1 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحیم‬

In the name of God

Electrical machinery 3
Session 10
(Physical concept of synchronous machine
operation)

Mohammad Ali Shafiezadeh

‫محمد علی شفیع زاده‬
‫محمد علي شفيع زاده‬
 2 Physical concept of
synchronous machine operation

In a well-designed synchronous machine:

ra ≈ 0
ra + jXal ≈ 0
Xal ≈ 0

Er = Vt + raIa +j XalIa Er = Vt = cte

Er Vt
Φr = = = cte
√2 π f kwNph √2 π f kwNph

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 3
No load
In no load situation:
Ia=0 , Fa = 0
< Ff , Fr = < δrf = 0
Ff = Fr , Ef = Er

In this case, the machine is neither a generator nor a

motor!
Synchronous machine at no load floats on the infinite bus.
In the case of motor or generator operation, the direction
of Φr does not change and the bus voltage (Vt) remains
constant.
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 4
Generator state
The field poles are ahead of
the air gap flux (Φr).
𝜋
Te = P2Frϕrsinδrf
𝟖
If Te will be equal to torque,
the generator operates in
steady state.

Fr = Ff + Fa
In the generator mode, Ia is
in-phase with Fa and is in
the Vt direction.

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 5
Motor state
When the field poles are
behind the air gap flux , the
machine work as a motor.
As the load on the machine
axis increases, the field poles
in space slide backward
relative to the air gap flux.
In the motor state, Ia has a
in- phase component with
the minus Ef or minus Vt

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 6 Load angle- power
characteristic

ab = Ff sin δrf = Fa cos θ = C Ia cos θ

Ef = K Ff , CK = Xar = Xs
Vt Ff VE VE
P = VtIa cos θ = sin δrf = t f sin δrf = t f sin δrf
C CK Xs
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 7
Flowed reactive power
The reactive power
flowing in the armature
can be controlled by
changing the excitation
(or field) current.

Fr = ob+bc = Ff cos δrf + Fa sin θ

Fr = Ff cos δrf + CIa sin θ
VtFf VF
cos δrf + VtIa sin θ = t r
C C
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 8 Vector diagram
of motor

generator motor motor

Ef = Vt+(ra+jXs)Ia Ef = Vt - (ra+jXs)Ia
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 9 Status of Ef & Vt
vectors
In a generator, the Ef vector is always ahead of the Vt
vector, just as the field poles are ahead of ϕr.

In a motor, the Ef vector is always behind of the Vt

vector, just as the field poles are behind ϕr.

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 10 Vector diagram
of motor
Ef2 = (Vtcosθ - raIa)2+(Vtsinθ - IaXs)2

Ef2 = (Vt - raIa)2+(IaXs)2

lag: 0<cos θ<1

cos θ =1 lead: 0<cos θ<1

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Ef2 = (Vtcosθ - raIa)2+(Vtsinθ + IaXs)2
 11
Working characteristics
of generators
(constant excitation and velocity)

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 12 Working characteristics
of generators (constant voltage)

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 13
The end

The end of
th
10 session

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