterior column
interior column
0.125 Mo,int
bhms

MO,ext/bcs

Fig: 4.9 Transverse distribution of bending moments

4.13 DIRECT METHOD OF DEFLECTION EVALUATION

The slab-beam strips are considered to be supported not on the columns but on transverse
slab-beam strips on the column centre lines. Deformation of a typical panel is considered
in one direction at a time. Thereafter, the contribution in each of the two direction at a
time, x and y, is added to obtain the total deflection at any point in the slab or plate.

First, the deflection due to bending in the x direction is computed. Then the deflection
due to bending in the y direction is found. The mid span deflection can now be obtained
as the sum of the centre-span deflections of the column strip in one direction and that of
the middle strip in the orthogonal direction.

The deflection of each panel can be considered as the sum of three components:

1. Basic midspan deflection of the panel, assumed fixed at both ends, given by

w14
8' =
384E, /frame

45


This has to be proportioned to separate deflection 5, of the column strip and of the

middle strip, such that

= 81 M colstrtp Ec Ics
M frame Ec I c
M slabstrtp E
8s 8'
M frame Ec I

Where Ics is the moment of inertia of the total frame, Ic the moment of inertia of the
column strip, and Is the moment of inertia of the middle slab strip.

1
2. Centre deflection, = — 0L, due to rotation at the left end while the right end is
8
considered fixed, where = Mnetilcc and Kee is the flexural stiffness of equivalent column.

1
3. Centre deflection, 8BR = — OL, due to rotation at the right end while the left end is
8
considered fixed, where = Mnet/Kcc and K. Hence

gcx orgcy = gc + 4 + g:R

(5.3.x°r 8 = 8S ± 8:c ± 84

The total deflection is:

A=gsx +gcy =gsy +gcx

4.14 PATTERN LOADING OF SPANS

Loading all spans simultaneously does not necessarily produce the maximum positive
and negative flexural stresses. Consequently, it is advisable to analyze the multispan
frame also using alternate span loading patterns for the live load. For a three-span frame,
the suggested patterns for the live load are shown in fig: the ACI Code, however, permits
the full factored live load to be used on the entire slab system if the live load is less than
75% of the dead load.

46
ACI provisions for effects of pattern loadings:
In continuous structures, the maximum and minimum bending moments at the critical
sections are obtained by placing the live load in specific patterns to produce the
extreme values. Placing the live load on all spans will not produce either the maximum
positive and minimum moments depend mainly on the following:
1. The ratio of live to dead load. A high ratio will increase the effect of pattern
loadings.
2. The ratio of column to beam stiffness. A low ratio will increase the effect of
pattern loadings.
3. Pattern loadings. Maximum positive moments within the spans are less affected
by pattern loadings.

L
WA
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
MEE

WL

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
WA I
WL

1111 11111111111111 1111111111111111111111

Fig: 4.10 Pattern Loading

To determine the design factored moments in columns structures, the ACI Code, specifies
the following:
1. When the loading pattern is known, the equivalent frame shall be analyzed for
that load.

47
 2. When the live load is variable but does not exceed 3/4 of the dead load,
wi, ._. 0.7514,0 , or when all the panels is almost loaded simultaneously with the live
load, it is permitted to analyze the frame with full factored live load on the entire
slab system.
3. For other loading conditions, it is permitted to assume that the maximum positive
factored moment near a midspan occurs with 0.75 of the full factored live load on
the panel and alternate panels. For the maximum negative factored moment in the
slab at a support, it is permitted to assume that 0.75 of the full factored live load is
applied on adjacent panels only.
4. Factored moments shall not be taken less than moments occurring with factored
live load on all continuous panels.

LOAD FACTOR AND LOAD COMBINATION

Table: 4.2 Load Factor and Load Combination

S. Load combination IS 456:2000 ACI 318-95
no
1 Dead load +live load 1.5 DL+1.5 LL 1.4 DL +1.7 LL
2 Dead load +Wind load 1.5DL+1.5WL or 0.9 0.9 DL +1.3 WL
DL+1.5 WL
3 Dead load +live load+ Wind 1.2 DL +1.2 LL+1.2 WL 0.75(1.4DL +1.7
load LL+1.7 WL)

48
 Chapter 5
About MATLAB

MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and programming language. Created

by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows easy matrix manipulation, plotting of functions
and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with
programs in other languages. Although it is numeric only, an optional toolbox interfaces
with the Maple symbolic engine, allowing access to computer algebra capabilities.
As of 2004, MathWorks has claimed that MATLAB is used by more than one million
people across industry and the academic world.
MATLAB's built-in function provide excellent tools for linear algebra computations,
data analysis, signal processing, optimization, numerical solution of ordinary differential
equations, quadrature, and many other types of scientific computations. Most of these
functions use state-of-the-art algorithms. There are numerous functions for 2-D and 3-D
graphics, as well as for animation. Also, for those who cannot do without their Fortran or
C codes. MATLAB even provides an external interface to run those programs from
Within MATLAB.
The basic building block of MATLAB is the matrix. The fundamental data-type is the
array. Vectors, scalars, real matrices, and complex matrices are all automatic handled as
special cases of the basic data-type. In numerical computations, especially those that
utilize vectors and matrices, MATLAB beats everyone hands down in terms of ease of
use, availability of built-in functions, ease of programming, and speed

SYNTAX
MATLAB is built around the MATLAB language, sometimes called M-code or simply
M. The simplest way to execute M-code is to type it in at the prompt, >> , in the
Command Window, one of the elements of the MATLAB Desktop. In this way,
MATLAB can be used as an interactive mathematical shell. Sequences of commands can

49
be saved in a text file, typically using the MATLAB Editor, as a script or encapsulated
into a function, extending the commands available.

LIMITATIONS

For a long time there was criticism that because MATLAB is a proprietary product of
The MathWorks, users are subject to vendor lock-in. Recently an additional tool called
the MATLAB Builder under the Application Deployment tools section has been provided
to deploy MATLAB functions as library files which can be used with .NET or Java
application building environment. But the drawback is that the computer where the
application has to be deployed needs MRC (MATLAB Runtime Component) for the
MATLAB files to function normally. MRC can be distributed freely with library files
generated by the MATLAB compiler.

MATLAB, like FORTRAN, Visual Basic and Ada, uses parentheses, e.g. y = f(x), for
both indexing into an array and calling a function. Although this syntax can facilitate a
switch between a procedure and a lookup table, both of which correspond to
mathematical functions, a careful reading of the code may be required to establish the
intent.

MATLAB lacks a package system, like those found in modern 1. s such

and Python, where classes can be resolved unambiguously. In M 1411
share the global namespace, and precedence of functions with he : s e name,w430 et,
if Po'4,
determined by the order in which they appear in the user's MATLAt5'..parri lancP&Mer>4' ..`
subtle rules. As such, two users may experience different results when executing what
otherwise appears to be the same code when their paths are different.
Many functions have a different behavior with matrix and vector arguments. Since
vectors are matrices of one row or one column, this can give unexpected results. For
instance, function sum(A) where A is a matrix gives a row vector containing the sum of
each column of A, and sum(v) where v is a column or row vector gives the sum of its
elements; hence the programmer must be careful if the matrix argument of sum can
degenerate into a single-row array. While sum and many similar functions accept an

50
optional argument to specify a direction, others, like plot, do not, and require additional
checks. There are other cases where MATLAB's interpretation of code may not be
consistently what the user intended (e.g. how spaces are handled inside brackets as
separators where it makes sense but not where it doesn't, or backslash escape sequences
which are interpreted by some functions like fprintf but not directly by the language
parser because it wouldn't be convenient for Windows directories). What might be
considered as a convenience for commands typed interactively where the user can check
that MATLAB does what the user wants may be less supportive of the need to construct
reusable code. Though other datatypes are available, the default is a matrix of doubles.
This array type does not include a way to attach attributes such as engineering units or
sampling rates. Although time and date markers were added in R14SP3 with the time
series object, sample rate is still lacking. Such attributes can be managed by the user via
structures or other methods.

For part of thesis work, a program is made in MATLAB for ease of large calculations
involved in analysis of flat plate by equivalent frame method and output can be seen in
excel sheets.

51
6.5 Program for Equivalent Frame Method by ACI Code

% Program for Analysis of Flat plate

d=0.1 3%input('entre the slab thickness');

c1=0.3%input('enter shorter side of column');
c2=0.450%input('enter longer side of column');
h=3%input('enter storey height');
11=4%input('entre span in short direction');
12=6%input('enter span in long direction');
11=3%input('input live load');
ff=1.5%input('enter floor finish load');
wt=25
ic=(c2* (c 1 ^3))/1 2
kd=(ic*(1+(3*h^2)/((h-d)^2)))/(h-d) Volcd=kc/ec
%Slab stiffness
ig=(12*(1^3 )/1 2
ig 1 =ig/((1 -(c 1 /10)1\2)
Aac=(( 1 /ig)*(12-c2))+((2/ig 1 )*(c2/2))
lac=((l/ig1)*(12^3/12))+(((l/ig)-(1/ig1))*((12-c2)^3)/12)
m—(1*12/2)
c=12/2
ks1=(1/Aac)+(m*c/Iac)
%step 4
const=(1-(0.63*d/c2))*(dA3*c2)/3
kt= (2*9*const)/(11 * (1 -(c 1 /11 ))^3)
kec= 1 /(( 1 /2*kd)+( 1 /kt))
% Distribution Factors
D exter=ks1/(ksl+kec)
D inter=ks1/(2*ksl+kec)
%design load for moment distribution
w1=11*11
w2=11*ff
w3=d*25*11
W=(wl+w2+w3 )* 1.5
%Carry-over factors
COF=a1/Aac)-(1*(12/2)*(12/2))/Iac)/((1/Aac)+(1*(12/2)*(12/2))/Iac)
%Fixed end moments for dead load plus live load
Mo=W*(12^2)/8
%reaction at support
R=W*12/2
%moment at the column face
Mf=(R*(c2/2))-(W*((c2^2)/2)*(1/2))
%moment at centre of column & face of column
Mc=(R*(c2/4))-(W*(c2/4)^2*(1/2))
M1=Mo/ig

52
M2=Mf/ig
M3=Mf/igl
M4=Mc/igl
%area of(M/I)diagrarn
Al =((2/3)* (12-c2)* (M 1 -M2))
A2=((12-c2)*M2)
A3=((c2/2)*M3)
A4=((2/3)*c2*(M4-(M3/2)))
A=Al+A2+A3+A4
%Fixed end moment
FEM=(A/Aac)
%For moment distribution
ka=[kec ksl kec kec ksl kec kec ksl kec]
coNCOF COF COF]
DF=[D_exter D_inter D_inter D_inter D_inter D_exter]
fem=[-FEM FEM -FEM FEM -FEM FEM]
fem1=[FEM FEM FEM FEM FEM -FEM]
bal=[(DF(1)*fem1(1)) 0 0 0 0 (DF(6)*feml (6))]
% bal_1=[-(DF(1)*fem1(1)) 0 0 0 0 (DF(6)*fem(6))]

co=[0 -(bal(1)*cof(1)) 0 0 -(bal(6)*cof(3)) 0]

co_1=[0 (bal(1)*cof(1)) 0 0 (bal(6)*cof(3)) 0]

ball=[0,(co(2)*DF(2)),(co(2)*DF(2)),(co(5)*DF(5)),(co(5)*DF(5)),0]
bal 1_1 =[0,-(co_l (2)*DF(2)),-(co_1(2)*DF(2)),-(co_1(5)*DF(5)),-(co_l (5)*DF(5)),0]

co 1=[(bal 1_1 (2)*cof(1)) 0 (bal 1_1 (4)*cof(2)) (bal 1_1 (3)*cof(2)) 0 (bal 1 _1 (5)*cof(3))]
col_1=[-(ball_1(2)*cof(1)) 0 -(ball_1(4)*cof(2)) -(ball_1(3)*cof(2)) 0 -
(ball_1(5)*cof(3))]
bal2=[(co 1_1 (1 )*DF(1 )) (col (1)*DF(2)) (co 1_1 (3)*DF(3)) (co 1_1 (4)*DF(4))
(co 1 (6)*DF(5)) (co 1_1 (6)*DF(6))]
ba12_1=[-(co 1_1 (1 )*DF(1)) -(col (1)*DF(2)) -(co 1_1 (3)*DF(3)) -(co 1_1 (4)*DF(4)) -
(co 1 (6)*DF(5)) -(co 1_1 (6)*DF(6))]

co2=[(ba12_1 (2)* cof(1 )) (ba12_1 (1 )* cof(1)) (ba12_1(4)*cof(2)) (ba12_1(3)*cof(2))

(ba12_1 (6)* cof(3)) (ba12_1(5)*cof(3))]
co2_1 =[-(ba12_1 (2)* cof( 1 )) (ba12_1 ( 1 )*cof( 1 )) (ba12_1 (4)*cof(2)) -(ba12_1 (3)* cof(2)) -
(ba12_1 (6)*cof(3)) (ba12_1 (5)* cof(3))]

ba13=[(co2_1(1)*DF(1)) (-((co2_1(3)*DF(2))+(co2(2)*DF(2)))) (-
((co2_1 (3)*DF(3))+(co2_1(2)*DF(3)))) (-((co2_1 (5)*DF(4))+(co2_1 (4)*DF(4)))) (-
((co2_1 (5)*DF(5))+(co2_1(4)*DF(5)))) -(co2_1(6)*DF(6))]

Ml 1 =fem(1 )+bal(1)+co( 1 )+bal 1 (1 )+co 1 (1 )+bal2( 1 )+co2(1 )+bal3 ( 1 );

Mr 1 =fem(2)+bal(2)+co(2)+bal 1 (2)+co 1 (2)+bal2(2)+co2(2)+bal3 (2);
M12=fem(3)+bal(3)+co(3)+bal 1 (3 )+co 1 (3 )+bal2(3 )+co2(3 )+ba13 (3 );

53
Mr2=fem(4)+bal(4)+co(4)+bal 1 (4)+co 1 (4)+bal2(4)+co2(4)+bal3 (4);
M13=fem(5)+bal(5)+co(5)+ball(5)+co1(5)+bal2(5)+co2(5)+bal3(5);
Mr3=fem(6)+bal(6)+co(6)+ball(6)+co1(6)+bal2(6)+co2(6)+bal3(6);
Ml_Mr=[M11 Mrl M12 Mr2 M13 Mr3]
%shear force
VI1=((W*12)/2-((M11+Mr1)/6));
Vr1=((W*12)/2+((M11+Mr1)/6));
V12=0W*12)/2-((M12+Mr2)/6));
Vr2=((W*12)/2+((M12+Mr2)/6));
V13=((W*12)/2-((M13+Mr3)/6));
Vr3=((W*12)/2+((M13+Mr3)/6));
Vl_Vr=-[V11 Vrl V12 Vr2 V13 Vr3]
%location of max.positive moment,marked x from the left support
x=[V11/W V12/W V13/W]
%corresponding max. posotive moment
Mul=M11+(V11*x(1))-(W*((x(1))^2)/2);
Mu2=M12+(V12*x(2))-(W*((x(2))^2)/2);
Mu3=M13+(V13 *x(3))-(W*((x(3))^2)/2);
Mu=[Mul Mu2 Mu3]
%critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces
Mull =(M11 +(VII *c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur1=(Mr1-(Vr1*c2/2)±(W*(c2/2)^2)12);
Mu12=(M12+(V12*c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur2=(Mr2-(Vr2*c2/2)+(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mu13=(M13+(V13*c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur3=(Mr3-(Vr3*c2/2)±(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mul Mur=[Mull Murl Mu12 Mur2 Mul3 Mur3]
%max static moment on simply supported span
M=((W*(12-c2)^2)/8)
%check
total load=W*12*11
total reaction=V11+Vrl+V12+Vr2+V13+Vr3
if(totalload===total_reaction)
display('design correct);
else
display('design fail');
end

%Shear,ext column
%effective depth
D=d-0.02
%perimeter of shear section
bo=((2 * (c2+(D/2)))+(c 1 +D))
%Area of critical shear section
Ac=bo*D
C1--(2*D*(1/2)*(c2+(D/2))^2)/Ac

54
C2=((c2+(D/2))-C1)
%centre of column to the C.S.
C3=(C2-(c2/2))
%face of column to the C.S.
C4—(c2-C3)
%polar moment of inertia
Jc=(((c2+(D/2))*(13^3))/6)+((D*(c2+(D/2))^3)/6)+(2*D*(c2+(D/2)))*(((c2+(D/2))/2-
C3)^2)+(D*(c1+D)*C1^2)
%fraction of unbalanced moment
K=1-1/(1+(2/3)*sqrt((c2+D/2)/(c1+D)))

%reaction at ext. column

Vcs=(V11+(W*c2/2))
%moment at the certroid of shear area,
Mcs=(M11+(W*(c2/2)*(c2/4))+(V11*C3))
%combined shear due to gravity loads & moment transfer
V1=((Vcs/0.85*Ac)+(K*Mcs*C1)/(0.85*Jc))
V2=((Vcs/0.85*Ac)-(K*Mcs*C2)/(0.85*Jc))
%permissible shear stress(IS456)=1.25
%int column
Vcs1=Vr1+V12
Mcs1=Mrl+M12
%perimeter of shear section
bol=(2*(c2+D+cl+D))
%area of critical section
Acl=bol *D
C11=(1/2)*(c2+D)
K1=1-(1/(1+(2/3)*sqrt((c2+D)/(cl+D))))
Jc 1 =(((c2+D)*((c1+D)^3))/6)+(((c1+D)*(c2+D)^3)/6)+(2*(c2+D)*((cl+D)^3)*(((c2+D)
A3)/4))
V3=((Vcs1/(0.85*Ac1))+(Kl*Mcsl*C11)/(0.85*Jc1))
%Computation of deflection
%moment of inertia
Ix=((12*(d^3))/(12*2))
Iy=((11*(d^3))/(12*2))
%modulus of elasticity of concrete=25*(10^6)
LDF_c=67.5%60*(pos)+75(neg)/2
LDF_m=100-67.5 %=32.5
dcx 11=((LDF_c* ((wl+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25* (10^6))* (1/Ix))
dcx d1=(LDF_c*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Ix))
dcy111=OLDF_c* ((w 1 +w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*( 1 /Iy))
dcy_d1=(LDF_c*(w3*(11A4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Iy))
dmx_11=((LDF_m*((wl+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(1/Ix))
dmx_d1=(LDF_m*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Ix))
dmy_11=4LDF_m*((wl+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(1/Iy))

55
dmy_d1=(LDF_m*(w3*(11^4)))/(3 84*25*(10^6)*(1/Iy))
%average dead load deflection
dav d1=((dcx_dl+dcy_dl+dmx_dl+dmy_d1)/2)
day 11=((dcx % Program for Analysis of Flat plate
cic
clear all
d=0.13%input('entre the slab thickness');
c1=0.3%input('enter shorter side of column');
c2=0.450%input('enter longer side of column');
h=3%input('enter storey height');
11=4%input('entre span in short direction');
12=6%input('enter span in long direction');
11=3%input('input live load');
ff=1.5%input('enter floor finish load');
wt=25
ic=(c2*(c 1 ^3))/12
kd=(ic*(1+(3*h^2)/((h-d)^2)))/(h-d) %kd=kc/ec
%Slab stiffness
ig=(12*(1^3)/12
igl=ig/((1-(c1/11))^2)
Aac=((1/ig)*(12-c2))+((2/ig1)*(c2/2))
Iac=((1/ig1)*(12^3/12))+(((1/ig)-(1/ig1))*((12-c2)^3)/12)
m=(1*12/2)
c=12/2
ks1=(1/Aac)+(m*c/Iac)
%step 4
const=(1-(0.63*d/c2))*(dA3*c2)/3
kt= (2*9*const)/(11 *(1 -(c1/11))^3 )
kec=1/((1/2*kd)+(1/kt))
% Distribution Factors
D exter=ks1/(ksl+kec)
D inter=ks1/(2*ksl+kec)
%design load for moment distribution
w1=11*11
w2=11*ff
w3=d*25*11
W—(wl +w2+w3)* 1.5
%Carry-over factors
COF=(( 1 /Aac)-( 1 * (12/2) * (12/2))/Iac)/(( 1 /Aac)+( 1 *(12/2)*(12/2))/Iac)
%Fixed end moments for dead load plus live load
Mo=W*(12^2)/8
%reaction at support
R=W*12/2
%moment at the column face
Mf=(R*(c2/2))-(W*((c2^2)/2)*(1/2))
%moment at centre of column & face of column

56
Mc=(R*(c2/4))-(W*(c2/4)^2*(1 /2))
M1=Mo/ig
M2=Mf/ig
M3=Mf/igl
M4=Mc/ig 1
%area of(M/I)diagram
Al=a2/3)*(12-c2)*(Ml-M2))
A2=((12-c2)*M2)
A3=((c2/2)*M3)
A4=((2/3)*c2*(M4-(M3/2)))
A=Al+A2+A3+A4
%Fixed end moment
FEM=(A/Aac)
%For moment distribution
ka=[kec ksl kec kec ksl kec kec ksl kec]
cof=[COF COF COF]
DF=[D_exter D_inter D_inter D_inter D_inter D_exter]
fem=[-FEM FEM -FEM FEM -FEM FEM]
fem1=[FEM FEM FEM FEM FEM -FEM]
bal=[(DF(1)*fem1(1)) 0 0 0 0 (DF(6)*feml (6))]
% bal_1=[-(DF(1)*feml (1)) 0 0 0 0 (DF(6)*fem(6))]

co=[0 -(ba1(1)*cof(1)) 0 0 -(bal(6)*cof(3)) 0]

co_1=[0 (bal(1)*cof(1)) 0 0 (bal(6)*cof(3)) 0]

ball=[0,(co(2)*DF(2)),(co(2)*DF(2)),(co(5)*DF(5)),(co(5)*DF(5)),01
bal 1 _1=[0,-(co_l (2)*DF(2)),-(co_l (2)*DF(2)),-(co_1(5)*DF(5)),-(co_1(5)*DF(5)),0]

co 1 =[(ball_1(2)*cof(1)) 0 (ball_1(4)*cof(2)) (ball_1(3)*cof(2)) 0 (ball_1(5)*cof(3))]

col_1=[-(ball_1(2)*cof(1)) 0 -(bal 1_1(4)*cof(2)) -(ball_1(3)*cof(2)) 0 -
(ball_1(5)*cof(3))]
ba12=[(co 1_1 (1 )*DF(1)) (col (1 )*DF(2)) (co 1_1 (3)*DF(3)) (co 1_1 (4)*DF(4))
(col(6)*DF(5)) (col_1(6)*DF(6))]
ba12_1=[-(co 1_1 ( 1)*DF( 1)) -(col (1)*DF(2)) -(co 1_1 (3)*DF(3)) -(co 1_1 (4)*DF(4)) -
(co 1 (6)*DF(5)) -(col_1(6)*DF(6))]

co2=[(ba12_1(2)*cof(1)) (ba12_1(1)*cof(1)) (ba12_1 (4)* cof(2)) (ba12_1(3)*cof(2))

(ba12_1(6)*cof(3)) (ba12_1(5)*cof(3))]
co2_1 = [-(ba12_1 (2)* cof( 1 )) (ba12_1 ( 1 )* cof( 1 )) (ba12_1 (4)* cof(2)) -(ba12_1 (3)* cof(2)) -
(ba12_1(6)*cof(3)) (ba12_1(5)*cof(3))]

bal3=[(co2_1(1)*DF(1)) (-((co2_1(3)*DF(2))+(co2(2)*DF(2)))) (-
((co2_1 (3)*DF(3))+(co2_1(2)*DF(3)))) (-((co2_1 (5)*DF(4))+(co2_1(4)*DF(4)))) (-
((co2_1(5)*DF(5))+(co2_1 (4)*DF(5)))) -(co2_1(6)*DF(6))]

Mll=fem(1)+bal(1)+co(1)+ball(1)+col(1)+bal2(1)+co2(1)+bal3(1);

57
Mr 1 =fem(2)+bal(2)+co(2)+bal 1 (2)+co 1 (2)+bal2(2)+co2(2)+bal3 (2);
M12=fem(3)+bal(3)+co(3)+ball(3)+co1(3)+bal2(3)+co2(3)+bal3(3);
Mr2=fem(4)+bal(4)+co(4)+ball(4)+co1(4)+bal2(4)+co2(4)+bal3(4);
M13=fem(5)+bal(5)+co( 5)+bal 1 (5 )+co 1 (5)+bal2(5)+co2(5 )+bal 3 (5);
Mr3=fem(6)+bal(6)+co(6)+ball(6)+co1(6)+bal2(6)+co2(6)+bal3(6);
MI_Mr=[M11 Mrl M12 Mr2 M13 Mr3]
%shear force
V11 --((W*12)/2-((M11 +Mrl )/6));
Vr1=((W*12)/2+((M11+Mr1)16));
V12=RW*12)/2-((M12+Mr2)/6));
Vr2=((W*12)/2+((M12+Mr2)/6));
V13=((W*12)/2-((M13+Mr3)/6));
Vr3=((W*12)/2+((M13+Mr3)16));
Vl_Vr=[V11 Vrl V12 Vr2 V13 Vr3]
%location of max.positive moment,marked x from the left support
x=[V11/W V12/W V13/W]
%corresponding max. posotive moment
Mul=M11+(V11*x(1))-(W*((x(1))^2)/2);
Mu2=M12+(V12*x(2))-(W*((x(2))^2)/2);
Mu3=M13+(V13*x(3))-(W*((x(3))^2)/2);
Mu=[Mul Mu2 Mu3]
%critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces
Mull--(M11+(V11*c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur1=(Mr1-(Vr1*c2/2)+(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mu12=(M12+(VI2*c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur2=(Mr2-(Vr2*c2/2)+(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mu13=(M13+(V13*c2/2)-(W*(c2/2)^2)/2);
Mur3=(Mr3-(Vr3*c2/2)+(W*(c2/2)A2)/2);
Mul Mur=[Mull Murl Mul2 Mur2 Mu13 Mur3]
%max static moment on simply supported span
M=((W*(12-c2)^2)/8)
%check
total load=W*12*11
total reaction=V11+Vrl+V12+Vr2+V13+Vr3
if(total_load==total_reaction)
display('design correct');
else
display('design fail');
end

%Shear,ext column
%effective depth
D=d-0.02
%perimeter of shear section
bo=((2*(c2+(D/2)))+(c1+D))
%Area of critical shear section

58
Ac=bo*D
C1=(2*D*(1/2)*(c2+(D/2))^2)/Ac
C2=((c2+(D/2))-C1)
%centre of column to the C.S.
C3=(C2-(c2/2))
%face of column to the C.S.
C4=(c2-C3)
%polar moment of inertia
Jc=(((c2+(D/2))*(DA3))/6)+((D*(c2+(D/2))^3)/6)+(2*D*(c2+(D/2)))*(((c2+(D/2))/2-
C3)^2)+(D*(c1+D)*C1^2)
%fraction of unbalanced moment
K=1-1/(1+(2/3)*sqrt((c2+D/2)/(c1+D)))

%reaction at ext. column

Vcs=(V11+(W*c2/2))
%moment at the certroid of shear area,
Mcs=(M11+(W*(c2/2)*(c2/4))+(V11*C3))
%combined shear due to gravity loads & moment transfer
V1=((Vcs/0.85*Ac)±(K*Mcs*C1)/(0.85*Jc))
V2=((Vcs/0.85*Ac)-(K*Mcs*C2)/(0.85*Jc))
%permissible shear stress(IS456)=1.25
%int column
Vcs1=Vrl+V12
Mcs1=Mrl+M12
%perimeter of shear section
bol=(2*(c2+D+cl+D))
%area of critical section
Acl=bol*D
C11—(1/2)*(c2+D)
K1=1-(1/(1+(2/3)*sqrt((c2+D)/(cl+D))))
Jc1=(((c2+D)*((cl+D)^3))/6)+(((cl+D)*(c2+D)^3)/6)+(2*(c2+D)*((cl+D)^3)*(((c2+D)
^3)/4))
V3=((Vcs1/(0.85*Ac1))+(K1*Mcsl*C11)/(0.85*Jc1))
%Computation of deflection
%moment of inertia
Ix=((12*(d^3))/(12*2))
Iy=((11*(d^3))/(12*2))
%modulus of elasticity of concrete=25*(10^6)
LDF_c=67.5%60*(pos)+75(neg)/2
LDF_m=100-67.5 %=32.5
dcx_11=((LDF_c*((w1+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(1/Ix))
dcx_d1=(LDF_c*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10A6)*(1/Ix))
dcy_11=((LDF_c*((w1+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(l /Iy))
dcy_dHLDF_c*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Iy))
dmx_11=((LDF_m*((wl+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(1/Ix))

59
dmx d1=(LDF_m*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Ix))
dmy_11=((LDF_m*((w1+w2)*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6))*(1/Iy))
dmy_d1=(LDF_m*(w3*(11^4)))/(384*25*(10^6)*(1/Iy))
%average dead load deflection
dav d1=((dcx_dl+dcy_dl+dmx_dl+dmy_d1)/2)
day 11=((dcx_11+dcy_11+dmx 11+dmy_11)/2)
%long term deflection
Dd=(3 * (dav_dl+dav_ll))
%permissible deflection
Dp=12/250
%fixed end moment factors for dead load plus live load
Mol=((w3*(12A2))/8)
%reaction at support
R1=((w3*12)/2)
%moment at the column face
Mfl =((R1*(c2/2))-(w3*(c2/2)^2*(1/2)))
%moment at centre of column & face of column
Mc1=((R1*(c2/4))-(w3*(c2/4)A2*(1/2)))
M11=(Mol/ig)
M21=(Mfl/ig)
M31=(Mfl /igl)
M41=(Mcl/igl)
%area if M/I diagram
A 1 1=((2/3)*(12-c2)*(M11-M21))
A21=((12-c2)*M21)
A31=((c2/2)*M31)
A41=((2/3)*c2*(M41-(M31/2)))
A1=A1 1+A21+A31+A41
%Fixed end moment
FEM final=(Al/Aac)_11+dcy_11+dmx 11+dmy_11)/2)
%long term deflection
Dd=(3*(dav_dl+dav_11))
%permissible deflection
Dp=12/250
%fixed end moment factors for dead load plus live load
Mol=((w3*(12^2))/8)
%reaction at support
R1=((w3*12)/2)
%moment at the column face
Mf1=((R1*(c2/2))-(w3*(c2/2)^2*(1/2)))
%moment at centre of column & face of column
Mc1=((R1*(c2/4))-(w3*(c2/4)^2*(1/2)))
M11=(Mo 1 /ig)
M21=(Mfl/ig)
M31—(Mfl /igl)
M41=(Mcl/igl)

60
%area if Mil diagram
Al 1=((2/3)*(12-c2)*(1:411-M21))
A21=((12-c2)*M21)
A31=((c2/2)*M31)
A41=((2/3)*c2*(M41-(M31/2)))
A1=A1 1+A21-1-A31-EA41
%Fixed end moment
FEM final—(Al/Aac)

61
 Chapter 6
PROBLEM STATEMENT

Analysis of flat plate by Direct Design Method and Equivalent Frame Method using IS
Code and ACI Code and then comparing the results given by both methods.

Problem also includes provision of column capital/drop panel as required when flat plate
fails under punching shear.

Assumed Data:

Column dimension = 400mmX450mm

Longitudinal side= 4000mm

Transverse side = 6000mm

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Floor finish load = 1.5 KN/m2

0.4m

Fig: 6.1 Floor Plan 4mx6m

62
6.1 Solving the problem by Direct Design Method using IS code

The moment in panels (in the E-W direction) can be determined by considering an
equivalent frame method which is shown.

Check limitations of DDM

1. There are three continuous spans in each direction.

2. The panels are rectangular with long/short span ratio = 6/4=1.5<2.0

3. There is no column offset.

4. There is no difference in successive span lengths.

5. assuming the slab to be 190 mm thick, W DL 1.5+(25x0.19) = 6.25 KN/m2

w., Dr, --= 6.25x1.5 = 9.4 KN/m2

wu ,, =3x1.5 = 4.5 KN/m2

wu = 13.9 KN/m2

wu ,L,/, — 4-5 — 0.48 < 3.0 hence, OK

wu,DF 9.4

Slab thickness for deflection control:

The critical panel to be considered is the exterior panel S1

Applying the Canadian code formula

[/" (0.6 + )541000] [5550(0.6 + 415/1000A

D >
{30 + 4fice, 1 {30 + 4x1.54x1.65}

Where 1. --- longer clear span

5.55 = /b =
2.082
= = 1.54 , ab
13 =1.65
3.6 Is 1.26

Provided edge beam 200mmx450mm has Ii, = 2.082x109 mm 4

63
D 140 mm
Hence, assumption is correct.
Total (static) design moment
Total design (factored) moment in the E-W direction in an interior equivalent
frame:

W 2 13.9x6x3.62
u 2/n
Mo = — 135 KNm
8 8
Longitudinal distribution of Mo
Interior span (panel S2)
Negative design moment Mo- = 0.65x135= 87.75 KNm
Positive design moment Mo+ = 0.35x135 = 47.25 KNm
Exterior span

EK, 21,11
a, = h
K sh .sb,.

40012
x4503
Where I, = – 3.04x109 mm 4

Lsb = 2.082x109 mm 4

2x3.04x109 x4000
a= – 3.89
2.082x109 x3000

q=1-F-
1 41+ 1 j=1.26
ac 3.89

0.65
Negative design moment at exterior support Mo-„xt – Mo
q

0.65
= x135 = 69.64 KNm
1.26
Negative design moment at interior support

64
 Mo-,1„t = (0.75 0'10 )135=90.53 KNm
1.26

0.28
Positive design moment Mo± = (0.63 )135 = 55.05 KNm
1.26

Transverse distribution of moments in design strips

Shear in slab

The factored shear force Vu if given by:

w ,, (0 .51 „ - d)

The effective depth d, used in calculations is based on the assumption of 10 0

bars with 20 mm clear cover.

d = 190-20-10/2 = 165 mm

Vu =13.9x(0.5x3.6 - 0.165) = 22.72 KN

r, = 22.72x103 /(103 x165) =0.14 MPa

Shear strength of concrete in one-way shear= Kr,

Table: 6.1 Transverse Distribution of Moments in Design Strips

half middle strip
0 27.8 -12.75 -11.85 33.6 -9.75 -10.05 37.8 -11.85

-16 48 -76.5 -71.1 29 -58.5 -60.3 33 -60.75

column strip

0 27.8 -12.75 -11.85 33.6 -9.75 -10.05 37.8 -11.85

half middle strip

65


6.2 Solving the problem by Equivalent Frame Method using IS code

Slab thickness for deflection control:
For flat plates and slabs with column capitals, minimum overall thickness of slab:

D> 1n0.6+
1:00)1310
In = (6000-450) = 5550mm

D>[5550(0.6 + 450 )1 1
1000 30

D 187.7 mm
Assume D = 190 mm

Edge Beam

The edge beam must have a beam stiffness parameter ab . 0.8 (to have a favorable effect
on the minimum thickness requirement). Assuming a beam of 200 mm width and 450
mm depth, the flanged section has a second moment of area which can shown to be
I b = 2.082 x 109
Slab dimensions and sectional properties

4000
For the edge beam along the long edge, the associated slab width is + 200 =

—(2200x1909)—
2200 mm, and the second moment of area of the slab is IS 1.26x109
12
mm

2.082x109
ab = — 1.65 > 0.8 — OK
1.26x109

6000
For the edge beam along the short edge, the associated slab width is
()
+ 225 =

3225 mm, and

66
 – 1.84x109 MM4
f 3225x1903 j
IS —
12

(2.082x109)
an =1.13> 0.8 – OK
1.84x109

Effective depths

Reinforcement will be placed in the outer layer for the bars in the N-S direction (in order
to resist the larger moments in this direction), and in the inner later for the bars in the E-
W direction. Assuming 16 0 bars with a clear cover of 20mm, the effective depths are
obtained as:

6
d N-s slab =190-20-L = 162 mm
2

d E_Av slab = 162-16 =146 mm

Factored loads

Self weight of slab = 25x0.9 = 4.74 KN/m2

Dead load = 1.5 KN/m2

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Total load on slab = 9.25 KN/m2

Factored load on slab = 13.9 KN/m2

Relative stiffness parameters of Equivalent Erame

a) Column Stiffness; Kc

(400x4503
lc – = 3.04x109 mm 4
12

H 3
= 1 =1.0,—
tb =1.0
He 2.8 tb ta

For column below

67
 =1.1, si =1.0
Hc tb

Referring table 11.7 (for stiffness and carry -over factors for columns).

K AB EcIc (5.09xEcx3.04x10 9
Km3=5.09; Kc= — (5.16x106) Ec
3000

CAB= 0.57
For column above,

=1.1 =1.0
Hc tb

KAB= 5.09, CAB=0.57

= (5.16x106) Ec

b) Torsional Member Stiffness, Kt

For exterior column

200) (2003x260 1903x400

Cext 0.63x x + (1 0.63x
190
)x
260 3 ) 400 3

= 9.97x108 mm4
(

9EcCext 2x9xEcx9.97x108
Kt,ext = - —(3.78x106 )Ee
450 Y
6000(1
12 (1 c/22 6000)

For interior column

190) 1903x400
()
C,,,t = (1-0.63x 400 x — 6.41x108mm4
3
 2x9xEcx6.41x108
Kt,int — (2.43 lx106 )E,
450 )3
6000(1
6000) i

(c) Equivalent Column Stiffness, Kec

E Kc
Kee —
1+ (EKK
t c)

Elc = 2x5.16x10 6 x Ec = 1.03x10 7 Ec

For exterior equivalent column:

E Kc 10.3x106
— 2.72
Kt,ext 3.78x106

10.3x106 Ec
Kee ext — 2.76x1 0 6 Ec
' (I + 2.72)

For interior equivalent column

E Kc 10.3
= — 4.24
Kt,int 2.43

10.3x106 Ec
K-ec, int
z — (1.96x10 6 ) Ec
kl + 4.24)

Slab stiffness Ks and Fixed end moment coefficients;

Referring table 11.5

CH=CNI; CF2—CN2

69
CN1 = 400 = 0 1 CN2 = 450
. = 0.07
/, 4000 /2 6000

Stiffness factor KNF= 4.26

Carry-over factor CNF = 0.515

FEM coefficient mNF (for uniform load) = 0.0851

Slab stiffness Ks

Ks = KNFEcIsill

Where Is is the second moment of area of the slab section beyond the drop

6000x1903
Is = 3.43x109 mm4
12

4.26xEcx3.43x109
Ks — (3.65x106)
4000

Equivalent Frame Analysis

The slab fixed-end moments are:

FEM=mNF Wi 1 2 = 0.0851x83.4x4 2 = 113.56 KNm

The moment distribution factors are calculated based on the relative stiffnesses, and
are indicated, along with the carry-over factors in table, which also shows the
moment distribution procedure.

Following expression for maximum shear forces VL and VR may be derived, in terms
of the moments ML and MR, considering static equilibrium:

(83.4x4) (M L +MR )
VL -
2 ) 4

VL = 166.8- (ML MRY4 KN

VR = 166.8 + (ML KN
4
MR,/

70
The location of maximum positive moment is given by the location of zero shear,
marked x from the left support.
x = VL/83.4
The corresponding maximum positive moment is given by:

x2
Mu+ =M L -F VL x – 83.4—KNm
2
The critical sections for the negative design moments are at the column faces; the
moments at the left end (Mu-, L) and right end (Mu-, R) are:

Mu-, L = (M L + (VL x0.2)– 83.4( 112 2j) KNm

2

Mlf, R --=(M R - (VR X0.2)± 83.4( 0.22 )) KNm

2

The maximum static moment on simply supported span 1,,=3.6m

Mo – 83.4x3.62 j
-135.11 KNm
8

71
Table: 6.2 Equivalent Frame Analysis (moment distribution method) by IS Code

Factored load on slab = 13.9 KN/m2

Ks106 Ec 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65

Kec106Ec 1.96 2.76 2.76 2.76 1.96
DF 0.651 0.36 0.363 0.36 0.363 0.36 0.363 0.4 0.363 0.651
COF 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52
- -
FEM 113.56 114 113.56 114 113.56 114 -113.6 114 113.56 113.6
Bal 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -74
CO 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 -38
Bal 0 -14 -14 0 0 0 0 14 14
CO -7 0 0 -7 0 0 7 0 7
Bal 4 0 0 2 2 -2 -2 0 -4
CO 0 2 1 0 -1 1 0 -1 -2
Bal 0 -1 -1 0.4 0.4 0.4 -0.4 1 1

CO -0.5 0 0.2 -0.5 -0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0 0.5

Bal 0.3 0 0 0.3 0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0 0 -0.3

Z=NAL,MR -42.76 139 127.36 109 112.16 113 -108.8 127 138.56 42.76
VL,VR 143 191 171 162 167 167 162 171 191 143
x(m) 1.71 2.05 2 1.94 2.29
Mu+ 80 48 55 48 80
Mu-,L ,Mu-
,R -16 102 -94.8 78 -80.4 81 -78 95 -102 16
M 139 134 135 134 139
Mo 135.11 135.11 135.11 135.11 135.11

72


■ 4110■••• Ill

E co -102 -94.8 -102

Z Om
-78
)
(I
-16 , -16
M 2
mi■O Am.
= U)
141)(1) 0
A 10
E 2
o c,"
E co 134 139
139

Distance x (ml from sunnort

Fig: 6.2 Moment Distribution by Equivalent Frame Method using IS Code

Transverse distribution of moments:

Column moments:

The total unbalanced slab moments at the various supports are transmitted to the
respective columns. At each support, the unbalanced slab moment is shared by the
column above and the column below in proportion to their relative stiffnesses.

( 5.16 )
Fraction of moments in column above = , — 0.5
(5.16+5.16)

With a carry-over factor = 0.57

Fraction of moments in column below =1.0 — 0.5 =0.5

73
With a carry-over factor =0.57

The unbalanced slab moments are:

At exterior column 1: 42.76 KNm

At interior column 2: 11.2 KNm

At interior column 3: 3.4 KNm

However, at interior column locations, the unbalanced moment should not be less
than that given by

5DL 0.5wu 5LL \'

2
y 21n — WfU,DL 12 in
Mu= 0.08 [(wu

Where, wu,DL := W i ti,DL = 9.37 KN/m 2

WU'LL = 3x1.5 = 4.5 KN/m 2

12 = /2 '=6.0 M

In =1„ = 3.6 m

Kc (5.16+5.16)
ac = — 2.82
Ksb 3.65

Mu = 0.08[0.37 + 0.5x4.5)(6x3.62 )— (9.37x6x3.62 j/ =10.33KNm

(1, 1
2.82

Check on one-way punching shear stress;

Critical section = d=146mm from the face of column i.e. (146+200) = 346mm from
centre of column.

vu i=191-(83.4x0.346)= 162.14 KN

(162.14x10y
rvl = 6
1000x146

74
Which is less than Kr,

Check on two-way punching shear;

The maximum column reaction and unbalanced slab moment occurs at column 2. the
vertical reaction is obtained as the sum of the shears on either side as:

R= (191+171) = 362 KN

Interior column

The critical section is:

(162 +146) —
d/2 — 77m from the column face all around,
4

Punching stress = V u2=362-(13.9x0.604x0.554) = 375.3 KN

bo = (2x604) +2(554) =2316mm

Unbalanced moment transfer and other parameters

Mu --- 11.2 KNm

Mtn, = (1- 7) Mu

7= 2 c2 ±d
1+-
3

1
7= — 0.61
2 11400+154
1+
3 450 + 154

Mu., = 0.39x11.2 = 4.36 KNm

c (cl + d) 554
= — 277mm
2 2

(c1+ d)d3 (cl + d)3 d (cl + d)2 (c2 + d)d

Jc — + +
6 6 2

_ (400 +154)1543
(400 +154)3154 + (400 + 154)2 (450 +154)154
+
6 6 2

75
 = 1.89x1e mm 4

357.3x103 4.36x106 x277

rv2 = + — 1.06
2316x154 1.89x101°

rc2 = Ks0.25-V fck =1.0x0.25 25 = 1.25 Mpa

Hence, safe.

Exterior column

Critical section, d/2= 77mm from face of column all around

Reaction at the exterior column = 143 KN

Vu2=143-(13.9x0.604x0.477) = 138.9 KN

Mu., = 0.37x42.76 = 15.8 KNm

bo = 604+2(477) --- 1558mm for d = 154 mm

(c1 + 4) 2
2 (400 + 77)2
c — = — 146mm
2c1+ c2 + 2d 2(400) + 450 + 2(154)

Jc=
(400 + 77)1543 + (400 + 77)3 x154 [(400 + 77)
+ (450 +154)x154x1462 + 2(400 + 77)154x 146
6 2

= 6.31x10 9

138.9x103 15.8x106 x146

rv2 = + = 0.94 Mpa
1558x154 6.31x109

Which is less than r 2 , hence safe.

6.3 Solving the same problem by Equivalent Frame Method using ACI code

Analysis of Flat plate

Step 1: Data Assumption:-

Column dimension = 400mmx450mm

76


Storey height (h) = 3000mm

Span in longitudinal direction= 4000mm

Span in transverse direction = 6000mm

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.5 KN/m2

Normal weight of concrete 25 KN/m2

Concrete grade M25, Steel grade Fe415

Step 2: Column stiffness `Kc' by column analogy method

Kc _— Ic [1+ 3h 2
E 01 — d) 01 — dY

0.4x045
3
Where Ic = 0. — 0.003 m 4
12

Kc 0.003 [ 3x32 ]
, 1+ —0.0048
Ec (3 — 0.19) (3 — 0.19)2

Step 3: Slab Stiffness Ks

1 Mc
Ks— +
Aac lac

(4x0.193)
Ig (slab between columns) — —0.0023 m4
12

Ig _ 0.0023 _
Ig* (slab at column) = 0.0027 m4
cl 0.45 2
(1 — ) 2 (1 )
/1 6

1 , N 2 0.4
Aac Xk4 0.4)-F x — 1724.3 m 2
0.0023 0.0027 2

— 2241.4 m 4
1 43 ( 1 1 ) (4 — 0.4)3
X
lac +
0.0027 12 0.0023 0.0027 )x 12

77
 ( / / (4 4
lx x -x-
Ks 1 2 2 1 2 2
= + + —0.0024
Ec Aac lac 1724.3 2241.4
/

—6m

0.1)m

0.45m-‹

Actual Slab

-Iv-

1 Ii.—
t
0.00128
,I,
1
= 0.00109 1
t
=0.00108
is
Slab as analogous colum

Fig: 6.3 Slab Stiffness by Column Analogy Method

Stiffness of exterior equivalent column, Kec

1 1 it 9EC x )x 3 y
= + ,Kt — ,
C — 1(1 0.63
Kec 1Kc Kt ■3 Y 3
/1 (1— -c-1
11 ,

c _ (1 _ 0.63x 0.19) (0.19)3 x0.4

— 0.0006
0.4 ) 3

Kt_
, — 0.0024
E (1 0.45)-
6
6

78


1 1
,Kec = 0.0019
Kec (2x0.0048) 0.0024

Moment distribution factors:

Ks
DF (ext.col) = 0.0024— 0.54
Ks + Kec (0.0024 + 0.0019)

Ks 0.0024
DF (int.col) = — 0.35
2Ks + Kec 2x0.0024 + 0.0019

Design load for moment distribution:

Dead load = 0.19x25x6 = 28.5 KN/m2

Floor load = 1.5x6 =9 KN/m2
Live load = 3x6 =18 KN/m2
Total factored load = 83.25 KN/m2
Carry-over factor by column analogy method:

12 x 12)
1 2 2
Aac lac (0.0006 — 0.002)
COFAB-COFBA — 0.52
12 x 12) (0.0006 + 0.002)
1 2 2
Aac Iac

Fixed end moment factors for dead load plus live load:

2 2 83.25x42
_ Wi - 166.5 KNm
8 8
Reaction at support;
4
R = 83.25x- = 166.5 KN
2
Moment at the column face;

Mf = 166.5x-
13;4 — 83.254°12
2 = 29.97 KNm

79
Moment at centre of column and face of column:

2
0.4) 1
Mc = 166.5x 04 — 83.25x( x- =
2 4 2

16.23 KNm

M. = 166.5
—72824
Ig 0.0023

Mf 29.97
= 13108
Ig 0.0023

Mt 29.97
=11216
Ig * 0.0027

Mc 16.23
=6075.2 Fig: 6.4 Slab fixed end moments by column analogy
Ig * 0.0027

M
Area diagram
of —

2
Areal= — x(4 — 0.4)x(72824 —13108) = 143320
3

Area 2 = (4 — 0.4)x13108= 47190

0.4
Area 3 = x11216 2243.2
=
2

2 1116)
2
Area 4 = — x0.4x(6075.2 — 124.62
3 2

Total area = 192881m2

Fixed end moments = 112 KNm

Following expression for maximum shear forces VL and VR may be derived, in terms of
the moments ML and MR, considering static equilibrium,

V L = 166.5 -(M + Ry
4
KN

80
 VR = 166.5 + (M L + MR)/ KN

The location of maximum positive moment is given by the location of zero shear, marked
x from the left support

VI
x—
83.25

The corresponding maximum positive moment is given by:

X2
Mu+ = [M L + VL —83.25x 2 1KNm

The critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces; the moments at
the left end (Mu-, L) and right end (Mu-, R) are,

0.2 2
Mu-,L= [M L + (I/L x0.2)— 83.25x ] KNm
2

Mu-,R=[MR — (VR x0.2)+ 83.25x 0'2 2 KNm

2

Mo, maximum static moment on simply supported span,

Mo = 83.25x (4 — 0.2 — 0.2)2 = 135 KNm

Check for punching shear:

For Exterior column,

Effective depth = 0.19-0.02=0.17m

0.1
Effective perimeter bo = 2x (0.4+ ) + (0.45+0.17) = 1.59m
27

Area of critical shear section Ac = 1.59x0.17 = 0.27m 2

2x0.17x140.4 + 0.17
2
CAB =
2 2 — 0.15
0.27

81


0.17
CAD= (0.4 + ) 0.15= 0.34
2

4
0.-
Centre of column to the c.s. = 0.34 0.14m
2

Face of column to the c.s. =0.4-0.14=0.26m

Je

0.4+ 0'17 )x0.173 0.17x(0.4 + 0.171 (0.4 + 0.17

2 2 0.17)-
+ 2x0.17x(0.4+ 2 –0.14
6 6 2

+ 0.17(0.45 + 0.17)x0.152
=0.0078 m 4

11
_1
K= 1 –0.37
C2 (0.4 + 0.17 )
2 +2 2 2
1+ , ,
3 + d) 1+ 3 (0.45 + 0.17)

Reaction at exterior column

.4
Vcs = 147 +83.25x— =164KN
2

Moment at the centroid of shear area, Ac:

0.4 0.4
Mcs (-53.4+83.25x— x — +147x0.14) = 31.15 KNm
2 4

Combined shear due to gravity loads and to moment transfer;

Vcs KMcsC AB
VAB—
pJc

V
AB -
164x1000 0.37x31.15x0.15 = 0.71
0.85x0.27x106 0.85x0.0078x106

This value is less than permissible value = 0.25V s fck = 0.25 25 = 1.25MPa

Hence safe.

82


Vcs KMcsCa,
VCD
coAc (talc

164x1000 0.37x31.15x0.34 = 0.71

VCD -
0.85x0.27x106 0.85x0.0078x106
Which is less than permissible value, hence safe.

Interior column

V„ = (186+167) = 353 KN

Mcs = (130-119.2) =11.7 KN

Perimeter of shear section bo = 2x (0.4+0.17+0.45+0.17) = 2.38 m

Area of critical shear section Ac = 2.38x0.17 = 0.40 m 2

1
CAB 2(0.4 ± 0.17)= 0.28
= -

1 1
K– 1 , –1 ‘ –0.38
1+ 2 11(c2 + d) 2 1,1 (0.4 + 0.17)
1+
3 (c, + d) 3 (0.45 + 0.17)

3c=
(0.4 + 0.1*(0.45 + 0.17)3 (0.45 + 0.17x(0.4 + 0.17))3 + 2x(0.4 + 0.17), (0.45 + 0.17)3
+ x
6 6 4
, (0.4+0.173
+ 2x(0.45 + 0.17)x
4

= 0.165 m 4

Vcs KMcsC AB _ 353 + 0.38x11.7x0.28 _

1.0
VAB -= 04c + cak 0.85x0.4x103 0.85x0.165x106
—

Which is less than permissible value, hence safe for punching shear.

Design fails under punching shear if we take li= 5m in the previous problem, all other
values remaining same.

Column dimension = 400rnmx450mm

83
Storey height (h) = 3000mm

Span in longitudinal direction= 5000mm

Span in transverse direction = 6000mm

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.5 KN/m2

Normal weight of concrete 25 KN/m2

Concrete grade M25, Steel grade Fe415

Fixed end moments = 175 KNm

Following expression for maximum shear forces VL and VR may be derived, in terms of
the moments ML and MR, considering static equilibrium,

VL = 208.1- (ML M RY KN
5

VR = 208.1 + (M L 'AIRY
5 KN

The location of maximum positive moment is given by the location of zero shear, marked
x from the left support

VL
x–
83.25

The corresponding maximum positive moment is given by:

x2
Mu+ = [M L + VL – 83.25x —11(Nm
2

The critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces; the moments at
the left end (Mu-, L) and right end (Mu-, R) are,

0.2 '
Mu-,L= [M L + (VL x0.2)– 83.25x KNm
2

0.22
Mu,R=MR - (VR X0.2) + 83.25x KNm
2

84
Mo, maximum static moment on simply supported span,

Mo = 83.25x (5 0.2 — 0.2)2/ = 220 KNm

Check for shear:

Interior column

Reaction at column — 232+208.6 = 440.6 KN

Punching stress, Vu2 = 440.6 — (13.9x0.604x0.554) = 436 KN

Critical area bo = 2316 mm

M. = 204.6-186 = 18.6 KN

Mtn/ = 0.39x18.6 = 7.25 KNm

(436x103 ) (7.25x106 x277)

T
v2 + =1.32
2316x154 1.89x1010

this is greater than ra = 1.25 MPa, hence unsafe.

To resist this punching stress provide column capital as shown

Providing column capital of diameter 'De' =0.6 mm

CRITICAL SEC7I1ON FOR SHEAR ANY CONCRETE IN THIS AREA TO BE

NEGLECTED IN THE CALCULATIONS

Fig: 6.5 Slab without Drop & Column with Column head

85
Critical section at d/2 from face of column capital all around,

d/2 = 77mm

For punching stress,

Vii2 = 440.6-(13.9x0.75x0.75) = 432 KN

bo = 4x750 = 3000 mm2

(432x103 ) (7.25x106 x277

= 1.04
v2 3000x154 1.89x10'°

This is greater than z-,2 = 1.25 MPa, hence safe.

Solving the same problem for live loading of 4 KN/m2 and for 4 m span.

Factored load on the slab, w = 92.25 KN/m2

Fixed end moment = 124 KNm

Following expression for maximum shear forces VL and VR may be derived, in terms of
the moments ML and MR, considering static equilibrium,

VL = 230.6 - (ML IVRY KN

4

MR,
VR = 230.6 + (ML KN
4

The location of maximum positive moment is given by the location of zero shear, marked
x from the left support

VL
x—
92.25

The corresponding maximum positive moment is given by:

x2
Mu+ = [M L + VL —92.25x 2 KNm

86
The critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces; the moments at
the left end (Mu-, L) and right end (Mu-, R) are,

Mu-,L= [M L + (VL x0.2)— 92.25x 0' 2 m

2

0.22
MU -,R =[M R - (V R A .2) ± 892.25x KNm
2

Mo, maximum static moment on simply supported span,

Mo = 92.25x (5 — 0.2 — 0.2)2 = 244 KNm

Check for punching shear:

For Exterior column,

Effective depth = 0.19-0.02=0.17m

Effective perimeter bo = 2x (0.4+ 0.17 ) + (0.45+0.17) = 1.59m

Area of critical shear section Ac = 1.59x0.17 = 0.27m 2

0.17
2x0.17x1x(0.4 + )2
2
CAB= 2 —0.15
0.27

0.1 7
CCD= 0.4 + j 0.15 = 0.34
2

0.4
Centre of column to the c.s. = 0.34 =0.14m
2

Face of column to the c.s. =0.4-0.14=0.26m

87


JC

0'17
0.4+ x0.173 0.1740.4 + 0.171
2 2 0.17
+ 2x0.1740.4 + –0.14
6 6 2

+ 0.17(0.45 + 0.17)x0.152
=0.0078 m 4

1 -1
K–1 – 0.37
C2 ,d) [0.4 +
0.17
2 2
1+ 32
3 (c, + d)
1+3 (0.45 + 0.17)

Reaction at exterior column

0.4
Vcs = 147 +83.25x –164KN
2

Moment at the centroid of shear area, Ac:

0.4 0.4
Mcs = (-53.4+83.25x —2 x +147x0.14) = 31.15 KNm
4

Combined shear due to gravity loads and to moment transfer;

Vcs KMcs C As
VAB–
(Mc q;11c

VAB _ 164x1000 0.37x31.15x0.15

= 0.71
0.85x0.27x106 0.85x0.0078x106

This value is less than permissible value = 0.25 Vf ck = 0.25 25 = 1.25MPa

Hence safe.

Vcs KMcsCcD
VCD
Mc plc

164x1000 0.37x31.15x0.34 = 0.71

VCD =
0.85x0.27x106 0.85x0.0078x106
Which is less than permissible value, hence safe.

88


Interior column

V„ = (186+167) = 353 KN

Mcs = (130-119.2) =11.7 KN

Perimeter of shear section bo = 2x (0.4+0.17+0.45+0.17) = 2.38 m

Area of critical shear section Ac = 2.38x0.17 = 0.40 m 2

1
= -2(0.4 + 0.17)= 0.28
CAB

1 1
K— 1 , _ 1 — 0.38
1.1(c2 + d) 1+ 2 \I (0.4+0.17)
1+ 2
3 (c, + d) 3 (0.45 + 0.17)

Jc=
(0.4 + 0.17)x(0.45 + 0.17)3 + (0.45 + 0.17x(0.4 + 0.17)Y + 2x(0.4 + 0.17), (0.45 + 0.17)3
x
6 6 4
, )3
+ 2x(0.45 + 0.17)x(0.4 + 0.17
4

= 0.165 m 4

Vcs KMcsC AB _ 353 0.38x11.7x0.28

VAB +
— + — 1.0
plc gctIc 0.85x0.4x103 0.85x0.165x106

Which is less than permissible value, hence safe for punching shear.

Design fails under punching shear if we take 11= 5m in the previous problem, all other
values remaining same.

Column dimension = 400mmx450mm

Storey height (h) = 3000mm

Span in longitudinal direction= 5000mm

Span in transverse direction = 6000mm

Live load = 3 KN/m2

89
Floor finish = 1.5 KN/m2

Normal weight of concrete 25 KN/m 2

Concrete grade M25, Steel grade Fe415

Fixed end moments = 175 KNm

Following expression for maximum shear forces VL and VR may be derived, in terms of
the moments ML and MR, considering static equilibrium,

KN
VL = 208.1- L +M
/5

VR = 208.1 + (ML KN
MR)/
5

The location of maximum positive moment is given by the location of zero shear, marked
x from the left support

VL
x –
83.25

The corresponding maximum positive moment is given by:

x2
Mu+ = [M L + VL –83.25x —1KNm
2

The critical sections for the negative design moments are at column faces; the moments at
the left end (Mu-, L) and right end (Mu-, R) are,

Mu-,L= [M L + (VL x0.2) – 83.25x 0 '2 2 KNm

2

0.22
Mlf, R = [M R - (T7R X0.2)-1- 83.25x 1KNm
2

Mo, maximum static moment on simply supported span,

Mo = 83.25x (5 – 0.2 – 0.2)2 = 220 KNm

90
Check for shear:

Providing column capital of diameter De = 0.6 mm

Interior column

Reaction at column = 252 +231 = 483 KN

Punching stress, Vu2 = 483 — (15.4x0.75x0.75) = 474 KN

Critical area bo = 3000 mm

Mu = 145.2-133 = 12.2 KN

Mu,/ = 0.39x12.2 = 4.7 KNm

474x103 4.7x106 x277

r v2 = - 1.7 still greater than 1.25 MPa
3000x154 1.89x109

Now provide drop panel,

Check for thickness

D [1„ (0.6 + _6) /1000)]430{1+ (2xd /i, XDd — DI DM

Dd = overall thickness of drop panel, mm

D > [5550(0.6 ± 415 w[30{1+ 2 (195_1901

1000 5550 190 )1
D ?_ 188 , hence safe

Providing drop panel

5/6 = 0.8m in the E-W direction

6/6 = lm in the N-W direction

Assume, drop panel extension as 1.2m, and i.e. drop panel size of 2.4mx2.4m

Calculation for punching stress,

Vu2 = 483-(15.4x2.5x2.5) = 387 KN

Critical area = 4x2.5 = 10000 mm

91
 387x103 4.7x106 x277
v2 = = 0.94
104 x154 1.89x109

Which is less than Kr,— 1.25 MPa, hence safe

CRITICAL. SECTION FOR SUE AR

IMMEDIATEL Y ADJACENT TO COLUMN
CRITICAL SECTION FOR SHEAR
ADJACENT TO DROP

d/2
N V

Fig: 6.6 Slab with Drop & Column with Column head

For exterior column

Reaction at exterior column = 209 KN

Punching shear force = 209-(15.4x2.5x2.5) = 112.75 KN

Punching shear stress

112.75x103 2.3x106x277 — 0.41

v2 104 x154 1.89x109

Which is less than Kr, = 1.25 MPa, hence safe

Providing column capital of diameter 'De' =0.6 mm

Critical section at d/2 from face of column capital all around,

d/2 = 77mm

For punching stress,

92
V.2 = 440.6-(13.9x0.75x0.75) = 432 KN

b. = 4x750 = 3000 mm2

(432x103 ) (7.25x106x277)
v2 = =1.04
3000x154 1.89x10'°

This is greater than ra =1.25 MPa, hence safe.

Table 6.3 Equivalent Frame analysis (moment distribution method) by ACI

Factored design load for moment distribution = 83.2KN/m

Kec 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.0002

Ks 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024
COF 0.51 0.51 0.51
DF 0.549 0.355 0.355 0.355 0.355 0.549
FEM -112 112 -112 112 -112 112
bal 61.5 0 0 0 0 -61.5
co 0 31.33 0 0 -31.33 0
bal 0 -11.11 -11.11 11.11 11.11 0
co -5.7 0 5.7 -5.7 0 5.7
bal 3.11 -2.01 -2.01 2.01 2.01 -3.11
co -1.02 1.6 1.02 -1.02 -1.6 1.02
bal 0.56 -0.92 -0.92 -0.92 -0.92 -0.56
Z=ML, MR -53.4 130.9 -119.2 117.4 -132.7 53.4
147 186 167 166 186 147
X 1.8 2 2.2
MU+ 76 48.3 75
MU-d_ -25.6 95.4 -87.5 85.9 -97.2 25.6
M 136 135 134

93


rvi

-95.4 -97.2
-87.5 -85.9

.....
-25.6
E =
Z CO -25.6
'n CIL
cn
ff

a) I I
E .=
4-, -1-' ...,
(1 15
5 10
a)
E
0
E 48.3
76 75

distance x (m) from support

Fig 6.7 Moment Distribution by ACI

6.4 PATTERN LOADING
When the loading pattern is known, the structure shall be analyzed for the load
concerned.
When the live load is variable but does not exceed three-quarters of the dead load, or the
nature of the live load is such that all panels will be loaded simultaneously, the maximum
moments may be assumed to occur at all sections when full design live load is on the
entire slab system.
For other conditions of live load/dead load ratio and when all panels are not loaded
simultaneously:
1. Maximum positive moment near midspan of a panel may be assumed to occur
when three-quarters of the full design live loads on the panel and on alternated
panels; and
2. Maximum negative moment in the slab at a support may be assumed to occur
when here-quarters of the full design live load is on the adjacent panels only.
For pattern loadingl, total load on alternate spans is 76.5 KN/m and dead load on mid
span is 56.25 KN/m

Fig: 6.8 Pattern Loading 1

95
 Fig: 6.9 Pattern Loading 2

For pattern loading2, total load on adjacent spans is 76.5 KN/m and dead load on next to
these adjacent spans is 56.25 KN/m.

6.5 FUTURE SCOPE

Flat slab gives its best performance under gravity loading only. For both equivalent frame
method and direct design method, the model is appropriate for gravity load analysis.
Moreover, IS Code and ACI Code does not give any recommendations to make them
strong under earthquake conditions. ACI- 13.5.1.2 does not prescribe an equivalent frame
method approach to lateral analysis. Flat slab construction should not feasible only for
gravity loading but attempts should be made to make them perform better under lateral
loading also.
Although the IS Code does not offer any recommendation for torsion in the transverse
beam at the exterior edge, but the torsion parameter should be taken care of and attempts
should be made to make it work better under torsion conditions.

96
 Fig: 6.9 Pattern Loading 2

For pattern loading2, total load on adjacent spans is 76.5 KN/m and dead load on next to
these adjacent spans is 56.25 KN/m.

6.5 FUTURE SCOPE

Flat slab gives its best performance under gravity loading only. For both equivalent frame
method and direct design method, the model is appropriate for gravity load analysis.
Moreover, IS Code and ACI Code does not give any recommendations to make them
strong under earthquake conditions. ACI- 13.5.1.2 does not prescribe an equivalent frame
method approach to lateral analysis. Flat slab construction should not feasible only for
gravity loading but attempts should be made to make them perform better under lateral
loading also.
Although the IS Code does not offer any recommendation for torsion in the transverse
beam at the exterior edge, but the torsion parameter should be taken care of and attempts
should be made to make it work better under torsion conditions.

96
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Following conclusions are drawn from the study:

1. When the span length is small i.e. up to 4m, Flat Plate should be used since the
cost of the formwork would be minimum and fast construction can be achieved.
The primary aim of the discussion work is to deal that upto what span we can
choose the flat plate for the real life purposes.
2. In the present study, floor spans both square as well as rectangular in shape have
been considered from 4m to 7 m increasing by 1 m increments. The shape of
column has been taken rectangular which eminently suits for rectangular plan.
Rectangular floor plans of (a) 4mx6m, (b) 5mx6m, (c) 6mx6m, (d) 7mx6m have
been considered with rectangular column of 400mmx450mm. Live load intensity
of 3KN/m2 has been considered since for higher load than this one would
recommend for flat plate construction.
3. As the span increased by an increment of lm in E-W direction, column fails under
punching shear. So, column capital is provided to resist the punching shear.
Further if load is increased from 31(N/m2 to 4KN/m2 on 5 m span in E-W
direction, in order to provide extra stiffening near column area drop panel is
provided.
4. Further if span increases than column capital or column capital plus drop panel
can be added judiciously to take care of stress around the column.
5. Direct design method is based on certain assumptions which should be kept in
mind while using this method
6. Equivalent frame method is more accurate since we carry out analysis in the same
style as substitute frame method but carry-over factor is above 0.5 since the
stiffness near the column is very high

97
7. Although the IS Code does not offer any recommendation for torsion in the
transverse beam at the exterior edge, but one should take care torsion. For torsion
an edge beam can be provided.
8. Direct design method is over safe as compared to equivalent frame method, which
is quite rigorous. So, direct design method is adopted for flat slab analysis than
equivalent frame method.
9. IS Code does not give recommendations in elaborate form as given in ACI Code.
Calculations of slab and column stiffness are done by column analogy method but
in the former case same values are taken directly from tables.
10. The Equivalent Frame Method treats the idealized frame in a manner similar to an
actual frame, and hence is more exact has fewer limitations than Direct Design
Method. It basically involves a full moment distribution of many cycles,
compared to the direct design method, which involves a one-cycle-moment
distribution approximately.
11. Steel requirements will definitely be more for direct design method as moments
are large as compared to Equivalent Frame Method.
12. Conclusion in short, as the span increases the requirement thickness of slab
increases rapidly. And when span is large, the column size is so small that it is not
able to cater punching shear, so special reinforcement is required. To resist
punching shear column capital and drop panel is provided.
13. Pattern loading gives maximum positive moment value near the mid span and
maximum negative moment at the exterior.

98
REFERENCES

1. ACI 318(1998), "Building Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete",

American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
2. Rice Paul F., Hoffman Edward S., Gustafson David P,Gouwens Albert L J.(1985)
"Structural Design Guide to the ACI Building code", Third Edition, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company Inc., page no. 345-189.
3. S Unnikrishna Pillai, Devdas Menon. (2005) "Reinforced Concrete Design",
Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page no. 456-528.
4. IS: 456-2000, "Indian Standard Code of Concrete Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
5. Indradeo Verma (2001), "Dissertation on Structural Efficiency of Flat slab Floor
Systems by Equivalent Frame Method" Department of civil engineering (UOR).
6. Yashit Singhi (2007), "Dissertation on Studies in RC Flat Plate Floor Systems"
Department of Civil Engineering (IIT Roorkee).
7. B.C. Punmia., A.K. Jain "Reinforced Concrete Design", Eighth edition, Laxmi
Publications LTD, New Delhi.
8. CSA Standards A23.3- 94 - "Design of Concrete Structure", Canadian Standards
Association, Rexdale, Ontario.
9. Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete (IS 456:1978),Special publication SP:24, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi,1983.
10. Branson, Dan E. (1997), "Deformation of Concrete Structures", McGraw Hill
International Book Company, New York.
11. Cope R.J. and Clark L.A. (1984), "Concrete Slabs Analysis and Design",
Elensevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London & New York, page no. 397-
432.
12. Daniel N. Farhey, Moshey A Adin and David Z. Yankelevsky (1983), " RC Flat
Slab Column Sub-Assemblages Under Lateral Loadings", ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering , vol. 119, page no.4-9.

99
13. Fling Russel S. (1980), "Practical Design of Reinforced Concrete", John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
14. IS: 456-2000, "Indian Standard Code of Concrete Practice of Plain and
Reinforced Concrete", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
15. Macgregor James G. (1986), "Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design",
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, page no. 587-678.
16. McCormac, J.C. (1986), "Design of Reinforced Concrete", Harper and Row
Publishers, New York, page no. 447-502.
17. Nawy Edward G. (1989), "Reinforced Concrete, A Fundamental Approach",
Second Edition, Pretice Hall, New Jersey.
18. Wang C.K., Salman C. (1989), "Reinforced Concrete Design", Sixth Edition,
Harper & Row Publishers, New York, page no. 646-700.
19. Winter G. and Nilson H.H. (1984), "Design of Concrete Structures", Ninth
Edition, McGraw Hill International Book Company.
20. Wyne George B. (1981), "Reinforced Concrete Structures", Reston Publishing
Company Inc., Virginia.
21. Gamble W.L., Park Robert (2000), "Reinforced Concrete Slabs", John Wiley &
Sons Inc publishers, New York, page no.521-529, 584-593.
22. Rudra Pratap (1964), "Getting Started with MATLAB 7", First Indian Edition,
Published by Oxford University Press Inc.

100