REVIEWER STS

Intellectual Revolutions – the period was society transformed from their perceptions and beliefs
by science and technology.

Geocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Earth as the center of the solar system

Heliocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Sun as the center of the solar system.

Theory of Evolution – posited that the population passed through a process of Natural selection
in which only the fittest would survive.

Psychoanalysis – is the study that explains human behavior.

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION - In the early time, people questioned what created days and
nights. Wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. Thus,
many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets to explain the movement of
celestial bodies and their effects on They The world.
Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician, and astronomer in the 16 th century Introduced
heliocentrism. It suggested that the center of the solar system was not the Earth but the Sun in
contrast from Claudius Ptolemy’s model of geocentrism, which was widely accepted by the
people and the church.

Ptolemy’s model Earth-centered, or geocentric

Ptolemy thought that a celestial objects- including the planets, fun. Moen, and stars orbic Earth,
earth, in the center of the universe, did not move at all.

Copernicus’ model: “Sun-centered, or heliocentric

Copernicus thought that the planets orbited the bun, and that the Moon orbited earth, the sun, m
the center of the universe, did not move, nor did the star
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION - This intellectual revolution was considered to be one of the
most controversial of its time. Charles Darwin (Naturalist, biologist, and geologist) in 1859
published his book “On the Origin of Species” introduced the “theory of evolution’. – He stated
that organisms could adapt to their environment and would Gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to Survive, which he called “evolution.”

The crux of Darwin's Theory of Evolution - focuses on the elimination of inferior species
gradually over time, through a process called “Natural Selection’.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud - explained that many conscious and unconscious
factors could influence behavior and emotions. He argued that one’s personality is a product of
id, ego, and superego.
Despite criticisms, He continued refining his theory and, in fact, tried to explain how
psychoanalysis can be a clinical method for treating some mental disorders, which eventually
resulted in classifying psychology as a Science.
Id: Instincts
Ego: Reality
Superego: Morality
Fraud (1929) later developed a more structural model of The mind id, ego and superego These
are not physical Areas within the brain, but rather hypothetical Conceptualizations of important
mental functions
These revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that transformed and
molded societies and beliefs. It brought changes to the perspectives and perceptions of the
scientific community and the public. Through research and experiments, people will continue to
deepen their understanding of the world and the universe.

Colonization – it is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the
indigenous people of an area or the effect of appropriating a place or domain for one’s use.

Pre-Colonial -occurring or existing before the beginning of colonial rule

The colonial period - was the period in a country’s history when it was subject to Administration
by a colonial power.

Post-Colonial – it is the aftermath of colonization.

Principalia class – The Principalía or noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper class
in the towns of Spanish Philippines, comprising the gobernadorcillo (who Had functions similar
to a town mayor), and the Cabezas de barangay (heads of the Barangays) who governed the
districts.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD - The Philippines started its scientific and technological

development began at this period. Early Filipino settlers were already using specific plants and
herbs as medicines. There is an implementation of the systems of farming and animal-raising. It
also includes the development of different modes of transportation this time.
The rice terraces were the most magnificent complicated engineering structures achieved by the
early Filipinos in Cordillera. At present it’s still functional, and it shows the natives innovative
and ingenious way to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment

COLONIAL PERIOD - Spaniards Colonization (1521-1898) – The Philippines were claimed in

the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer Sailing for Spain, who
named the islands after King Philip II of Spain. The construction of extensive infrastructures
such as walls, roads, bridges is used by engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
The Spanish government also developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the
principalia class.
American Colonization (1898-1946)-American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life
in the Philippines. They established a government the agency, the Bureau of Science, to nurture
development in the field of science and technology.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD the Philippines under different leaderships or administrations

pursue programs in science and technology. However, one of the presidents who ushered in
advancements in science and technology and who saw that the key to nation-building is through
science and technology was Ferdinand Marcos.

Marcos Era – He amended the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV. Section 9 (1), he
declared that the “advancement of science and technology should have priority in the national
development. Many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthen that
includes PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration)
in place of Weather Bureau and the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
 which reconstituted to National Science and Technology Authority presently known as DOST
(Department of Science and Technology).
Roads, bridges, power plants, schools, and hospitals are the most relevant development in his
time. The progress in science and technology continued even after the dictatorial rule, and the
presidents after him left their legacies,