MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE

1. DISTANCE BY PACING
2. DISTANCE BY TAPING
3. DISTANCE BY TACHYMETRY/TACHEOMETRY
4. DISTANCE BY GRAPHICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS
5. DISTANCE BY MECHANICAL DEVICES
6. DISTANCE BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
7. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (EDM)
DISTANCE BY PACING

A pace is defined as
the length of a step in
walking. It may be
measured from heel to
heel or toe to toe.

Pacing consists of
counting the number of
steps for a required
distance.
DISTANCE BY PACING

A Stride is equivalent
to two paces or
“double step”

Pace Factor is the

average length of an
individual’s normal step
DISTANCE BY PACING

Pace Factor (PF)

𝐿
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑥ҧ

Where:
PF = Pace Factor
L = Length of Line
ҧ Mean number of paces
𝑥=
DISTANCE BY PACING

The length of pace will vary with the following:

a. Speed of pacing
b. The roughness of the ground
c. The weight of clothing and shoes used
d. Fatigue on the part of the pacer
e. The slope of the terrain
f. The direction of motion either going uphill or downhill
g. Age and sex of the individual
DISTANCE BY PACING

Mechanical Pace Counters:

o Pedometer
- records the number of steps made on the body’s movement
o Passometer
- strapped to the leg of the pacer
- registers a pace by impact each time a foot touches the ground
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 1: Solution:
A 60m line XY on a level ground, was Given:
paced by a surveying student for the
X Y
purpose of determining his pace
factor. The number of paces for each 𝑳
trial is as follows: 73, 72, 72.5, 74, a) Determine his pace factor: 𝑷𝑭 =
ഥ
𝒙
73.5, 72 and 73 paces. Determine his
pace factor, If the student then took 73 + 72 + 72.5 + 74 + 73.5 + 72 + 73
112, 111, 112.5, and 113 paces on an 𝑥ҧ =
7
unknown distance AB, what is the
length of the line ? ഥ = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒙
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 1: Solution (Continued…):
A 60m line XY on a level ground, was
paced by a surveying student for the
purpose of determining his pace X Y
factor. The number of paces for each
trial is as follows: 73, 72, 72.5, 74, 𝑳
𝑷𝑭 =
73.5, 72 and 73 paces. Determine his ഥ
𝒙
pace factor, If the student then took 60 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑃𝐹 =
112, 111, 112.5, and 113 paces on an 72.8571 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
unknown distance AB, what is the
length of the line ? 𝑷𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎/𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 1: Solution (Continued…):
A 60m line XY on a level ground, was b) Determine the unknown distance AB:
paced by a surveying student for the
purpose of determining his pace
factor. The number of paces for each A L=? B
trial is as follows: 73, 72, 72.5, 74,
𝐿
73.5, 72 and 73 paces. Determine his 𝑃𝐹 = ≫ ഥ
𝑳 = 𝑷𝑭 × 𝒙
pace factor, If the student then took 𝑥ҧ
112, 111, 112.5, and 113 paces on an 112 + 111 + 112.5 + 113
unknown distance AB, what is the 𝑥ҧ =
4
length of the line ?
ഥ = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒙
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 1: Solution (Continued…):
A 60m line XY on a level ground, was b) Determine the unknown distance AB:
paced by a surveying student for the
purpose of determining his pace
factor. The number of paces for each A L=? B
trial is as follows: 73, 72, 72.5, 74,
73.5, 72 and 73 paces. Determine his 𝑳 = 𝑷𝑭 × 𝒙ഥ
pace factor, If the student then took 𝑚
112, 111, 112.5, and 113 paces on an 𝐿 = 0.82 × 112.125 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
unknown distance AB, what is the
length of the line ? 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎.
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course Given:
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 A 90 meters B
strides respectively. He then started walking 𝑳
on an unknown distance XY four times a) Determining the pace factor: 𝑷𝑭 =
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, ഥ
𝒙
and 87 strides. 51 + 52.5 + 51.5 + 52.5 + 51.5
Determine the following: 𝑥ҧ =
5
a. Pace factor of the pacer. 2 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
b. Length of line XY 𝑥ҧ = 51.80 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥
1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m ഥ = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒙
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course Given:
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 A 90 meters B
strides respectively. He then started walking
on an unknown distance XY four times a) Determining the pace factor:
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, 𝑳
and 87 strides. 𝑷𝑭 =
Determine the following: ഥ
𝒙
a. Pace factor of the pacer. 90 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
b. Length of line XY 𝑃𝐹 =
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement
103.60 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m 𝑷𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟗 𝒎/𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course Given:
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 X L=? Y
strides respectively. He then started walking
on an unknown distance XY four times
b) Determining the Length of line XY:
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, 𝐿
𝑃𝐹 = ≫ ഥ
𝑳 = 𝑷𝑭 × 𝒙
and 87 strides. 𝑥ҧ
Determine the following: 88.5 + 89 + 88 + 87
a. Pace factor of the pacer. 𝑥ҧ =
4
b. Length of line XY 2 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement 𝑥ҧ = 88.125 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥
1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m
ഥ = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒙
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course Given:
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 X L=? Y
strides respectively. He then started walking
on an unknown distance XY four times b) Determining the Length of line XY:
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88,
and 87 strides. 𝑳 = 𝑷𝑭 × 𝒙 ഥ
Determine the following:
𝑚
a. Pace factor of the pacer. 𝐿 = 0.869 × 176.250 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
b. Length of line XY 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝒎. (paced)
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course c) Determining the Percentage of Error in the measurement
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m:
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5
strides respectively. He then started walking
on an unknown distance XY four times
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, X L = 150.5m (taped) Y
and 87 strides.
Determine the following:
a. Pace factor of the pacer.
X L = 153.161m (paced) Y
b. Length of line XY
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement 𝑳𝑻𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅 − 𝑳𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m %𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑳𝑻𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅
DISTANCE BY PACING
Example 2: Solution:
In five trials of walking along a 90 m course c) Determining the Percentage of Error in the measurement
on a fairly level ground, a pacer for a survey if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m:
party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5
strides respectively. He then started walking 𝑳𝑻𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅 − 𝑳𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅
on an unknown distance XY four times %𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑳𝑻𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅
which were recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88,
and 87 strides. 150.50 𝑚 − 153.16𝑚
Determine the following: %𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
150.50𝑚
a. Pace factor of the pacer.
b. Length of line XY
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕%
c. Percentage of Error in the measurement
if the taped distance of XY is 150.5 m
DISTANCE BY PACING

FIELD WORK NO.01

PACING
FIELD WORK REPORT FORMAT
(see Field Manual Format)