Animal and Plant Development

FOUR KEY PROCESSES UNDERLIE DEVELOPMENT

The developmental changes an organism undergoes as it progresses from an embryo to mature adulthood involve
four processes:

❖ Determination sets the developmental fate of a cell—what type of cell it will become

—even before any characteristics of that cell type are observable. For example, in a developing mammalian embryo,
as well as in some adult organs, there are mesenchymal stem cells that look unspecialized. But their fate to become
muscle, fat, tendon, or other connective tissue cells has already been determined.

❖ Differentiation is the process by which different types of cells arise from less specialized cells, leading to cells with
specific structures and functions. For example, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become the cells listed
above.

❖ Morphogenesis (Greek for “origin of form”) is the organization and spatial distribution
of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs. Morphogenesis can occur by cell division, cell
expansion (especially in plants), cell movements, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

❖ Growth is the increase in size of the body and its organs by cell division and cell expansion. Growth can occur by an increase in
the number of cells or by the enlargement of existing cells. Growth continues throughout the individual’s life in some
organisms but reaches a more or less stable end point in others.
 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring. Provided all organs are present, normally
constructed, and functioning properly, the essential features of human reproduction are:
(1) liberation of an ovum, or egg, at a specific time in the reproductive cycle,
(2) internal fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa, or sperm cells,
(3) transport of the fertilized ovum to the uterus, or womb,
(4) implantation of the blastocyst, the early embryo developed from the fertilized ovum, in the
wall of the uterus,
(5) formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn child during the entire period of
gestation,
(6) birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta, and
(7) suckling and care of the child, with an eventual return of the maternal organs to virtually their
original state.

Double Fertilization of Flowering Plants

NUTRITION

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

 define nutrient and cite the nutritional requirements of plants and animals
•
 enumerate and describe the main stages of food processing;
•
 describe the organs involved in food processing in the human digestive system andtheir roles;
•
 summarize the mechanisms of digestion, absorption, and delivery of nutrients intocells;

Definition of Terms
1. Nutrient 12. Fats

2. Autotrophs 13. Amino acids

3.Heterotrophs 14. Fatty acids

4. Symplast route 15. Phagocytosis

5. Apoplasts route 16. Pinocytosis

6. Root hairs 17. Digestive system

7. Root nodules 18. Endocytosis

8. Mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza) 19. Ingestion2

9. Calorie 0. Digestion

10. Carbohydrates 21. Absorption

11. Proteins 22. Elimination

https://www.scribd.com/document/494886981/General-Biology-2-Quarter-2-Module-2-VER-4