Shewhart Control Charts

P Chart: Formulas
 P Chart Formula (Variable)
Data Calculation Legend + Chart
Defects (np) Sample Size (n) P σ 𝑛𝑝 = 1268 σ 𝑛𝑝 np = number of defectives per sub group (per row)
σ 𝑛 = 1893 CL = pത =
58 80 0.725 𝑛 n = sample size per sub group (per row)
60 94 0.638 σ 𝑛𝑝 1268
pത = = = 0.6698362388 P = defects divided by sample size (percentage: np/n)
68 85 0.800 𝑛 1893
62 95 0.653 σ 𝑛𝑝 = sum of defects σ 𝑛 = sum of sample size
* Since the sample size (n) changes at each subgroup (per row), you
60 86 0.698
will have to calculate the UCL and LCL for each data point. This k = number of sub groups
72 103 0.679 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ
example will just use the first row where the defect is 58 and
58 82 0.707 sample size (n) is 80.
UCL = upper control limit (തp + (3 ∗ )
𝑛
64 109 0.587 CL = center line (Mean)
66 103 0.641 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ
UCL = pത + (3 ∗ ) LCL = lower control limit (തp − (3 ∗ )
𝑛
56 89 0.629 𝑛
64 90 0.711 0.669… ∗ (1 − 0.669… )
= 0.669… + (3 ∗ )
80
68 100 0.680
62 110 0.564 = 0.669… + (3 ∗ 0.05257799587) P Chart
70 99 0.707 = 0.669… + (0.1577339876) 100%
64 103 0.621 90% UCL
= 0.8275702264 (0.828 to 3.d.p) 82.8% 0.828
0.823
0.815
0.822 0.826 0.819 0.819
0.811 0.812
0.815
0.804
0.811 0.828

58 94 0.617 80% 0.807 0.805 0.809 0.804 0.809 0.830

Percentage of defectives
68 78 0.872 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ 70% CL 0.670
LCL = pത − (3 ∗ )
64 110 0.582 𝑛
60%
66 100 0.660 0.669… ∗ (1 − 0.669… ) 0.512
= 0.669… − (3 ∗ )
0.535
50% 0.517 0.525 0.518
0.533
0.514
0.535 0.531
0.520 0.521 0.529
0.535 0.528 0.531 0.524
0.510
0.529
0.512

60 80 0.750 80 LCL
40%
Total (σ 𝒏) 1893 = 0.669… − (3 ∗ 0.05257799587) 30%
σ 𝒏𝒑 1268 = 0.669… − (0.1577339876) 20%
= 0.5121022512 (0.512 to 3.d.p) 51.2% 10%
0%
CL = 0.67 (to 2.d.p) 67% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Day

Plot the Percentage, CL, UCL and LCL as seen on the chart
 P Chart Formula (Constant)
Data Calculation Legend + Chart
Defects (np) Sample Size (n) P σ 𝑛𝑝 = 1268 σ 𝑛𝑝 np = number of defectives per sub group (per row)
𝑘 = 20 CL = pത =
58 100 0.58 𝑘 k = number of sub groups (per row)
60 100 0.6 σ 𝑛𝑝 1268 63.4
pത = = = 63.4 , convert to fraction: = 0.634 P = defects divided by sample size (percentage: np/k)
68 100 0.68 𝑘 20 100
62 100 0.62 σ 𝑛𝑝 = sum of defects
* Since the sample size (n) is constant at each subgroup (per row)
60 100 0.6
you won’t have to calculate the UCL and LCL for all data points. k = number of sub groups
72 100 0.72 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ
58 100 0.58 UCL = upper control limit (തp + (3 ∗ )
𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ 𝑘
64 100 0.64 UCL = pത + (3 ∗ ) CL = center line (Mean)
𝑘
66 100 0.66 𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ
= 0.634 + (3 ∗
0.634 ∗ (1 − 0.634)
) LCL = lower control limit (തp − (3 ∗ )
56 100 0.56
100 𝑘
64 100 0.64
= 0.634 + (3 ∗ 0.0481709456)
68 100 0.68
62 100 0.62 = 0.634 + (0.1445128368) P Chart
70 100 0.7 90%
= 0.7785128368 (0.779 to 3.d.p) 77.9%
64 100 0.64 80% UCL 0.779
58 100 0.58

Percentage of defectives
𝑝ҧ ∗ (1 − 𝑝)ҧ 70%
68 100 0.68 LCL = pത − (3 ∗ ) CL 0.634
𝑛
60%
64 100 0.64 0.634 ∗ (1 − 0.634)
66 100 0.66
= 0.634 − (3 ∗ ) 50% LCL 0.489
100
40%
60 100 0.6 = 0.634 − (3 ∗ 0.0481709456)
Total (σ 𝒏) 1893 30%
= 0.634 − (0.1445128368)
σ 𝒏𝒑 1268 20%
= 0.4894871632 (0.489 to 3.d.p) 48.9%
10%
0%
CL = 0.634, (63.4%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Day

Plot the Percentage, CL, UCL and LCL as seen on the chart