COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION

Social Science Discipline Social Science Discipline

2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118 Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcome (ULO) Essential Knowledge

At the end of the unit you are expected to:
A. Examine different kinds of social groups that determine sources and effects.
B. Evaluate knowledge about culture and take precautions in understanding its
value to society and self.
C. Analyze the cognitive development of a person and examine its essence in
every theory presented.
Sociological View of Self
Sociology posited that socially formed norms, beliefs, and values come to exist
within the person to a degree where these become natural and normal (Elwell,
2003); Thus, developing the person’s self-identity.

BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS! A. Modernization

A. Examine different kinds of social groups that determine sources and effects.
Modernization has significantly changed society, and this affected how an individual
build and develops his or her self-identity.

Pre-modern society was centered on survival. People behaved according to social

Metalanguage
Sociology – the study of human interaction in the society
Modernization –the process of social change whereby less developed societies
acquires characteristics common to more developed societies.
Capitalism - a production system involving both competitive product markets and
the commodification (putting a price tag) of labor power.
Institutions of surveillance – the massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government.
Dynamism – this is the most evident characteristic of a modern society. Dynamism
is characterized as having vigorous activity and progress.
Organic group- is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your family.
Rational group- occur in modern societies.
Me- the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and with
the environment.
“I”- Is unsocialized and spontaneous.
rules and traditions, while the family and the immediate environment provided
supervision on how to get through life. Choosing where to live, what line of work to
do, and even who to marry was very limited.
Modernization, however, improved the people’s living conditions. A person in the
modern society is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with.
However, stability also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems such
as the family decreased in importance. In modern societies, individualism is
dominant and developing one’s self-identity is central.
B. Key characteristics of modernity
According to Giddens (1991), the most patent, major characteristics of modernity
are:
Industrialism - this refers to the social relations implied in the extensive use of
material power and machinery in all processes of production.
Capitalism - a production system involving both competitive product markets and the
commodification (putting a price tag) of labor power.
Institutions of surveillance – the massive increase of power and reach by institutions,
especially in government.
Dynamism – this is the most evident characteristic of a modern society. Dynamism is
characterized as having vigorous activity and progress. In a modern society, life is
not a predetermined path with limited options based on location, family or gender: it
is a society full of possibilities. Everything is subject to change, and changes happen
much more rapidly than ever before in human history.

C. Organic and Rational social groups

An organic group is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your

family. Sociologist George Simmel stated that you join these groups because your
family is also a part of it, in the first place. He called it organic motivation. Simmel
noted that the positive effect of organic groups is rootedness. This means the
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 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118 Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

foundation of the social network runs deep, thus giving the person a sense of
belongingness. The downside however is that organic groups imply less freedom
and greater social conformity. BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!
B. Evaluate knowledge about culture and take precautions in understanding its
Rational groups occur in modern societies. Rational groups are formed as a matter value to society and self.
of shared self-interests. Moreover, people join these groups out of their own free will.
Simmel called this rational motivation. Rational groups imply greater freedom,
especially the freedom of movement. However, relationships based on self-interest
are not as embedded as organic relationships. Interests change and when they do, Metalanguage
group members change. The relationship between rational social networks is
tenuous and the person feels no meaningful connection with others.
Explicit self - the aspects of the self that you are consciously aware of.
D. George Herbert Mead’s Theory
Implicit aspect - those that are not immediately available to the consciousness.
a. Sociologist of 1800s
b. Work: Theory of Social Self Construal- is an interpretation of the meaning of something; hence in this sense, the
c. Self meaning of “self”.
i. Product of social interactions and internalizing the external i.e.,
other people’s view along with one’s personal view about Individualistic culture- represents the self as separate, distinct, with emphasis on
oneself. internal attributes traits, skills, and values.
d. Stages of Self Development
i. Language
1. One expresses himself and comprehend what other Essential Knowledge
people are conveying.
ii. Play (Role-play)
1. Assume the perspective of others.
Anthropological View of Self
iii. Game Katherine Ewing (1990) described the self as encompassing the “physical
1. Account societal rules organism, possessing psychological functioning and social attributes”. This definition
E. George Herbert Mead portrayed the “self” as implicitly and explicitly existing in the mind comprised of
a. Interactive facets of the self psychological, biological, and cultural processes.
i. Me
Neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux (2002) conceptualized the implicit and explicit
• Product of the person has learned while interacting with
others and with the environment. aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012). The aspects of the self that you are consciously
• Comprised by learned behaviors, attitudes, and aware of are the explicit self; while those that are not immediately available to the
expectations. consciousness is the implicit aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous
• Exercises social control over self. psychologist Sigmund Freud’s “level of consciousness”.
• Sees to it that rules are not broken.
• Unsocialized and spontaneous A. The Self Embedded in Culture
• Presents impulses and drives.
How individuals see themselves, how they relate to other people, and how they
• Does not blindly follow rules. relate to the environment is deeply defined by culture.
• It understands when to possibly stretch the rules that
If one finds the view that the “self” is a product of society, then it is plausible that the
govern social interactions.
• Constructs response based on what has been learned by ways of how the self is developed are bound to cultural differences as well.
the me.
• Construal is an interpretation of the meaning of something; hence in this
sense, the meaning of “self”.

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 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118 Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

• individualistic culture represents the self as separate, distinct, with emphasis

on internal attributes traits, skills, and values. BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS!
C. Analyze the cognitive development of a person and examine its essence in
B. Catherine Raeff views about culture every theory presented.

According to Developmental Psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010), culture can

influence how you view: Metalanguage
1.Relationships

Culture influences how you enter and maintain relationships.

Psychology - deals with the human brain pertaining to its consciousness, memory,
2. Personality traits reasoning, language, personality, and mental health.

Culture influences whether (and how) you value traits like humility, self- Cognitive -conscious intellectual activity.
esteem, politeness, assertiveness, etc.; as well as how you perceive hardship or how Real self -is the person you are.
you feel about relying on others. False self -is the product of early experience.
3. Achievement True self -flourishes in infancy if the mother is positively responsive to the child’s
spontaneous expressions.
Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain I-self -is the pure ego.
types of individual and group achievements.
me-self-is the self that is the object.
4. Expressing emotions Material – physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate
family, and home
Culture influences what will affect you emotionally as well as how you express
yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private. Social – social skills and significant interpersonal relationships
Spiritual - personality, character, defining values.
Trait (Allport theory)- is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and
sticks with you all your life.
Self-Help Parent ego state- is the voice of authority.
Adult ego state -is the rational person.
You can also refer to the sources below to help your further understand Natural child- who loves to play but is sensitive and vulnerable.
the lesson: Little Professor- is the curious child who wants to try everything.
Adaptive child- is the one who reacts to the world.

Otig, et al (2018). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing Experiential self -as the theater of consciousness
House. private self-conscious can be described as the narrator or interpreter.
public self- or persona is the image you project to the public.
Kottak, Conrad, Philip (2015). Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity.
McGraw

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 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118 Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

Essential Knowledge

Psychological View of Self

People have misconception of a human development, to the extent that they
give less importance to cognitive development. Psychologists provide some theory
that may serve as our bases in understanding the complexity of human existence
especially to our development in all aspects, its effect and importance.

A. The Self as A Cognitive Construction

• Psychology
• Deals with the human brain pertaining to its consciousness,
memory, reasoning, language, personality, and mental health.
• Cognitive
• Conscious intellectual activity e.g., thinking, reasoning, and
remembering.
• Natural for Self to form theory about himself and a single entity
and as a group and to make meaning of one’s existence and
experience.

B. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget
• 1896-1980 C. Harter’s Self-Development Concept
• Swiss Clinical Psychologist
• Known for his pioneering work in child development. The development of self-concept according to Harter is as follows:
• Theory of Cognitive Development • Early childhood - the child described the “self” in terms of concrete,
• Development of human intelligence observable characteristics such as physical attributes, material possessions
• How humans acquire, construct, and use knowledge and preferences.
(Torres and Ash, 2007) • Middle to later childhood - the self was described in terms of trait like
• Progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from constructs that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills
biological maturation and environmental experience. characteristic of logical thought development.
• Children construct an understanding of the world around them, • Adolescence – according to Harter, this is the emergence of a more abstract
experience inconsistencies between what they already know self-definitions such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives.
and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust • Emerging adults – the marked characteristic of “self” for emerging adults is
their ideas accordingly (McLeod, 2009) having a vision of a “possible self”. It is the “age of possibilities”.

D. William James and The Me-Self; I-Self

• I-self is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the “self” that is aware of its
own actions.
• me-self is the self that is the object. It is the “self” that you can describe such
has your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships,
thoughts, feelings.
The dimensions of the me-self include:

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 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City 2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118 Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

• Material – physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing,

immediate family, and home • Every person has three parts called “ego states” in his or her personality.
• People communicate with each other assuming roles of any these ego states.
• Social – social skills and significant interpersonal relationships Berne presented the ego states as:

• Spiritual - personality, character, defining values. • Parent

• Adult
E. Carl Ransom Rogers humanistic Approach • Child
was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic The Parent ego state is the voice of authority. It could be a comforting
approach to psychology? “nurturing parent” voice or a “controlling/critical parent” that tells what you should or
should not do.
Ideal Self vs. Real Self • The Adult ego state is the rational person. It is the voice that speaks
The ideal self could include: reasonably and knows how to assert himself or herself.
– Notions influenced by your parents. • There are 3 Child ego states. First is the natural child who loves to play but is
– What you admire in others sensitive and vulnerable. The Little Professor is the curious child who wants to
– What the society sees as acceptable try everything. The Adaptive child is the one who reacts to the world.
– What you think is in your best interest.
H. Gregg Henriques domains of Self
The real self is the person you are. It is how you behave right now of a
situation. It is who you are, how you think, feel, or act at present. Domains of the Self
The Importance of Alignment Gregg Henriques PhD proposed that the human self has three related, but
• When there is a great inconsistency between your ideal and real selves or if separable, domains.
the way you are is not aligned with what you want to be, then you experience • These domains are:
a state Rogers called incongruence. 1. Experiential self
• He added that incongruence could lead to maladjustment. 2. Private self-conscious
The Unity of Consciousness 3. Public self/persona
Immanuel Kant’s “unity of consciousness” that can be described as “I am conscious
not only of single experiences but of a great many experiences at the same time. • described the “experiential self” as the theater of consciousness because it is
The same is true of actions; I can do and be conscious of doing a number of actions the first to experience its beingness (the state or fact of existing).
at the same time.” • The “private self-conscious” can be described as the narrator or interpreter.
• The “public self or persona” is the image you project to the public.
F. Allport’s Personality Theory
I. True vs False Selves
• Gordon Allport proposed his “Personality Trait Theory” claiming that every
person possesses traits. False self is the product of early experience. It is a defensive organization formed by
• According to him, a “trait” is your essential characteristic that never, ever the infant because of inadequate mothering or failures in empathy.
changes and sticks with you all your life. Healthy false self - when the person has false self but can still function both
as an individual and in the society.
G. Eric Berne Transactional Analysis model
Unhealthy false self - an individual who may seem happy and comfortable in his or
The Ego States her environment but feels forced to fit in and constantly needs to adjust his or her
behavior to adapt to the social situation is said to have an unhealthy false self.

In 1960 psychiatrist Eric Berne began to develop his Transactional Analysis model • True self flourishes in infancy if the mother is positively responsive to the
as basis for understanding behavior. Transactional Analysis is anchored on two child’s spontaneous expressions.
notions:

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 COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Social Science Discipline
2/F DPT Bldg., Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone: (082) 3050647 Local 118

Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help your further understand
the lesson:

Otig, et al (2018):A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing

House.

Let’s Analyze!
Instruction: Make a graphic organizer of the theory that explains your traits,
behavior as an individual in connection to psychological views of self.

Traits/Behavior/Mannerism Explanation

Theory of Cognitive Development

In a Nutshell
Journal # 4
Instruction: Draw or present a picture or an object that best represents yourself in
all aspects of life. Make a brief explanation of why you chose such objects/ pictures.

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