MTH174

UNIT 3
Topic:
Solution of Non-Homogeneous LDE with Constant coefficients
Using Operator Method

Non-Homogeneous LDE Using operator method applicable only when:

1. Function is of the form: 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 %&
2. Function is of the form: 𝑟 𝑥 = cos 𝛼𝑥 or r 𝑥 = sin 𝛼𝑥
3.Function is of the form: 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥 -
4. Function is of the form: 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 %& 𝑔(𝑥)
Solution of Non-homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients Using Operator
Method:
Let us consider 2nd order Non-homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients as:
23 4 24
𝑎 2&3 + 𝑏 2& + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) (1)
or
𝑎𝑦 99 + 𝑏𝑦 9 + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) (1)
𝒅
Let ≡ 𝑫 be Differential operator ( An algebraic operator like +, −,×,÷)
𝒅𝒙
Equation (1) becomes:
𝑎𝐷 C𝑦 + 𝑏𝐷𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
Symbolic Form (S.F.): 𝑎𝐷 C + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E.: 𝑓 𝐷 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝐷 C + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 = 0

GH± H3 GJKL
⇒𝐷= = 𝑚N, 𝑚C (Say) (Suppose here 𝑚N ≠ 𝑚C are real roots)
CK

Complementary function C.F. is given by:

𝑦L = 𝑐N𝑒 -P & + 𝑐C𝑒 -3 &
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N
P.I.: 𝑦Q = R S
𝑟(𝑥) ( There are different methods to evaluate it)

General Solution: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑
Operator Method to find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N
Case 1: If 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 %& , then P.I. 𝑦Q = R S
𝑟 𝑥

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = R S
𝑒 %& = R %
𝑒 %& , (i.e. Put 𝐷 = 𝛼), provided 𝑓 𝛼 ≠ 0

If 𝑓 𝛼 = 0, then:
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑥 𝑒 %& = 𝑥 𝑒 %& , provided 𝑓 9 𝛼 ≠ 0
RW S RW %

If 𝑓 9 𝛼 = 0 , then:
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑥 C RWW S
𝑒 %& = 𝑥 C RWW %
𝑒 %& , provided 𝑓 99 𝛼 ≠ 0

and so on…
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 99 + 5𝑦 9 + 4𝑦 = 18𝑒 C&
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 99 + 5𝑦 9 + 4𝑦 = 18𝑒 C& (1)
2
S.F. : 𝐷 C + 5𝐷 + 4 𝑦 = 18𝑒 C& where 𝐷 ≡
2&

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 C + 5𝐷 + 4 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 18𝑒 C&

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 C + 5𝐷 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷+1 𝐷+4 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = −1, −4 (real and unequal roots)
Let 𝑚N = −1 and 𝑚C = −4
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 -P & + 𝑐C 𝑒 -3 &
⇒ 𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 GN& + 𝑐C 𝑒 GJ&
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 18𝑒 C&
R S S3 klSkJ

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 18 𝑒 C&
S3 klSkJ

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 18 𝑒 C& 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2
C 3 kl(C)kJ

N C&
⇒ 𝑦Q = 18 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 C&
Nq

∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐N 𝑒 GN& + 𝑐C 𝑒 GJ& + 𝑒 C& Answer.

Problem 2. Find the Particular Integral of: 𝑦 99 + 𝑦 9 − 6𝑦 = 𝑒 C&
Solution:
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = R S
𝑟 𝑥 = S3 kSGs
𝑒 C&

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 C& 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦Q = sGs
𝑒 C& (Case of failure)
C 3 k C Gs

N N
∴ 𝑦Q = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑒 C&
RW (S) CSkN

N &
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑥 C C kN
𝑒 C& 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 C&
l
Problem 3. Find the Particular Integral of: 𝑦 99 − 6𝑦 9 + 9𝑦 = 14𝑒 u&

To find Particular Integral (P.I.):

N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 14𝑒 u&
R S S3 GsSkv

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 14 𝑒 C& 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦Q = 14 𝑒 u& (Case of failure)
u 3 Gs u kv NqGNq

N N N
∴ 𝑦Q = 14𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 = 14𝑥 𝑒 u& = 14𝑥 𝑒 u& 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3 (Case of failure)
RW (S) CSGs sGs

N N u&
∴ 𝑦Q = 14𝑥 C 𝑟 𝑥 = 14𝑥 C 𝑒 = 7𝑥 C 𝑒 u&
RWW (S) C
Operator Method to find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Case 2: If 𝑟 𝑥 = cos 𝛼𝑥 or r 𝑥 = sin 𝛼𝑥
N N
Then P.I is: 𝑦Q = 𝑟(𝑥) = cos 𝛼𝑥
R S R S
N
𝑦Q = R S3 zG%3 cos 𝛼𝑥, provided 𝑓 𝐷 C = −𝛼 C ≠ 0
If 𝑓 𝐷 C = −𝛼 C = 0 , then:
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑥 RW S
cos 𝛼𝑥 = 𝑥 RW S3 zG%3
cos 𝛼𝑥, provided 𝑓 9 𝐷 C = −𝛼 C ≠ 0
2
Note: 1. 𝐷 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥)
2&
N
2. S
𝑟(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑟 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
N N SkK
3. 𝑟(𝑥) = × 𝑟(𝑥) (Rationalize to create 𝐷 Cin denominator)
SGK SGK SkK
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 99 − 16𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 99 − 16𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 (1)
2
S.F. : 𝐷 C − 16 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
2&

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 C − 16 and 𝑟 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 C − 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷−4 𝐷+4 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = 4, −4 (real and unequal roots)
Let 𝑚N = 4 and 𝑚C = −4
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 -P & + 𝑐C 𝑒 -3 &
⇒ 𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 J& + 𝑐C 𝑒 GJ&
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥
R S S3 GNs

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 3 GNs cos 2𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 C = − 2 C
G C

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = cos 2𝑥
GJGNs

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = −
C}
cos 2𝑥
∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q
N
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐N 𝑒 J& + 𝑐C 𝑒 GJ& − cos 2𝑥 Answer.
C}
Problem 2. Find the Particular Integral of: 𝑦 99 + 9𝑦 = sin 3𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥
R S S3 kv

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 3 kv sin 3𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 C = − 3 C
G u

N
⇒ 𝑦Q =
Gvkv
sin 3𝑥 (Case of Failure)

N N & & G ~•€ u&

∴ 𝑦Q = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 =𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = ∫ sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
RW (S) CS C C u
Problem 3. Find the general solution of: 2𝑦 99 − 5𝑦 9 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
2𝑦 99 − 5𝑦 9 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (1)
2
S.F. : 2𝐷 C − 5𝐷 + 3 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
2&
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 2𝐷 C − 5𝐷 + 3 and 𝑟 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 2𝐷 C − 5𝐷 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝐷 − 3 𝐷 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 = 1, u⁄C (real and unequal roots)
Let 𝑚N = 1 and 𝑚C = u⁄C
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 -P & + 𝑐C 𝑒 -3 &
‚⁄ &
⇒ 𝑦L = 𝑐N 𝑒 N& + 𝑐C 𝑒 3
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
R S CS3 GlSku

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 3 sin 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 C = − 1 C
C G N GlSku

N N (NklS) (NklS)
⇒ 𝑦Q = sin 𝑥 = × sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
NGlS NGlS (NklS) (NGClS3 )

N N 2 N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 1 + 5𝐷 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥
Cs Cs 2& Cs

∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q

N& ‚⁄ & N
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐N 𝑒 + 𝑐C 𝑒 3 + sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥 Answer.
Cs
Operator Method to find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Case 3: If 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥 -
N
Then P.I. is: 𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥
R S

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑥- = 𝑥 - ( By taking least degree term common from 𝑓 𝐷 )
R S N±ƒ(S)

⇒ 𝑦Q = 1 ± ℎ(𝐷) GN 𝑥 - and we expand this expression by Binomial expansion.

Note:
GN C u
1. 1 + ℎ(𝐷) =1−ℎ 𝐷 + ℎ 𝐷 − ℎ 𝐷 +---

GN C u
2. 1 − ℎ(𝐷) =1+ℎ 𝐷 + ℎ 𝐷 + ℎ 𝐷 +---
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 99 + 25𝑦 = 4𝑥 C
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 99 + 25𝑦 = 4𝑥 C (1)
2
S.F. : 𝐷 C + 25 𝑦 = 4𝑥 C where 𝐷 ≡
2&

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 C + 25 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 4𝑥 C

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 C + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 C = −25
⇒ 𝐷 = 5𝑖, −5𝑖 (Complex roots)
Let 𝑚N = 5𝑖 and 𝑚C = −5𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑒 }& 𝑐N cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐C sin 5𝑥
⇒ 𝑦L = 𝑐N cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐C sin 5𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 4𝑥 C
R S S3 kCl

GN
N J S3
⇒ 𝑦Q = 4 †3
𝑥C = 1+ 𝑥C
Cl Nk 3‡ Cl Cl

N C
J S3 S3 J C
⇒ 𝑦Q =
Cl
1− Cl
+ Cl
−−− − 𝑥 C = Cl 𝑥 C − Cl +0 𝐷C 𝑥 C = 2

J
⇒ 𝑦Q = 25𝑥 C − 2
sCl
∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.
i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q
J
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐N cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐C sin 5𝑥 + 25𝑥 C − 2 Answer.
sCl
Problem 2. Find the Particular Integral of: 𝑦 99 − 6𝑦 9 + 9𝑦 = 4𝑥 C − 1
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 4𝑥 C −1
R S S3 GsSkv

GN
N N (sSGS3 )
⇒ 𝑦Q = (ˆ†‰†3 )
(4𝑥 C −1) = 1− (4𝑥 C − 1)
v NG v v
Š

N C
N (sSGS3 ) (sSGS3 )
⇒ 𝑦Q =
v
1+ v
+ v
+−−− − (4𝑥 C−1)

N sSGS3 us
⇒ 𝑦Q =
v
(4𝑥 C−1) + v
(4𝑥 C−1) + qN 𝐷C(4𝑥 C−1) + 0

N s N us
⇒ 𝑦Q = (4𝑥 C −1) + (8𝑥) − (8) + (8)
v v v qN
Operator Method to find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Case 4: If 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 %& 𝑔(𝑥)
N
Then P.I. is: 𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥
R S

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 %& 𝑔 𝑥
R S

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 %& R Sk%
𝑔(𝑥)

Either 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 - or 𝑔 𝑥 = cos 𝛼𝑥
Then we proceed with the rules that we already know
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 99 − 4𝑦 9 + 5𝑦 = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 99 − 4𝑦 9 + 5𝑦 = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥 (1)
2
S.F. : 𝐷C − 4𝐷 + 5 𝑦 = 24𝑒 u& sin 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡ 2&
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 C − 4𝐷 + 5 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 24𝑒 u& sin 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 C − 4𝐷 + 5 = 0
⇒𝐷 =2±𝑖 (Complex roots)
Let 𝑚N = 2 + 𝑖 and 𝑚C = 2 − 𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑒 C& 𝑐N cos 𝑥 + 𝑐C sin 𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥
R S S3 GJSkl

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦Q = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥
SkC 3 GJ SkC kl S3 kN

N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 24𝑒 C& sin 𝑥 (Put 𝐷 C = − 1 C ) (Case of failure)
GNkN

N N
∴ 𝑦Q = 24𝑒 C& 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 24𝑒 C& 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 12𝑒 C& 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −12𝑥𝑒 C& cos 𝑥
RW (S) CS

General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 C& 𝑐N cos 𝑥 + 𝑐C sin 𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑒 C& cos 𝑥 Answer.

Problem 2. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 99 − 𝑦 9 − 6𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 GC&
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 99 − 𝑦 9 − 6𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 GC& (1)
2
S.F. : 𝐷C −𝐷−6 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 GC& where 𝐷 ≡ 2&
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 C − 𝐷 − 6 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 GC&
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷C − 𝐷 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷−3 𝐷+2 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = 3, −2 (real and distinct roots)
Let 𝑚N = 3 and 𝑚C = −2
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦L = 𝑐N𝑒 u& + 𝑐C𝑒 GC&
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
N N
𝑦Q = 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 GC&
R S S3 GSGs

N N
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 GC& 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 GC& 𝑥
SGC 3 G SGC Gs S3 GlS

N ‹ ‰3Œ N S GN ‹ ‰3Œ N S S C
⇒ 𝑦Q = 𝑒 GC& †3
𝑥 =−
l S
1−
l
𝑥 =−
l S
1+ +
l l
+⋯ 𝑥
GlS NG‡†

‹ ‰3Œ N ‹ ‰3Œ & 3 & ‹ ‰3Œ

∴ 𝑦Q = − ∫ 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 = − + = − 5𝑥 C + 2𝑥
l l l C l l}

General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦L + 𝑦Q

‹ ‰3Œ
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐N 𝑒 u&
+ 𝑐C 𝑒 GC&
− 5𝑥 C + 2𝑥 Answer.
l}
 MCQ
The Particular Integral of 𝑦 99 + 5𝑦 9 + 4𝑦 = 18𝑒 C& is:
(A) 𝑒 C&
(B) 𝑥𝑒 C&
(C) 𝑒 u&
(D) None of these
 MCQ
The Particular Integral of 𝑦 99 + 9𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 is:
&
(A) − s sin 3𝑥
&
(B)− s cos 3𝑥
&
(C) s cos 3𝑥

(D) None of these