BIOCHEM-COL-SG-WK2

FUTURE READY FUTURE SMART PROGRAM

STUDY GUIDE

Subject BIOCHEMISTRY
Topic The Cell
Course/ Year Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science 2 nd Year
Week WEEK 2
School Year 1ST Semester/2021-2022

I. Objectives
• Define a cell.
• Distinguish the difference between an animal cell to other types of cell.
• Discuss the different parts of a human cell and their functions.

II. Discussion
Cells are the basic structural, functional, and biological units of all known
organisms. They are often called the building block of life. The word cell came
from the Latin word cella, which means “small room”. The branch of biology
that deals with the study of cells are called cytology. There are two major types
of cells: the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell. A prokaryote does not have
a nucleus while the eukaryotes do have a true nucleus inside the cell.
Organisms can be classified as either unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular
organisms are those that consist of a single cell such as bacteria, cyanobacteria,
protozoans, and algae. Most unicellular organisms are categorized as
microorganisms. On the other hand, multicellular organisms are composed of
more than one cell, a usual group of cells in which each has specialized
functions. Animals, plants, and fungi are multicellular organisms. Here we will
focus on the discussion of an animal cell.

https://microbenotes.com/differences-between-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/

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An animal cell is surrounded by a membrane called the plasma or cell

membrane. Unlike the eukaryotic cell of plants and fungi, the animal cell does
not have a cell wall. Animal cells vary in sizes ranging between 1 to 100
micrometers and are only visible under a microscope. They also have an
irregular shape. A human body, an example of an animal cell, is a eukaryotic
and multicellular-celled organism as it is made up of trillions of cells. In the
early stages of development during pregnancy, this cell differentiates to
become nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and other types
of cells. An approximately 210 distinct types of cells are scattered throughout
the human body. All these cells work together to make the organism up and
alive. The different structures of a human cell and its specific functions will be
discussed below.

https://medium.com/@biologynotes/animal-cell-a9941f753cbb

The general structure of an animal cell is composed of protoplasm and

cytoplasm. The protoplasm constitutes all the structure and substance inside the
plasma or cell membrane whereas the part of protoplasm excluding the nucleus is
called cytoplasm. The animal cell, like other eukaryotes, has a very complex
internal structure in comparison to the prokaryotic cell. These cells have many
internal parts which perform different functions. Most of these parts are functional
structures called organelles that are surrounded by a membrane. These
membrane-bounded structures perform a specific function within the cell. All these
organelles are embedded in the cytosol, a jelly-like fluid substance within the
cytoplasm.

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https://www.teachoo.com/10011/3011/Difference-between-Protoplasm-and-Cytoplasm/category/Extra-
Questions/

Cell membrane

The outermost structure of the cell is called the plasma membrane (also known
as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane). It is a semipermeable barrier
that separates and protects the cell from the outer environment and allows
materials to enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane is made up of
phospholipids which have polar (hydrophilic) heads and non-polar (hydrophobic)
tails.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/cell-membranes-and-the-fluid-mosaic-model/

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https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/284149057713134981/

Mitochondria

Mitochondria (mitochondrion = singular) are complex organelles that are

often called the “powerhouse” or “energy factories” of the cell. They are
responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy-
carrying molecule. They convert energy from food into a form that the cell can
use. Mitochondria have their own genetic material (aside from the DNA in the
nucleus) and can make copies of themselves.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_(edit).svg

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is the transport system of the cell. It

transports molecules to their destination. The membrane of the ER is continuous
with the nuclear envelope. The ER has two areas and each performs a specific
function: the rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER (RER) has the ribosomes
attached to its surface making it the major site for protein synthesis. The newly
synthesized protein is transferred by the ribosomes to the lumen of RER to undergo
modification and transport to other organelles via transport vesicles that bud from
the RER’s membrane. Smooth ER (SER) is continuous with the RER but has no
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ribosomes on its surface. Its functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids,

and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; and storage of
calcium ions.

https://ro.pinterest.com/pin/479844535278678395/

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are large complexes of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
the site for protein synthesis where they process the cell’s genetic instructions
(RNA) to create proteins in the process called translation. As protein synthesis is
very important to the cell, ribosomes are found in large numbers in all cells.
Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of large subunits
(60S) and small subunits (40S) combined together to become 80S.

https://microbenotes.com/ribosomes-structure-and-functions/

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Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus (also called Golgi bodies) is the packaging and shipping
center and of the cell. It is a series of flattened membranes that sort, tag, package
and distribute the modified biomolecules from the RER and are transported out of
the cell with a membrane known as vesicles. The transport vesicles that formed
from the ER travel to the cis face (the entry side), fuse with it, and empty their
contents into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. As the biomolecules travel through
the Golgi apparatus, they undergo further modifications that allow them to be
sorted. These newly-modified biomolecules are then tagged so that they can be
routed to their proper destinations. Finally, the modified and tagged proteins are
packaged into secretory vesicles that bud from the trans face (exit side) of the
Golgi apparatus. While some of these vesicles deposit their contents into other
parts of the cell where they will be used, other secretory vesicles fuse with the
plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell.

https://mind42.com/public/8d571c04-5b63-4db4-90c5-cae6763e664a

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles that break down complex macromolecules

(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). They are responsible for
repairing the cell membranes. They also respond against foreign substances such
as bacteria, viruses, and other antigens by releasing hydrolytic enzymes. In a
process known as phagocytosis or endocytosis, a section of the plasma membrane
of the macrophage (group of white blood cells) invaginates (folds in) and engulfs
a pathogen. The invaginated section, with the pathogen inside, then pinches itself
off from the plasma membrane and becomes a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with a
lysosome. The lysosome’s hydrolytic enzymes then destroy the pathogen.
Lysosomes are composed of lipids and proteins with a single membrane covering
the internal enzymes to prevent the lysosome from digesting the cell itself.

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https://www.123rf.com/photo_108186444_stock-vector-lysosome-hydrolytic-enzymes-and-
membrane-cell-vector-anatomy-concept.html
Peroxisome

The peroxisome is a membrane-bound cellular organelle that contains

mostly enzymes. They perform important functions including lipid metabolism and
chemical detoxification. They also carry out oxidation reactions that break down
fatty acids and amino acids. In contrast to the digestive enzymes found in
lysosomes, the enzymes within peroxisomes serve to transfer hydrogen atoms
from various molecules to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2). In this
way, peroxisomes neutralize poisons, such as alcohol, that enter the body. The
liver is the organ primarily responsible for detoxifying the blood before it travels
throughout the body. The liver cells contain large amounts of peroxisomes.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/21462535702388817/

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is the structural framework of the cell which provides

supporting components. There are three types of cytoskeletal elements:
microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

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https://readbiology.com/cytoskeleton-types/

Microtubules (MTs) are hollow, rigid cylindrical tubes composed of tubulin

subunits. They are the largest and widest component of the cytoskeleton with a
diameter of 25nanometer (nm). They provide tracking for the movement of
vesicles and move the chromosomes to the opposite side of the cell during cell
division.
Intermediate filaments (Ifs) are tough, rope-like, and composed of a wide
variety of related proteins having a diameter of 7nm. They are often responsible
for holding tissues together like in human skin.
Microfilaments (MFs) are the solid, thinnest part of the cytoskeleton and are
composed of actin subunits. They give shape to the cell and support all of its
internal parts by keeping the organelles in place. They have a diameter of 10nm.

http://www.maths.dur.ac.uk/~dma0bmp/projects_3H/ModellingCytoskeleton.html

Cilia and Flagella

Flagella (flagellum = singular) are long, hair-like structures that extend from
the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell, for example, a sperm
cell. On the other hand, cilia (singular = cilium) are short, hair-like structures that
extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane, for example, in the cell
lining the Fallopian tubes that help moves the ovum toward the uterus, or cilia
lining the cells of the respiratory tract that trap particulate matter and move it
toward your nostrils). Both flagella and cilia

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https://exseedhealth.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sperm-production/

https://www.quora.com/If-the-fimbriae-at-the-end-of-fallopian-tubes-dont-touch-ovaries-directly-does-this-
mean-that-there-is-empty-space-between-them-What-is-it-filled-with

https://thegreenpagebd.com/how-covid-19-coronavirus-enter-the-body-and-affect-the-respiratory-system/

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Centrosome and Centrioles

A centrosome is known as the “microtubule-organizing center” of the cell

and is located close to the nucleus. Centrosomes aids in dividing the cell by
organizing the microtubules into spindle fibers, which move the chromosomes to
the opposite side of the cell during cell division. Each centrosome consists of two
centrioles, a structure that is comprised of microtubules orientated at right-
angles to each other.

https://www.qsstudy.com/biology/differences-centrosome-centromere
Nucleus

The nucleus is the governor of the cell, regulating all metabolic activities
happening inside the cell. It sends directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide
and die. It also holds the genetic material (DNA), the cell’s hereditary material,
and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. The nucleus is surrounded by
a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and separates
the nucleus from the rest of the cell. The nuclear pores on the surface of the
membrane allow the biomolecules to enter and leaves the nucleus. Inside the
nucleus, the nucleolus is a sub-organelle embedded in the nucleoplasm, where the
synthesize of ribosomes occurs. The chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around
histone proteins and is stored within the nucleoplasm.

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html

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Chromosomes

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biotechnology/Bio-
OER_(CUNY)/07%3A_Cell_Division/7.04%3A_Chromosomes_and_Karyotypes

Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA wound around the

proteins called histones into a tightly coiled molecule. They are the form of the
genetic material of a cell during cell division. The human genome has 23 pairs of
chromosomes located in the nucleus of the somatic cell. Pairs 1 to 22 are
autosomes, which contain genes for characteristics that are unrelated to sex.
Whereas the last pair is the sex chromosomes. Females have XX sex chromosomes
and males have XY sex chromosomes.

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/887488/view/human-chromosomes-male-vs-female-karyotype-
illustration
References:

https://www.etymonline.com/word/cell
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/cell
https://medium.com/@biologynotes/animal-cell-a9941f753cbb
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/cell-membranes-and-the-fluid-mosaic-model/
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductory_Biology_(
CK-12)/03%3A_Genetics/3.09%3A_Human_Chromosomes_and_Genes

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III. Practice Exercise (10 points)

Name : _____________________ Score: ______

Course/Section: ______________ Date: _______
DIRECTIONS: Read the following statement/question carefully. Select the best answer
among the choices given. Encircle the letter of your answer. This exercise is not graded
and answer key is provided.
1. Which of the following is NOT a type of prokaryotic cell?
a. archaebacteria c. Staphylococcus bacteria
b. cyanobacteria d. skin cell
2. It serves as the cell’s command center and contains the DNA.
a. chromosomes c. nucleus
b. ribosomes d. cell membrane
3. There are 23 pairs of sex chromosomes in the human cell.
a. True b. False
4. It is the powerhouse of the cell.
a. nucleus c. Golgi bodies
b. mitochondrion d. SER
5. The rough ER is the major site of protein synthesis because______.
a. It contains a large number of ribosomes attached to it.
b. It contains a large number of centrioles attached to it.
c. It does not have ribosomes attached to its surface.
d. It does not have centrioles attached to its surface.
6. It is the energy-carrying molecule that fuels all cell metabolic activities. It
is produced in the mitochondria.
a. adenosine triphosphate c. adenosine diphosphate
b. NAD+ d. NADH
7. It is the process of protein synthesis in the ribosomes.
a. DNA replication c. transcription
b. reverse transcription d. translation
8. They are often called the “shippers” because they sort, package, tag, and
distribute the biomolecules inside the ______
a. centrosome c. flagella
b. cilia d. Golgi bodies
9. An animal cell does NOT have a cell wall.
a. True b. False
10. This is a type of cell that has a true nucleus.
a. eukaryotic cell c. prokaryotic cell
b. bacterial cell d. archaebacterial cell
Score Interpretation
0 Please watch the video lecture and
1-3 read the Study Guide again, then 10. A 9. D 8. D 7. B 6. A
4–6 proceed to the Written Activity part.
5. B 4. D 3. B 2. A 1. B

7–9 Please proceed to the Written Answer key:

10 Activity part.

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IV. Written Activity

Name : _____________________ Score: ______

Course/Section: ______________ Date: _______

DIRECTION: Read the following statement/question carefully and answer briefly and
precisely. Use a separate sheet of properly labelled paper with your name, course, year
level and date for your answers.

1. What is a cytoskeleton? Discuss briefly and precisely the function of each.

2. Differentiate between protoplasm and cytoplasm.
3. Differentiate centrosome to the centriole.

RUBRIC FOR ESSAY

FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS
The single The presence of ideas The order developed The choice, use, Grammar,
controlling developed through and sustained within and and arrangement of mechanics,
point is made facts, examples, across paragraphs using words and spelling, usage,
with an anecdotes, details, transitional devices and sentence structure and sentence
awareness of opinions, statistics, including introduction create tone and formation.
the task about reasons, and or and conclusion. voice.
a specific topic. explanations.
4.

4 Sharp, distinct, Substantial, specific, A sophisticated Precise, illustrative use of a Evident control of
controlling point and/or illustrative arrangement of variety of words and grammar,
made about a content content with sentence structures to mechanics,
single topic with demonstrating evident and/or create consistent writer’s spelling, and usage,
sufficient strong development subtle transitions. voice and tone appropriate and sentence
awareness of the and sophisticated to the audience. formation.
task. ideas.
3 Apparent point Sufficiently The functional Generic use of a variety of Sufficient control of
made about a developed content arrangement of words and sentence grammar,
single topic with with adequate content sustains a structures that may or may mechanics,
sufficient elaboration or logical order with not create a writer’s voice spelling, usage, and
awareness of the explanation. some evidence of and tone appropriate to the sentence
task. transitions. audience. formation.
2 No apparent point Limited content with Confused or Limited word choice and Limited control of
but evidence of a inadequate inconsistent control of sentence grammar,
specific topic. elaboration or arrangement of structures that inhibit voice mechanics,
explanation. content with or and tone. spelling, usage, and
without attempts of sentence
transition. formation.
1 Minimal evidence Superficial and/or Minimal control of Minimal variety in word Minimal control of
of a topic. minimal content. the content choice and minimal control grammar,
arrangement. of sentence structure. mechanics,
spelling, usage, and
sentence
formation.
Source:
https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/rubricsko-131215081453-
phpapp01-thumbnail-4.jpg?cb%3D1436976225&imgrefurl=https://www.slideshare.net/jennytuazon01630/rubrics-in-
essay&tbnid=67j0Yj6Bpg2GVM&vet=1&docid=bFSh97CC-C2EDM&w=768&h=503&q=essay+rubric&source=sh/x/im

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 BIOCHEM-COL-SG-WK2

LABORATORY ACTIVITY
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

DIRECTION: Read the following statement/question carefully and answer

briefly and precisely. Use a separate sheet of properly labeled paper with your
name, course, year level, and date for your answers.

1. Draw and label the structure of an animal cell.

2. Draw and label the detailed structure of a human chromosome.
3. Draw and label the detailed structure of a nucleus.
4. Draw and label the detailed structure of a cell membrane using the fluid mosaic
model.

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V. Learning Rubric
Instruction: Please read carefully and check the corresponding box for your answer.
(Basahin ng mabuti ang bawat tanong at i-tsek ang kahon ng iyong sagot).

Note: Your honest answers will help us gather accurate data to understand and provide
appropriate interventions for the topic discussed.
(Ang matapat na pagsagot ay makapagbibigay ng tumpak na datos upang mas higit na
maunawaan at makapagbigay ng nararapat interbensiyon patungkol sa paksang ito.)

CONTENT YES MAYBE NO

(3) (2) (1)
1. I have background knowledge about the topic.
(Mayroon na akong konting kaalaman tungkol sa paksa.)
2. I can analyze the content to deepen my understanding.
(Kaya kong suriing mabuti ang paksa upang mapalawak pa ang
aking kaalaman.)
3. I can give my own examples.
(Kaya kong magbigay ng sarili kong halimbawa.)
4. I can summarize the content and information that I have
learned.
(Kaya kong lagumin ang paksa at ang kaalamang aking
natutunan.)
5. I clearly understood the topic.
(Lubos kong naunawaan ang paksa ng aralin.)
6. I understand the direction of each activity and answered it
correctly.
(Nauunawan ko ang panuto ng bawat gawain at nasagutan ito ng
tama.)
7. I can enumerate the necessary steps and procedures related
to the lesson.
(Kaya kong hanayin ang mga hakbang at proseso na may
kaugnayan sa paksang tinalakay.)
8. I can independently perform the skill, strategy, or process.
(Kaya kong i-apply ang aking natutunan upang magsagawa ng
isang kasanayan, pamamaraan, o proseso.)
9. I can relate the topic to real-life situations.
(Kaya kong iugnay ang paksa sa totoong buhay.)
10. I accomplished the task on time.
(Natapos ko ang mga gawain sa itinakdang oras.)

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VI. Assessment

Name : _____________________ Score: ______

Course/Section: ______________ Date: _______

DIRECTIONS: Read the following statement/question carefully and answer briefly and
precisely. Use a separate sheet of properly labelled paper with your name, course, year
level and date for your answers.

1. Differentiate lysosome to the peroxisome. Describe the major function of each.

2. List all the structures of an animal cell and describe the functions of each in 2
to 3 sentences.

©2020 Good Samaritan Colleges

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photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the Good Sam aritan Colleges.