Voltage and Frequency Stabilization of a Micro Hydro –PV Based Hybrid
Micro Grid using STATCOM Equipped with Battery Energy Storage
System.
Swagat Pati
Department of Electrical engineering
Siksha ‘o’ Anusandhan University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
swagatiter@gmail.com
Sanjeeb kumar Kar
Department of Electrical engineering
Siksha ‘o’ Anusandhan University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
sanjeebkar@soauniversity.ac.in
Abstract—In this paper is a combination of two different
sources i.e. self excited induction generator based micro hydro
system and a PV system form a micro-grid to feed power to a
time varying local load in isolated mode. A 22 KW excited
induction generator generates power from a constant power
micro-hydro system. A PV array with a Battery Energy Storage
System is connected to the DC side of a STATCOM which is
employed to stabilize the voltage and frequency of the micro grid
system. The SEIG being a constant power source is not capable
of providing all the load demand during different loading
conditions, which will give rise to voltage and frequency
fluctuations and at worst conditions cause excitation failure in
the SEIG. A STATCOM is employed in the micro grid system
which supplies the required power to the load for continuity of
power supply and to maintain the power quality of the system.
Various types of load are taken into account and power flow of
all hybrid sources have been studied.
Keywords—Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG), Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS), PV system, Decoupled Control, Dynamic Load,
Non-Linear Load
I. INTRODUCTION
Among the different types of Generators available for power
generation Self Excited Induction Generators (SEIG) are more
suitable for renewable energy applications at remote locations.
Kanungo Barada Mohanty
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
NIT Rourkela
Rourkela, Odisha, India
kbmohanty@nitrkl.ac.in
Deepsikha Panda
Department of Electrical engineering
Siksha ‘o’ Anusandhan University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
dspandaele@gmail.com
SEIGs are robust; maintenance free, brushless and most
importantly they don’t require any external source for
excitation which makes these machines extremely suitable for
use at remote locations.
Here a Self Excited Induction Generator feeds power to a
time varying load, in order to maintain the SEIG’s terminal
voltage constant an over rated Capacitor Bank is needed.
Moreover these types of Induction Generators operate in the
saturation region. A lot of research has been done for the
SEIG’s terminal voltage to be made constant by using various
types of FACTS controllers such as SVC [2], Saturable core
Reactors, Short Shunt connections of capacitors [3] etc, but
these all could nearly satisfy the requirement as the above
mentioned schemes were somewhat beneficial but also
injected a large amount of harmonics into the generating
system. However due to the development in the area of solid
state semiconductor devices a voltage regulator called as
STATCOM has come into picture which can provide a
continuous variable reactive power to the system to keep the
SEIG’s terminal voltage constant[1].
In the last two decades solar energy have got a lot of
attention. The solar units are capable of generating a huge
amount of clean energy but with this renewable source the
most challenging task is to operate in isolated mode in remote
locations to provide uninterrupted power. So these days
hybridization of renewable energy generation and storage
system has gathered a lot of attention. In this paper the authors
have considered a hybrid micro-hydro-PV stand alone system
with various time-varying loads like linear load, non-linear active and reactive power flow of the STATCOM the
load and dynamic load. A SEIG [4] is employed for power frequency and voltage of the whole system can be improved.
generation in the micro hydro system and a STATCOM is The main aim of STATCOM is that it produces varying shunt
employed for compensation of active power as well as reactive impedance which can be adjusted in a step like manner or
power in the system. The STACOM is connected with a continuous manner to reach the compensation required by the
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) [5] and a PV [6] micro grid. Here the DC side of the STATCOM house BESS.
Generation system at its DC side. The PV generation system The BESS stores the surplus active power of the system. So it
provides active power that is to be compensated and the is possible that STATCOM can compensate and control both
excess power is stored in the BESS which supplies the power reactive power and active power. Hence it acts as a Static
during power shortage such as night time. The power flow is
Synchronous Generator. For reactive power control the
totally controlled by the STACOM. The whole system is
modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink platform quadrature component of compensating current should be
and the results are presented and analyzed. controlled. By controlling the terminal voltage (Vt) of the
STATCOM reactive power control can be achieved. System
frequency depends on the active power by comparing the
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION actual frequency with the reference; and passing the error
Here in this isolated micro grid system different renewable through a PI controller the amplitude of the active current
sources are hybridized to supply power to the time varying component can be estimated. The three phase voltage (Va, Vb,
load. A SEIG based micro-hydro system supplies power to the Vc) of the SEIG system are sensed along with the frequency
load. Whenever load increases the SEIG can’t supply more of the system. This actual frequency needs to be compared
power as it is fed from a constant power source, at that time with the reference frequency, the frequency error is fed to the
the 3 phase 6 pulses IGBT based STATCOM comes into play. PI controller and give the amplitude of the active component
The extra power needed by the load is supplied by the of the current ( Im active ).
STATCOM. A PV Array along with a Battery Energy Storage From the 3 phase sinusoidal voltage their amplitude can be
System (BESS) is connected at the DC side of the calculated as
STATCOM. At light loading condition the excess power
generation by the SEIG after the load consumption is diverted { (
Vt = (2 / 3) * Va + Vb + Vc }
2 2 2 1/ 2
) (1)
by the STATCOM to be stored in BESS. During heavy This voltage amplitude Vt or terminal voltage is compared
loading condition the required active power is supplied by the with the reference voltage amplitude and produces the
STATCOM which is provided by the BESS and /or the PV
amplitude of the reactive current component ( Im reactive ). The
Array and the reactive power required by the load is supplied
by the STATCOM. A control strategy using PI controllers has two components i.e in-phase components and quadrature
been used to regulate the power flow of STATCOM. The voltage components of the SEIG voltage are calculated to
hybrid micro-hydro PV system is shown in Fig. 1 and the derive the active and reactive component of the compensating
control structure of STATCOM is shown in Fig.2. current. The in-phase unit vector are derived as
Va (2)
ua =
Vt
Vb
ub =
Vt (3)
V
uc = c
Vt (4)
The quadrature unit vectors from these in-phase vectors are
 1 1 
 0 − 
 wa   3 3  u 
a
w  =  3 1
−
1  
u (5)
 b  2 2 3
 b
2 3   
 wc   u
 3 1 1  c 
− − 
 2 2 3 2 3
The three phase active current can be estimated by multiplying
the in phase component ( u a , u b , u c ) with the active current
Fig.1: System Diagram
component ( I m ). So
active

III. CONTROL STRUCTURE OF STATCOM I a active = I m active * ua

The SEIG based micro grid system is supplies power to the (6)
time varying load. When load increases the additional power I b active = I m active * ub
(7)
demand is supplied by the STATCOM. By controlling the
I c active = I m active * uc
(8) The micro grid system described in this paper is first subjected
Where Imactive is the active current component of the to a time varying linear RL load. The load is varied in steps.
At 2 seconds there is step reduction in load which again
compensating current:
returns to its previous value at 2.1 second again at 2.3 seconds
Similarly the three phase reactive current can be calculated by
the load increases. The load current IL can be seen from Fig.3.
multiplying the reactive current component
Despite of the change in load current the SEIG voltage and
( Im ) frequency should remain constant for which the phase and
reactive

with the quadrature component wa , wb , wc
.
I a reactive = I m reactive * wa
I b reactive = I m reactive * wa
I c reactive = I m reactive * wa (11)
Compensating current of STATCOM is the sum of active
current & reactive current which can be expressed as
I c a = I a active + I a reactive
I c b = I b active + I b reactive
I c c = I c active + I c reactive
Ic a , Ic b , Ic c
These are the actual value of compensation
current which are compared with the reference compensation
currents I c ∗ , I c ∗ , I c ∗ and the current errors are
a b c
compared with a 12.5KHz Triangular Signal to generate
switching signals which are fed to the converter
amplitude of the SEIG current has to be maintained constant.
The compensation current of the STATCOM (IC), due to
which the voltage and current of the SEIG are maintained at a
(9) constant level as can be seen from the Fig.3. The PV current
IPV , battery current IB and the DC link total current Idc are
(10) shown in Fig.3. Whenever the load is reduced the surplus
active power increases which causes the increase in DC
voltage due to which the battery current
IB increases and the battery stores the excess amount of power.
The increase in DC link voltage causes IPV to reduce, due to
the compensation of active power the frequency is maintained
(12)
at a fairly constant value as can be seen from the Fig.3.
(13)
Results with Non- Linear Load:
(14)
In this section the system initially feeds power to a non-linear
RL Load. At 3 second a non-linear load is switched ON. In
this work the non-linear load is considered to be a 3-Phase
diode Full Wave Rectifier feeding power to a resistive load.
Due to the non linearity the load current gets distorted, which
injects harmonics into the system. The STATCOM acts like a
shunt active filter to reduce the harmonics in the SEIG current
as well as it controls the active and reactive power to keep the
frequency and voltage constant. The compensation current of
the STATCOM are shown in Fig.4. Due to the increase in the
load current the DC link voltage reduces which causes a
reduction in battery current and simultaneously increases the
PV current IPV. Due to the proper active and reactive power
management the STATCOM helps in maintaining a constant
voltage and frequency level in the system and helps in
reducing the harmonics content in SEIG current as well.

Results with Dynamic Load:

In this section the system, which was initially working with

Fig.2: Control Structure of STATCOM
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
Results with Linear R-L Load:
linear load is subjected to a dynamic load at 3 second. The
dynamic load considered in this work is 7.5 KW induction
motor which is started directly online at 3 seconds. The
sudden requirement of active and reactive power is fulfilled by
the STATCOM. The different currents of the system are
shown in the Fig.5. The rapid demand of power causes a
sudden increase in the compensating current and hence the
battery and DC link current as well. The DC Link voltage
reduces by about 23 Volts but again regains its value as the
transient condition settles down. Despite the sudden variation
of the load current the voltage and frequency is maintained at
a fairly constant value as can be seen from Fig.5.
 Fig.3: Responses of Various Parameters in Linear Time Varying Load

Fig.4: Responses of Various Parameters in Non-Linear Time Varying Load

 Fig.5:Responses of various parameter for Dynamic Load
[IL-Load Current; IC-Compensation Current; IG-SEIG Current;
VG- SEIG Voltage; IPV- PV Current; IB-Battery Current; Idc-
DC Link Current; VB-Battery Voltage; F-Frequency ]
CONCLUSION
Here a STATCOM with BESS in dc side controls the
reactive and active power according to the load demand.
During heavy loading period the STATCOM is able to supply
the reactive power and active power from the BESS, so it acts
likes a Static Synchronous Generator in this micro-grid
system. By controlling the voltage magnitude and phase angle
it compensates power in such a way that the SEIG voltage and
frequency always remains constant irrespective of load
variations. During nonlinear loading, STATCOM acts as an
active power filter which compensates the load current
harmonics and gives a sinusoidal SEIG current. Finally it can
be said that the STATCOM is able to maintain the system
parameters (V, f) constant for different loading conditions.
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