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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

EiABC, AAU
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

March, 2022
Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

Acknowledgment

First, I would like to thank Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building


Construction and City development (EiABC) and the respective design chair for
preparing and putting forth this architectural trip to show case different locally
available institute, to help us grasp the idea of each project areas.

I would express my appreciation to our teachers for chaperoning the trip, and
for putting forward checklists to pay attention to, both during the trip and on our
report.

I would also like to extend my gratitude for the different stuff member we met
along our trips like, the it director at hope university college, Ato Tesfa
(Administrator of Addis Ababa exhibition center), and generally who ever helped
facilitate our site visit.
Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

ABSTRACT

This report contains the Early stage of the project. The project I have chosen is a
convention center. The report begins by stating international standards and
definition of a convention center and goes on to discuss local and international
case studies on the matter.
Later on, the report demonstrates and describe the site using maps and diagrams.
Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 2


1.2. Descriptions of the project.......................................................................2
1.3 Project aim........................................................................................................2
1.4 Project objectives .......................................................................................... 2
2.0 Literature Review ...................................................................................3
2.1 Definitions........................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Standards on...................................................................................................3
3.0. CASESTUDY .............................................................................................. 5
3.1. Local Case study............................................................................................5
3.1.2. EDUCATIONAL CENTER : Hope University College (Local
case study)............................................................................................................... 5
3.1.2. CONVENTION CENTER : Oromia cultural center (local CASE
STUDY)....................................................................................................................12
3.1.3. SPORTS CLUB : Juventus sports club........................................... 16
3.2. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY........................................................... 21

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

1. THE PROJECT

1.2. Descriptions of the project

The project is a convention center located at Meskel square. The project lays on a
site where the Addis Ababa exhibition center and Juventus sports center is found.

1.3 Project aim

The project aims at enhancing and activating the current exhibition center, by
creating a link to the immediate environment, and create a functional iconic
center.

1.4 Project objectives

 Enhance and Activating the current exhibition center


 Create link to the immediate environment
 Create a functional and iconic center

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Definitions

A convention center (American English; or conference centre in Commonwealth


English)[1] is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where
individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests.
Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to accommodate several
thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for major trade shows, are
sometimes known as exhibition halls. Convention centers typically have at least
one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms,
and conference rooms. Some large resort area hotels include a convention center.

2.2 Standards on

2.2.1 Structure (Long span)

Long span structures are Buildings that create unobstructed, column-free


spaces greater than 30 m (100 feet) for a variety of functions / activities
Examples of relevant activities:
• …where visibility is important: i.e. auditoriums and covered stadiums
• …where flexibility is important: i.e. exhibition halls and certain type of
manufacturing facilities
• …where large movable objects are housed: i.e. aircraft hangar

Image 1 : Louisiana Super dome

* Louisiana Super dome, Longest span dome : 680ft = 210m clear span; 252ft

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

Upper limits of span for previously mentioned categories: • Largest covered


stadium =210 m span • Largest exhibition hall = 216 m span • Largest hangar =
75-80 m span (to fit largest commercial fixed-wing aircraft with a wingspread of
69,4 m)

Material used for long-span structures (1):

• All reinforced concrete (RC) including precast


• All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel, stainless steel or alloyed
aluminium)
• All timber
• Laminated timber
• Metal + RC (combined)
• Plastic coated textile material (fabric) – for roofing / cladding
• Fiber reinforced plastic – for roofing / cladding

Each of previous materials is applicable up to a certain value of the (long)


span • Steel is the MAJOR material for long-span structures, allowing for the
maximum spans to be reached • The frequent use of steel is due to its advantages:
i.e. light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication, ease of
erection and convenient cost.

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

3.0. CASESTUDY

3.1. Local Case study

3.1.2. EDUCATIONAL CENTER : Hope University College (Local

case study)

 MY EXPECTATION OF THE SITE AND THE PROGRAM

I haven’t originally had much information about the “hope university college”
other than the fact that it’s a private school that teaches Architecture. I’ve never
heard of the campus’s architectural experimentation, or features so my
expectation of the campus was more of a basic 4 or 5 story building, each floor
consisting of a row of four walled spaces of may be varying areas along side a
single corridor/ balcony.

So my first instinct when we were told to do a site visit there, and perform a case
study, was “may be the school really has more experience to offer than
merely class rooms”.

 THE WAY THERE : ON DIFFERNT POV

Coming from the other end of the city, Jemmo (location of the site) was definitely
a distant place for me. But it also some how made sense, as the campus ground
covered a very large area. We weren’t able to enter the campus the first day we
went there, due to paper formality, but we were able to have a first glance form
the gate. And also spent the day trying to capture the essence of the outside
environment.

The road, from the main street to the college, isn’t paved and has almost no
vegetation coverage which made it very dusty and warm. But nevertheless the
fact that the college is found a walking distance away the busy street, did provide
a break from the chaos an sound pollution.

Program wise: the surrounding has a stationary, shops and few options of places
to eat in a very close proximity (and so much more along the main road).

The cafe, immediate to the college, has a wide space and appealing interior. Here,
I’ve observed how students would come in groups and hold discussions; while

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some come by themselves (individually) and do school work; and others use it as
a hangout spot.

Before we reach the gate there are a row of trees the make a line starting from
around 50m away from the gate. These trees make a sort of buffer zone between
the road that leads up to the college, and a farm land on the other side.

The first thing one notices, while approaching this educational center is the gate
and how on a perspective view, is hut shaped structure with a welcome sign on
its entrance. For a person standing out side, the welcome sign lies right under the
name of the institute written on the gate.

 FIRST EXPERIENCE

We went again the next day to visit the campus. To my surprise, the university
was nothing like I expected. There is a hut like structure right at the front, center.

Image 2- University Hall Image 3-Library

While entering the compound, to my left was the library. The library is designed
to blend with the environment on one side and rises to wall on the side facing the
fences. The roof blends with the green on the ground so seamlessly. Students
would sit on top the roof (at different heights). There were few green coverage
around the central building, that connect to the paved pathways. It could use
more shade however, since there aren’t many tall trees.

There were water features (weren’t filled at the time) around the plan of the
central building, which I assume would cool down the micro environment. I was

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

very impressed by the interior space of the central building. It’s naturally lit, well
ventilated, monochromatic, and spatial.

The key element I would take from the space is the way it made us behave in
the space, we kept voices low when we communicated with out any instruction.
It was a very important element because the space serves as a conference room,
meeting hall, or other types of gathering where people need to be able to listen to
one another. And it also has offices around the structure, connected by a hall way
in the circumference around the hall.

Image 4-of,wall,space Image 5-hall ceiling Image 6-office/hallway Image 7-


stage

Behind the hall is and elongated


shaded hallway that connects six
different buildings forming a
curved line. The line formed by
the hallway was very pleasing to
experience as it creates and
interesting perspective view at
different points. But it’s also very
functional as consumers of the
space are able to move from one
building to the other at any point
of the day and any season of the
year with out the fear of excess
sunlight, rain, or wind.’
Image 8 - hallway to Image 9 - exterior
hallway
building

Each building was labeled in letters from A to F and on each building below the
label is a list of activities the building hosts and on which floor. This made it
very easy to navigate through the University and understand the zoning system.

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

Self direction was very easy, we didn’t needed any guidance during our
complete tour of the entire campus.

The hall way has a beautiful scenery and ventilation, as it integrates with the
landscape to some degree.

The six buildings along the hall way, are actually placed with some sort of
pattern where similar buildings align, and occur at an interval.

The soccer field is found to the West. And it’s connected to the guest house
residential area.

MATERIAL
There is material harmony through out the site, aside from unity in form.

Image 10 stone roof Image 11 Image 12 MATERIAL


HARMONY
bamboo facade

Flat stones are used from the gate (to facade the guard house), to making the
roof of the meeting hall. While bamboo is used as a facade on two
building(which helps counter the wind, and create soothing sounds), masonry
works and structures are very dominant through out the site.

And perhaps a unique feature to the site could be red,


round, steel column structures. These structures are
eye catching and are found on the external part of
the building (detached to the walls) supporting the
roof. they’re also used to support the roof of the
curved hallway along it’s length.

Class rooms
There are three types of class rooms:
1. Lecture halls : have individual sitting chairs and the spaces are lit by top
windows and the door.

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

2. 1 level class rooms: these class rooms are naturally lit by rows of windows
(about 150cm tall ) with white curtains.

Cafeteria
There are 3 spaces to be used as a cafeteria, but only one of these is functional at
the moment.

The first space is accessed immediately from


the ground floor the curtain wall on the front
side and windows on the rear side made it
very light and the light color of the furniture,
floor, and walls reflected the light which
made it even brighter.over all its very spatial
and allows fair circulation.

The second space is accessed through the


first one with a metal stair as a circulation
medium. Its is almost half the size of the
cafeteria below.it has a curtain wall adjacent
to the other two spaces, which allows visual
contact among all three (one that looks down
to the prior cafeteria and looks straight at the
next.)
Image 13- All three cafeteria rooms

The third space can be accessed at two points. One is from the outside corridor
from which we can access the second space. Or from the the ground floor stair
out side of the cafeteria. Since this last space is some what secluded it can be
used as a teacher’s cafeteria/ lounge space.

Storage space
There were smart approaches in terms of crating storage spaces.

1. STAIR - Under the stairs they use the


negative spaces as a storage room
which is accessed by small height doors.
2. ROOF - The top of the meeting hall is
raised a little to be used as a storage
space
Library interior

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

Architectural studios
Architecture studios have and interesting curved curtain walls on front, and
windows on the rear. The spaces are elongated on these faces and narrow on
the other two faces.
Some studios have a wall painted in geometric shapes and line plays.

Image 14 arch.studio Image 15 arch.studio Image 16


arch.studio

Teacher’s office
These offices have interesting arrangements which, I believe, help in sufficient
space management as seen n the demonstration below.

Image 17- teacher’s offices

Workshop
The workshop is found on the far end building (Block G) . which makes the sound
pollution manageable. The workshop is a warehouse connected to another
building. This building also has a space that’s connected to the warehouse
trough it’s roof and an intermediate open space between.
The intermediate space is also functional in case of welding or large structures
that can’t be made inside the ware house.

The limitations to the ware house :

1. Very narrow entrance followed by a short tight passage way.


2. Lack of ventilation
3. Lack of natural light
4. Lack of proper storage space organization

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Outdoor sitting area


I’ve observed that not much emphasis is given to the outdoor sitting area. There
are some benches arranged at 1 place in the compound with some trees
providing shades.

Image 18 - outdoor sitting area

But aside from that students would just sit on the grass of the green areas and
the roof of the library(which has no shade, thus discouraging to use this space
past noon, when there’s high temperature).

Library
My personal favourite space in the entire university was the library. It was very
fascinating to see it’s exterior and being able experience it. But the interior was
far more interesting that I expected.
The entrance created a sort of welcoming enclosure (in the intention to support
the inclination of the roof). The interior space has two open downs. These open
downs contains an tree that grows above the structure. This created and
seamless indoor -outdoor connection.
The lower slopes of the roof are digital hubs, where natural lights appear from
the roof.

Image 19 -Library exterior

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

3.1.2. CONVENTION CENTER : Oromia cultural center (local

CASE STUDY)

 MY EXPECTATION OF THE SITE AND THE PROGRAM

My first experience of Oromia cultural center was on an art exhibition, it was


filled with art works, people, and movement.
It was interesting to see those places, empty and not used.

 THE WAY THERE : ON DIFFERNT POV

The convention center is found in one of the busiest streets in Addis. The main
building is found hidden away from the road, which makes it easy to miss. But
there art art works on the columns of the LRT railway, that attracts attention to
that surrounding and hints an exhibition center around.

 SURROUNDING
and Next to the convention center there’s a high rise building and on the other
side there’s… right across the street is a stadium, the surrounding generally
includes banks and other public institutes.

Site economy includes:

 Small vendors and shops.


 Taxi station
 Public institution
 Stadium
 Government Offices

 MATERIAL
I. Marble: is used mainly on the floors, stones are usually included in interiors
to represent age.
II. Concrete : for structural support, and is locally available
III. Steel: handrails and bridge, good tensile strength and light structure, its also
very appealing to the eye.
IV. Aluminium: is used to skin the exterior.
V. Colour: all these materials gave it a more or less monochromatic look, this
works when exhibitions are held as it drives the attention the the art being
displayed and not the space itself. But at Hallways and lobby area a few color
full gestures could've add life to the emptiness, in my opinion

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Image 20_ Marble

Image 22- steel Image 21- light metal

 LANDSCAPE GREENARY
The convention centre is surrounded by large trees from the grand ,massive stair
that lead up to the cultural centre. On that level lie a group of structures arranged
in a court yard system, enclosing a green area. This green area has a strong
character including water feature, greenery, sculptures, paved walkways and a
bridge.

Image 23
When coming out from a building into this courtyard, the enclosed outdoor area
presents itself with a beautiful scenery and provokes the urge to explore.

Image 25

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Walking around the pathway, and over the bridge really gives a chance to view
and experience the courtyard from different angles.

The red coloured flowers add flavour to the landscape, although even more
colours could've made it even more vibrant (in my opinion).

I assume the water feature was important to incorporate as it reflects on the


Oromia culture as do the statues around the courtyard. It looks as though even
the buildings making the courtyard take part in the representation of this
concept.

Image 25

 CONCEPT
From my understanding the concept is driven from two of Oromia’s cultural
identity,
the Irreecha ceremony and the Gadaa system.

 ART WORKS

Image 26
Aside from the sculptures there are two other
types of art used around the cultural centre,
Murals and mosaic works.

Murals: found around the exterior walls of the


building, these Murals represent the Gada
social structure. They are arranged and
grouped based on age groups. Each Murals
represents the age group, name of the age
group, male and female attire (cloths, hair style,
and ornaments).

Mosaics : the mosaics are the more


dominantly noticeable for some one
approaching from the main road. They are
found on top of the building. They’re made of
made of light metals ( probably aluminium).
They represents artifacts and musical

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instruments used in that region of Ethiopia.

 WAY FINDING, AND SELF ORIENTATION

I have found the convention centre to be difficult to self orient, I would


often find myself either walking in the direction of a certain pathway, or
following the crowd. I couldn’t orient myself for sure. Our way finding
was bluntly arbitrary. For example we didn’t originally know where the
library was but we saw it through the glass of another space, so we had to
leave that space and enter the library.
However the labels at the entry of each building did help describe the
function of the space. In addition although I had some difficulty orienting
my self at first, I wasn’t lost in sense of finding my way out circulating
around the
Space.
Image 27

 SCALE
The sense of scale one feels in a space differs from
one space to the other. The entrance, although
elongated to the side and had a high roof, felt
almost relatively natural. On the building with
high roof windows, adjacent to the library has a
huge space, that perhaps makes us feel smaller.
The courtyard, didn’t, personally defy my scale
because the buildings surrounding it provided a
sense of enclosure and limited span (shelter).

 DOES IT ADRESS THE PUBLIC?


The grand stairs that extend to the pedestrian
road looks inviting at first glance but one we approach it, its massive size
appears intimidating and discouraging to walk up to. It doesn’t
necessarily look open to the public, it rather implies an exclusive area
reserved from the public.
 HUTS

Around the corner of the compound, traditional ruler huts are used as
guard house. This detail exhibits the traditional way of construction
which some what stay true to the culture, but I believe seeing more of that
character on the main building or vise versa would’ve created more
coherence and harmony.

 LIGHTING

Natural light play can be observed at different spaces. The theater/


conference room is the darkest space in the entire cultural centre. Other
light plays can be seen at the hall ways, first building, the arcade around
courtyard.

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3.1.3. SPORTS CLUB : Juventus sports club

 EXPECTATIONS Vs REALITY

My first expectation of a sports club was mostly a outdoor activities and playing
fields, like soccer, ground tennis, swimming pool… and indoor activities would
include table tennis, basket ball court… I was expecting to see busy fields and an
active(live) environment where people are jogging, getting ready to exercise,
maybe groups in uniforms and such.

The reality was a lot more calm than I expected. The area on which the sports
center lays wasn’t wide enough to accommodate luxurious spaces for each
activity, so they had to manage the space in a way that used it most efficiently.
Which meant most activities are held inside.although it makes sense that meal is
a very important part of fineness, I didn’t expect to see the dinning, bar, and
snacks area to be given that much emphasis.

 THE WAY THERE : ON DIFFERENT POV

While walking to Juventus sports club from the convention center, it was
refreshing to watch and experience the wide roads and Meskel square. Because
at a small level it shook us up from the calmness and silence we were immersed
in, and prepared us for the sports club we were headed to.

 THE SURROUNDING

With a school right at its front and Meskel square adjacent to it, Juventus sports
center fits just right to its surrounding.

 ZONING

 SELF ORIENTATION

There is only a single building structure and its partitioned in very functional
clear way. This helped orienting ourselves and event understanding the space,
very easy.

 GENERAL EXPERIENCE

Image 28

Parking
The first thing we notice when we enter the Juventus
sports club is the naturally shaded area with a large

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

area, possibly allowing ------ cars to be parked at a


time. The parking area has sufficient space for circulation.

Outdoor fields
The the out door field has four main fields, three soccer fields and a ground
tennis. Since they don’t have enough space for the standard football (soccer) field.
They have made the three field side by side, and the goal post wasn’t the typical
(netted box), but rather a mere representation.
The ground tennis area however, is far more spatial, except for the lack of
audience seating area.

Ground tennis Football ball field 1

Football ball field 2 Football ball field 3

Indoor field
The indoor field includes and timber floor and glassed windows. It is a flexible
space, made to host a volley ball game, or basket ball court. To the right from the
entry point of this space is a stage that was closed by curtains, meaning this
space can also be used as a concert hall, hold events, celebrations, or
conventions…

Basketball court
Behind the curtains there are three activities. The back stage(stacked with tools,
materials, chairs…), a semi back stage (which also includes the lighting system),
and the main stage (which had cushions and wall climbing equipment)

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Stage and wall climbing


Through the indoor field we can access the table games room and the snack bar.

Rest rooms
The rest rooms are beautifully designed. To enter the rest room one must first
pass through a hall way lead straight out side. This helps in preventing bad smell
from polluting the interior spaces and other activities.
Another character of the restrooms the hallway slightly declines as I approaches
the rest room, and there is clear room height difference, right before the men’s
rest room.

There are three types of rest rooms there, the men’s and women’s rest room
have inspiring faces of me and women (respectively) on a wall that breaks visual
contact with the inside of the rest rooms. The third type is for the disabled.

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Table games
The table games room includes many games that mainly require balls, like ping
pong table, pool table, tennis table… this space has visual contact with the
basketball court.

Image 30

The bar area


The bar has a bar tenders area, and sitting tables all round it. It has three path
leading up to the restrooms, outside, the dinning hall and a door leading up to
the indoor field. The bar area has furniture and finishing material made of wood,
and around the corners are waiting areas of sofas arrange in a living room
manner.

Image 31-Bar Area

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Dinning hall

The Dinning hall has three types of dinning spaces separated by partition walls.
The first one ha a restaurant feel to it, while the second one is attached to a juice
and cocktail serving area, while the third one is a little secluded has a more cozy
and home like feel, with very large art pieces filling its small space.
All three of these spaces had also been identified with their own unique ceiling
characters. The first one had a grid with wooden lines ad white back ground(big
squares), while the second space had grids but with smaller squares, that had
wooden extruding lines and wooden(brown) background. The third one
however had a plane white ceiling.
The sizes of the spaces also decrease as we go from the first space to the third.

Image 28-Dinning Entry


Cards room
The card rooms are found next to one of the corner waiting areas. I haven’t
realized that card games could be included as a sports game until I saw this space,
the space had books related to the topics, shelves storing playing cards, and
poker tables.
Across this room, on the other side of the main entrance, But with another such
type of space but with round tables than poker tables. It is more flexible program
wise (people can just gather around the table and spent quality time, without
necessarily playing games).

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3.2. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY

3.2.1 Bernard Tschumi Architects Designs New Addition for

Parc de la Villette

Image 18
Berrnard's HyperTent, a
hyperbolic paraboloid
structure, is the latest
addition to the iconic Parc de
la Villette. Prompted by the
opening of L'Espace
Chapiteaux, a space for
contemporary circus
performances, the new ticket
booth located on the podium
of Folie L4, originally a music
venue, carefully negotiates its
presence within the context.
The morphology of the project allows for the two structures to coexist
without interfering. At the same time, the materiality of the HyperTent
makes for an iconic presence in juxtaposition with the adjacent folie.

The structure is the result of careful negotiation between strict functional


economic requirements and its landmark-status context. The HyperTent is
composed of a polycarbonate facade with a pattern designed by Bernard
Tschumi Architects and a PTFE membrane. With its 50 square meters, the
structure is the studio's smallest project so far and yet another addition to the
rich architectural experience of Parc de la Villette.

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The result of an international competition held in 1982, Parc de la Villette was


part of the series of projects for the new monuments of Paris ("Les Grands
Projets"). The aim of the competition was the revitalisation of an abandoned
area in the North-East of the city and its transformation into an urban park of
the 21st century. The design of Bernard Tschumi moved away from traditional
planning through composition and hierarchy and instead proposed the
superimposition of three systems: points, lines and surfaces where the Folies
structures make up the system of points, the lines are circulations, and the
surfaces are planted areas.

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Image - An artistic approach of playing with


point, line and surface

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3.2.2 THE SWISS TECH CONVENTION CENTER.

The SwissTech Convention Center is one of the largest conference


centers in the Lake Geneva region hosting events of international fame.
This majestic building is distinguished by its modernity, its innovative
technologies and a warm and experienced team. We are here to welcome
your events and support you throughout the event. The SwissTech
Convention Center distinguishes itself from other major congress
centers by its number of conference rooms and its adaptable capacity.
The architecture of the building allows three auditoriums to become one;
the number of seats in each auditorium can also be changed in just a few
minutes. This modularity is based on two mechanisms: a system of
sliding walls, and the Gala Venue technology.

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On the eastern edge of the site, student housing and commercial and service
areas provide a clear border on the public plaza. Extending to the south to
include the Metro station, shops and restaurants are sheltered by a covered
gallery with the hotel and student lodgings above. The large scale of the building
is mediated through a series of articulations and variations in height of the
different volumes that make up the complex. Only the central bodies of the
building are carried up to level eight at the top. The outer facades clad in
serigraphed glass and aluminium louvers maintain a clear dialogue with the

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

convention center, the coloured window jambs anticipate the exuberance of the
inner courtyard.

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Case study report Bamlakfekad Mengesha

Commercial and service areas open directly onto the public plaza on level two. A
70-room hotel surrounds the south courtyard, and shared student apartments
are reached through access galleries around the north courtyard on level four.
On level six are shared apartments around the north courtyard, and studio
apartments in the southeast wing of the building. Only three wings of student
apartments are carried up to level eight.The shared apartments are arranged
around the access galleries. Semi-private living spaces in turn lead to the
individual bedrooms, each with it’s own private bathroom. All the bedrooms are
located on the outer perimeter, with the living spaces opening directly onto the
access galleries surrounding the courtyard.

Studio apartments are arranged on both sides of the long interior north-south
corridor running through the main wing of the building. To encourage social
interaction among students, a variety of common spaces have been laid out at
various points along this main internal thoroughfare. Double- or single-height

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spaces are closed off with brilliantly coloured glass panels, continuing the
polychromatic theme of Catherine Bolle’s Le Chromoscope surounding the
courtyards in the access galleries.

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Reference

1. https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2014/07/04/epfl-
quartier-nord-swisstech-convention-center-in-ecublens-switzerland-by-richter-
%C2%B7-dahl-rocha-associes/

2. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Parc-de-la-Villette-Bernard-Tschumi-
with-Jacques-Derrida-From-left-to-right-Plans_fig29_261555579

3. https://www.slideshare.net/KIRTHI_88/presentation-case-study-convention-
center

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bKSldyBhGo

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKqs_bWkb4A

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKjStZBldz4

7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_2YhFoxIc0

8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qq0BNnK3kZ4&t=69s

9. Swiss Tech convention center exhibition manual

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