1) During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin filaments

A) shorten.
B) slide past one another.
C) do not interact.
D) condense.
E) lengthen.

2) When a skeletal muscle is passively stretched, that cell has a tendency to spring back once
the force that was stretching the muscle is removed due to
A) the passive interaction between actin and myosin (no energy required).
B) the active interaction between actin and myosin (energy required).
C) titin acting as a spring using the energy stored by the stretching.
D) actin and myosin acting as a spring using the energy stored by the stretching.
E) the elastic connective tissue that surrounds the muscle cells and fascicles.

3) The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin which results in the
generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called what?
A) crossbridge cycling
B) the sliding-filament model
C) Z line interaction
D) sarcomeric facilitation
E) titin cycling

4) What converts the myosin head into the high-energy state?

A) binding to ATP only
B) binding to actin
C) the condensation of ATP
D) the hydrolysis of ATP
E) binding to titin

5) The release of an inorganic phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in which
of the following?
A) development of rigor
B) power stroke
C) cocking of the myosin head
D) binding of actin to myosin
E) breaking of the actin myosin complex

6) In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin-myosin complex must be broken by
which of the following?
A) binding of tropomyosin to myosin
B) binding of ATP to actin
C) binding of the troponin complex to actin
D) conformational change that occurs as the myosin head changes from the high to low
energy state
E) binding of ATP to myosin
7) The sequence of events that links the muscle's action potential to changes in skeletal
muscle force development is called what?
A) the sliding-filament model
B) crossbridge cycling
C) myoaction coupling
D) excitation-contraction coupling
E) oxidative phosphorylation

8) During skeletal muscle contraction, multiple crossbridge cycles are occurring between the
same thick and thin filament. Which of the following best describes this process?
A) Crossbridge cycling is highly synchronized between a certain thick and thin filament.
B) Crossbridge cycling is asynchronous between a certain thick and thin filament.
C) No more than one myosin head links to the thin filament at the same time.
D) No more than one myosin head detaches from the thin filament at the same time.
E) Tropomyosin only exposes one binding site on actin at a time allowing only one
crossbridge to form with actin at a given time.

9) Contraction of skeletal muscle fibers is stimulated by what type of neuron?

A) autonomic
B) sympathetic
C) motor
D) parasympathetic
E) afferent

10) Which of the following is NOT a specialization observed at the neuromuscular junction?
A) There is a high density of acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate.
B) Every action potential that reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron will generate an
action potential in the healthy muscle fiber.
C) The motor end plate is relatively large compared with other synapses.
D) The terminal bouton fans out over a wide area of the sarcolemma.
E) Each muscle fiber is innervated by multiple motor neurons.

11) Increases in the amount of cytoplasmic calcium required to initiate a muscle contraction
are mediated by the coupling between a ________ on the T tubule and a ________ on the
membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A) dihydropyridine receptor : calcium pump
B) dihydropyridine receptor : ryanodine receptor
C) ryanodine receptor : calcium pump
D) calcium pump : ryanodine receptor
E) calcium-induced calcium release channel : dihydropyridine receptor

12) Which of the following is the voltage sensor that initiates an increase in cytoplasmic
calcium in response to an action potential?
A) dihydropyridine receptor
B) ryanodine receptor
C) calcium pump
D) calcium-induced calcium release channel
E) sodium channel
13) The binding of calcium to troponin will directly allow which of the following?
A) the binding of ATP to myosin
B) the further release of calcium into the cytoplasm
C) the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin-binding site on the actin
molecule
D) the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the actin-binding site on the myosin
molecule
E) the hydrolysis of ATP

14) Which of the following best describes the interaction between transverse (T) tubules and
the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?
A) Action potentials in T tubules trigger the release of acetylcholine, which binds to receptors
on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and triggers calcium release.
B) Action potentials in T tubules trigger the release of norepinephrine, which binds to
receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and triggers calcium release.
C) Action potentials in T tubules are detected by DHP receptors, which are coupled to
ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and open channels for calcium.
D) Action potentials in T tubules are detected by ryanodine receptors, which are coupled to
DHP receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and open channels for calcium.
E) Action potentials in T tubules cause a depolarization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
membrane, thereby opening calcium channels to trigger calcium release.

15) During the cross-bridge cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes which of the following?
A) the myosin head to attach to actin
B) the myosin head to detach from actin
C) the myosin head to swing forward pulling actin toward the M line
D) the myosin head to interact with calcium channels, triggering calcium release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
E) the myosin head to be in its high-energy form

16) What is the function of T tubules?

A) They store calcium.
B) Actin and myosin are synthesized here.
C) They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell.
D) They provide elasticity to the muscle.
E) They hold the thick filaments to the Z line.

17) What is a motor unit?

A) all the muscle fibers in a fascicle
B) all the myofibrils in a muscle fiber
C) a muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervate it
D) a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
E) a spinal nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates

18) In order to allow discrete contractile events to occur, calcium is rapidly removed from the
cytoplasm via
A) calcium pumps (active transport of calcium).
B) dihydropyridine receptors.
C) ryanodine channels.
D) calcium-sequestering proteins in the cytoplasm.
E) calcium-binding proteins on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

19) Which of the following is not part of the process whereby skeletal muscles relax?
A) Sarcolemmal calcium channels open to allow the efflux of calcium.
B) The binding of calcium to a low-affinity site closes sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
channels.
C) A calcium pump actively removes calcium.
D) The amount of calcium bound to troponin decreases.
E) A myosin-binding site on the actin molecule is blocked by tropomyosin.

20) What enzyme catalyzes the reaction that creates creatine phosphate?
A) creatine phosphatase
B) creatine hydrolase
C) creatine hydrogenase
D) creatine kinase
E) ATP hydrolase

21) Since the creatine phosphorylation reaction is substrate driven, an increase in the
concentration of creatine within a skeletal muscle fiber will directly have what effect?
A) increase creatine phosphate concentration
B) decrease creatine phosphate concentration
C) increase ATP generation
D) decrease creatine kinase activity
E) increase glucose metabolism

22) During intense (heavy) exercise, the initial ability of oxidative phosphorylation to provide
enough ATP for the sudden demand of increased force generation by the skeletal muscle is
________, thereby causing the muscle fiber to quickly and massively boost its energy
production from ________ until oxygen delivery and other mechanisms come up to speed.
A) enhanced : substrate-level phosphorylation
B) inadequate : substrate-level phosphorylation
C) enhanced : fatty acids
D) enhanced : glucose
E) inadequate : fatty acids

23) As the intensity of exercise increases (and the potential gap between energy demand and
creation threatens to widen), the muscles quickly underwrite their escalating energy demands
by augmenting oxidative with substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in the increased
generation of which of the following?
A) lactic acid
B) water from the electron transport chain
C) glucose
D) fatty acid
E) ATP
24) When an action potential is generated within a motor neuron,
A) the muscle cells of the motor unit will occasionally contract.
B) only select muscle cells within the motor unit are stimulated to contract.
C) every muscle cell of the motor unit is stimulated to contract.
D) the muscle cells from a neighboring motor unit will contract.
E) all of the muscle cells within the motor unit are stimulated to relax.

25) Which is the longest phase of a twitch?

A) latent
B) contraction
C) plateau
D) relaxation
E) initial

26) Which of the following is NOT part of the explanation for the all-or-nothing property of
an isometric twitch contraction of skeletal muscle?
A) equivalent calcium reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) equivalent calcium released by each action potential
C) equivalent activation of calmodulin stimulating myosin light-chain kinase activity
D) equal numbers of crossbridges activated by the calcium released
E) all-or-nothing property of the action potential generated by a skeletal muscle

27) Which of the following is a property of isometric skeletal muscle contraction?

A) rapid shortening of the muscle
B) rapid lengthening of the muscle
C) Load is greater than the force generated by the muscle.
D) Load is equal to the force generated by the muscle.
E) Load is less than the force generated by the muscle.

28) Which of the following is a property of isotonic skeletal muscle contraction?

A) There is a slow increase in force with no change in muscle length.
B) There is a rapid increase in force with no change in muscle length.
C) Muscle length will be increased by contraction.
D) Load is greater than the force generated by the muscle.
E) Load is less than the force generated by the muscle.

29) Which of the following best describes an isotonic contraction?

A) When the contractile elements shorten, they lengthen the elastic elements but do not move
the load.
B) When the contractile elements shorten, they create enough force to move the load.
C) When the contractile elements lengthen, they shorten the elastic elements and move the
load.
D) When the contractile elements lengthen, they lengthen the elastic elements but do not
move the load.
E) The contractile elements stay the same length as the elastic elements shorten and move the
load.
30) The speed with which the skeletal muscle generates force is determined primarily by
A) the amount of energy available.
B) the type of myosin and its ATPase present.
C) actin.
D) troponin.
E) tropomyosin.

31) Which of the following is the property of skeletal muscle whereby an increase in the
frequency of action potentials enhances the force developed by the muscle cell?
A) length-tension relationship
B) summation
C) force-velocity relationship
D) external tension
E) internal tension

32) The tension produced during skeletal muscle contraction can be increased by all of the
following EXCEPT
A) recruiting motor units.
B) increasing the frequency of action potentials in the motor neuron innervating the muscle.
C) increasing the frequency of action potentials in the muscle fiber.
D) initiating the contraction when the muscle is at its optimum length.
E) increasing the load on the muscle.

33) Once a skeletal muscle cell begins to shorten during an isotonic twitch contraction,
A) the amount of force generated by the muscle will continue to increase.
B) the amount of force generated by the muscle will start to decrease.
C) the amount of force generated by the muscle will remain constant.
D) the muscle will continue to shorten until the force generated by the muscle stops
increasing.
E) the muscle will stop shortening once the force is greater than the load.

34) Which of the following conditions will result in a skeletal muscle that produces a greater
amount of force?
A) more sarcomeres in series
B) more sarcomeres in parallel
C) fewer myofibrils per muscle cell
D) fewer sarcomeres in parallel
E) fewer sarcomeres in series

35) Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of specific muscle fiber types?
A) Fast glycolytic fibers are the largest diameter fibers.
B) Slow oxidative fibers are the smallest diameter fibers.
C) Slow oxidative fibers are quick to fatigue.
D) Fast glycolytic fibers produce their ATP by glycolysis.
E) Fast oxidative fibers have a high mitochondrial density.
36) As skeletal muscle is further stretched beyond the length where optimum force is
developed,
A) the amount of calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is reduced as length
increases.
B) the thin filaments are pulled away from the thick filaments, thereby reducing actin's ability
to interact with myosin.
C) the thick filaments are pulled away from one another, thereby reducing their ability to
interact with actin.
D) the thick filaments overlap one another, thereby reducing their ability to interact with actin.
E) the thin filaments overlap one another, thereby reducing their ability to interact with
myosin.

37) As the sarcomere length of skeletal muscle is reduced beyond the length where optimum
force is developed,
A) the amount of calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is reduced as length
increases.
B) the thin filaments are pulled away from one another, thereby reducing their ability to
interact with myosin.
C) the thick filaments are pulled away from one another, thereby reducing their ability to
interact with actin.
D) the thick filaments overlap one another, thereby reducing their ability to interact with actin.
E) the thin filaments overlap one another with myosin bumping into the Z-line, thereby
causing the force generated by crossbridges to be exerted on the sarcomere itself rather than
transmitted to the ends of the muscle fiber.

38) In the body, the sarcomere length of skeletal muscle cells is usually
A) much less than optimum length.
B) near optimal.
C) much greater than optimum length.
D) quite variable from one muscle to the next.
E) 3 microns.

39) Which of the following does NOT influence the force generated by an individual muscle
fiber?
A) frequency of stimulation
B) fiber diameter
C) length at onset of contraction
D) recruitment
E) summation

40) What is an increase in the number of active motor units that would increase the force
developed by a skeletal muscle called?
A) recruitment
B) summation
C) treppe
D) tetanus
E) length-tension relationship
41) Contraction of motor units in a(n) ________ manner allows a muscle to maintain a
smooth level of force for a duration of time without fatiguing.
A) synchronous
B) asynchronous
C) asymmetrical
D) symmetrical
E) random

42) Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between motor neuron size,
motor unit size, and order of recruitment?
A) large motor neurons : small motor unit : first to be recruited
B) large motor neurons : small motor unit : last to be recruited
C) large motor neurons : large motor unit : first to be recruited
D) large motor neurons : large motor unit : last to be recruited
E) There is no relationship.

43) A muscle is stimulated at a frequency that allows the muscle to relax completely between
contractions. However, the amount of tension increases with each contraction. What is this
called?
A) twitch
B) summation
C) tetanus
D) recruitment
E) treppe

44) The mechanism responsible for the size principle involves

A) larger motor neurons that innervate the greatest number of muscle cells and reach
threshold easier than smaller neurons.
B) larger sympathetic neurons that contain the greatest number of muscle cells and reach
threshold easier than smaller neurons.
C) smaller sympathetic neurons that contain the least number of muscle cells and reach
threshold easier than larger neurons.
D) smaller motor neurons that innervate the least number of muscle cells and reach threshold
easier than larger neurons.
E) smaller motor units that contain the greatest number of muscle cells and reach threshold
easier than larger neurons.

45) Which of the following is NOT a property of glycolytic fibers as compared to oxidative
fibers?
A) high capacity for lactic acid production
B) fewer capillaries
C) absence of myoglobin
D) poor ability to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
E) readily fatigable
46) What causes some muscle fibers to appear red and dark?
A) greater blood supply
B) presence of myoglobin
C) presence of lots of mitochondria
D) high concentration of actin and myosin
E) presence of myoglobin and lots of mitochondria
47) Which of the following is the correct order of muscle fiber recruitment, from first to last?
A) slow oxidative : fast oxidative : fast glycolytic
B) fast oxidative : fast glycolytic : slow oxidative
C) fast glycolytic : fast oxidative : slow oxidative
D) slow oxidative : fast glycolytic : fast oxidative
E) fast glycolytic : slow oxidative : fast oxidative

48) Which of the following mechanisms does NOT account for the decrease in force
development by muscle cells during sustained force development?
A) Compression of muscle during contraction can reduce blood flow to the muscle.
B) Repeated action potentials along the same neuron can lead to neuromuscular fatigue.
C) The crossbridges can become resistant to ATP.
D) Oxidative fibers can be depleted of glycogen, their primary energy source.
E) Glycolytic fibers produce lactic acid and inhibit enzyme activity with their hydrogen ion.

49) Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of skeletal muscle that would be observed
in response to aerobic training?
A) an increase in mitochondrial density
B) an increase in capillary density
C) an increase in the number of oxidative fibers
D) an increase in the diameter of the skeletal muscle fibers
E) an increase in the concentration of oxidative enzymes

50) Where are gap junctions commonly found?

A) single-unit smooth muscle only
B) multi-unit smooth muscle only
C) cardiac muscle only
D) both single-unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
E) both single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle

51) Which of the following is true of ALL muscle types?

A) They contract by using the sliding filament mechanism and crossbridge cycling.
B) They are striated.
C) They contain T tubules.
D) They contain calmodulin.
E) Recruitment increases the strength of contraction.

52) In smooth muscle, calcium triggers contraction by binding to what protein?

A) troponin
B) myosin light chain kinase
C) myosin light chain
D) calmodulin
E) DHP receptors
53) Calcium binding to calmodulin causes phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase of
what protein in what type of muscle?
A) troponin in skeletal and cardiac muscle only
B) troponin in smooth muscle only
C) actin in cardiac and smooth muscle
D) actin in smooth muscle only
E) myosin in smooth muscle only

54) Which of the following adaptations does NOT generally occur with aerobic exercise?
A) an increase in the number of mitochondria per muscle fiber
B) an increase in the number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
C) a conversion of fast glycolytic fibers to fast oxidative fibers
D) an increase in the blood supply to the muscles
E) an increase in the aerobic capacity of muscle

55) The interaction between actin and myosin in smooth muscle requires
A) the interaction between calcium and troponin to expose the myosin binding site on the
actin molecule.
B) that the calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which
phosphorylates myosin thereby allowing it to bind with actin.
C) the tropomyosin must be moved out of the way by troponin before myosin can bind to
actin.
D) the activation of troponin, which stimulates myosin light-chain kinase to phosphorylate
myosin light chain, allowing myosin to bind with actin.
E) that the calcium-calmodulin complex directly phosphorylates myosin light chain, allowing
myosin to bind to actin.

56) What is the source of variability in the response of smooth muscle cells from different
organs to autonomic nervous activity (some relax to sympathetic nervous output while others
contract)?
A) the amount of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft
B) the duration of neurotransmitter release from the autonomic neurons
C) the neurotransmitter released by the autonomic nervous system
D) the type of receptor present on the effector organ
E) the presynaptic modulation of the autonomic neurons

57) Which of the following could cause a pacemaker potential?

A) spontaneous opening of potassium channels
B) spontaneous closing of calcium channels
C) spontaneous opening of sodium channels
D) spontaneous opening of chloride channels
E) All of the answers are correct.

58) Which of the following contains DHP receptors?

A) motor end plate
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) transverse tubules
D) tendons
E) sarcomeres
59) What region of thick filaments has no overlap with thin filaments?
A) H zone
B) Z line
C) M line
D) I band
E) A band

60) What is the region of thin filaments that has no overlap with thick filaments called?
A) Z line
B) M line
C) H zone
D) A band
E) I band

61) What anchors thin filaments together?

A) M line
B) A band
C) H zone
D) I band
E) Z line

62) What anchors thick filaments together?

A) H zone
B) M line
C) I band
D) A band
E) Z line

63) Which protein binds calcium in smooth muscle cells?

A) troponin
B) myosin light-chain kinase
C) calmodulin
D) tropomyosin
E) titin

64) What binds calcium in skeletal muscle cells?

A) tropomyosin
B) myosin light-chain kinase
C) troponin
D) calmodulin
E) titin

65) What are the elastic fibers that anchor thick filaments in place?
A) troponin
B) myosin light-chain kinase
C) calmodulin
D) titin
E) tropomyosin
66) What is the enzyme that modulates the ability of myosin to bind actin in smooth muscle?
A) troponin
B) tropomyosin
C) myosin light-chain kinase
D) calmodulin
E) titin

67) Which type of skeletal muscle fiber contains a high concentration of mitochondria?
A) slow
B) fermentative
C) oxidative
D) glycolytic
E) fast

68) Which type of skeletal muscle fiber contains high shortening velocities?
A) slow
B) fast
C) fermentative
D) oxidative
E) glycolytic

69) Which type of skeletal muscle fiber fatigues rapidly?

A) slow
B) fast
C) isotonic
D) oxidative
E) glycolytic

70) Which type of skeletal muscle fiber contains myoglobin?

A) slow
B) glycolytic
C) oxidative
D) fermentative
E) fast

71) Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is white muscle?

A) fermentative
B) glycolytic
C) slow
D) fast
E) oxidative

72) Which muscle type contains actin and myosin?

A) smooth and cardiac muscle only
B) skeletal muscle only
C) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)
D) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
E) skeletal and smooth muscle only
73) Which muscle type contracts by the sliding-filament mechanism?
A) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
B) skeletal muscle only
C) skeletal and smooth muscle only
D) smooth and cardiac muscle only
E) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)

74) Calcium binds to calmodulin where?

A) skeletal and smooth muscle only
B) smooth and cardiac muscle only
C) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
D) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)
E) skeletal muscle only

75) Some muscle cells have pacemaker activity. These include

A) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit).
B) skeletal muscle only.
C) skeletal and smooth muscle only.
D) smooth and cardiac muscle only.
E) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

76) Which muscles are innervated by autonomic nervous system?

A) skeletal muscle only
B) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)
C) smooth and cardiac muscle only
D) skeletal and smooth muscle only
E) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

77) Gap junctions are present between which cells?

A) smooth and cardiac muscle only
B) skeletal and smooth muscle only
C) skeletal muscle only
D) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
E) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)

78) Calcium for contraction comes entirely from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in which of the
following?
A) skeletal muscle only
B) smooth and cardiac muscle only
C) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
D) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)
E) skeletal and smooth muscle only

79) In which muscle type do thick and thin filaments organize into sarcomeres?
A) skeletal and cardiac muscle only
B) skeletal and smooth muscle only
C) smooth muscle only (single-unit or multi-unit)
D) skeletal muscle only
E) smooth and cardiac muscle only
 Figure 12.1

80) What is the structure indicated by the number 1 in Figure 12.1 and what is its functional
significance
A) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
B) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens
C) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin
D) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together
E) M line : where the tails of the myosin molecules are bound to one another

81) What is the structure indicated by the number 2 in Figure 12.1 and what is its functional
significance?
A) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens
B) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
C) M line : where the tails of the myosin molecules are bound to one another
D) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together
E) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin

82) What is the structure indicated by the number 3 in Figure 12.1 and what is its functional
significance?
A) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin
B) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together
C) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
D) M line : where the tails of the myosin molecules are bound to one another
E) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens

83) What is the structure indicated by the number 4 in Figure 12.1 and what is its functional
significance?
A) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
B) M line : where the tails of the myosin molecules are bound to one another
C) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin
D) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens
E) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together
84) What is the structure indicated by the number 5 in Figure 12.1 and what its functional
significance?
A) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin
B) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
C) M line : where the tails of the myosin molecules are bound to one another
D) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens
E) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together

85) What is the structure indicated by the number 6 in Figure 12.1 and what is its functional
significance?
A) H zone : area of myosin not overlapped by actin
B) A band : length of myosin attached to an M line
C) I band : area of actin not having a crossbridge
D) Z line : anchors the thin filaments together
E) sarcomere : the functional unit of muscle contraction whose length is changed as a muscle
shortens and lengthens

86) Which structure(s) in Figure 12.1 would be altered by muscle shortening?

A) 2, 3, and 6
B) 4, 5, and 6
C) 1, 2, and 4
D) 3, 5, and 6
E) 1, 3, and 5

87) The continuation of the sarcolemma that penetrates the interior of the muscle fiber and
thereby facilitates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is called what?
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) actin
C) troponin
D) tropomyosin
E) transverse tubule

88) What is the protein component of the thin filament that blocks the myosin-binding site on
the actin monomer?
A) transverse tubule
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) troponin
D) tropomyosin
E) actin

89) Troponin is a complex of three proteins that bind to tropomyosin, calcium, and
A) transverse tubule.
B) troponin.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) tropomyosin.
E) actin.
90) Calcium is stored in what region of skeletal muscle cells?
A) transverse tubule
B) actin
C) tropomyosin
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum
E) troponin

91) The three proteins found to make up the thin filaments are actin, tropomyosin, and
A) transverse tubule.
B) troponin.
C) tropomyosin.
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E) actin.

92) Heavy intensity exercise generates what byproduct that contributes to fatigue?
A) lactic acid
B) pyruvic acid
C) C
D) fatty acids
E) glycogen

93) What are the three types of muscle fibers that are found in all skeletal muscles?
A) fast oxidative, slow glycolytic, and fast glycolytic
B) slow oxidative, slow glycolytic, and fast glycolytic
C) slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic
D) slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and slow glycolytic
E) fast oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic

94) In smooth muscle, calcium binds to calmodulin and then activates the enzyme
A) myosin light-chain phosphatase.
B) tyrosine kinase.
C) myosin light-chain kinase.
D) adenylate cyclase.
E) calmodulin ATPase.

95) The decreased ability of a muscle to maintain a constant force of contraction during
repetitive stimulation is called what?
A) O2 depletion
B) fatigue
C) wasting
D) tetanus
E) treppe

96) In smooth muscle, the structures analogous to Z lines in skeletal muscle are called
A) S lines.
B) gap junctions.
C) intercalated disks.
D) MLCK.
E) dense bodies.