Module 3 - Eed SC 1

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-EEDSC1-1STSEM-2021-2022
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BEEd COURSE NO. EED SC 1

SPECIALIZATION General COURSE TITLE Teaching Science in the Elementary
Grades (Biology and Chemistry)
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME 6 hrs. WK NO. 5-6 IM NO. 3
I. CHAPTER TITLE
Chapter 3: Part I: Chemistry (Changes That Materials Undergo)
II. LESSON TITLE
Lesson 1. Changes That Materials Undergo

Lesson 2. Changes That Materials Undergo: Useful and Harmful
Lesson 3. Changes That Materials Undergo Due to Oxygen
Lesson 4. Separating Mixtures
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
In this module, you will see that materials are capable of changing under certain
conditions. Changes can occur due to varying of temperature, applying force, mixing materials,
presence or lack of oxygen and applying heat. In the later part you will experiment on different
ways of separating components of mixtures.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this module, you shall be able to:
a. identify changes that materials undergo;

b. describe and discuss harmful and useful changes;
c. infer changes due to oxygen; and
d. describe and discuss ways of separating mixtures.
V. LESSON CONTENT
LESSON 1 CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO

There are changes that can occur in materials. Some liquid materials can be changed into
solid and several can even return back to liquid. There are liquid and solid materials which can
be changed to gases. Gases can be changed too to liquids. Solids can be changed also to gases
without even passing the liquid state. How is this possible?
Activity 1. Where did the Water Go?
Materials needed: 100 ml water, air thermometer, piece of chalk
Procedure:
Prepare a glass with 100 mL of water, air thermometer (if available), and a piece of chalk.
Next assemble with your group outside the classroom. Pour the water into a pool on top of the
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concrete pavement or on black surface to create a pool of water, Trace around the perimeter or
border of the pool of water. Determine the surrounding air temperature.
Predict the changes that might take place with the pool of After 8 minutes re-examine the
pool. Check the chalk markings at the borders of the pool and the air temperature,
QI. Were your predictions correct?
Q2. What changes took place with the pool of water?
Q3. What Seemed to be causing these changes?
You have just experienced doing an inquiry approach through investigation. This is
another way of introducing the idea of how matter transforms in state due to temperature changes
Here are some background information on the topic.
Changes in Matter Due to Changes in Temperature
Matter exists as solid, liquid, or gas. The change in state can be brought about by the
effect of heat or a change in temperature. The changes could be explained using the panicle
model
Figure 1. Chart on the State of State
The particle model shows that solid, liquid and gas are made up of small panicles. always
moving. The behavior of these panicles differs in the states and hence can be used (o explain
what happens in changes in state.
Solid
The particles in a solid are very close to each other. There is a very strong force that holds
these particles together. Hence. their movements are limited. The particles are vibrating but not
spreading apart. This explains why solid has a rigid and compact appearance.
Liquid
The particles in a liquid are arranged far apart from each other. The force holding them is
not as strong as that in solid. Thus, the particles can glide or slide around one other and tend to
occupy the bottom of the container. This explains why liquid takes on the shape of the container.
Gas
Gas particles lie very far from each other. The force holding them is very weak. This is the
reason why the particles of gas move faster.
Figure 2. The Arrangement of Particles: Liquid, Solid, and Gas
Changes in Matter
A. From Solid to Liquid
Heat energy is always present when matter changes state: As temperature increases
as observed when heat from the hot water is added to solid like the ice candy and wax, the
particles in these solid materials take in the heat energy. They change it into energy of motion
and begin to move and vibrate so fast. As the particles in the solid speed up, consequently
they also move farther apart. If the panicles gained enough energy, they would have enough
room to slide past each other. They break free from their fixed positions. Consequently, the
solid matters (ice candy and wax) begin to melt. Melting is the change of state from solid to a
liquid.
B. From Liquid to Gas
Increasing the temperature further of a liquid state like water which resulted from
melting, will cause the water particles to move faster and more rapidly farther apart. This
allows the particles to escape. The liquid water begins to change to a gas — called water
vapor. This can continue as long as heat is added or the temperature increases, and the liquid
will continue to boil. Bubbles of water vapor will keep forming and escaping until all the liquid
changes to gas. Boiling is the rapid change of state from a liquid to a gas. It occurs at or
above the boiling temperature. Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid gain
enough energy to move independently, forming a gas. Evaporation usually occurs on the
surface of the liquid.
The situation can be observed when water in a covered drinking glass which is allowed
to stay undisturbed overnight decreases its volume. This indicates that some of the water
particles evaporated and changed to water vapor. Droplets of water can also be seen along
the side of the closed drinking glass. These water droplets came from the water vapor or
steam that changed into liquid. When water vapor comes in contact with a cool surface. it
releases heat energy and the particles that make up the gas begin to slow down and move
closer together. The gas changes again to a liquid. Condensation is the change of state from
a gas to a liquid.
C. From Liquid to Solid
Suppose more energy or heat is taken away from liquid like when the liquid ice candy
or just plain water is placed in the freezer where the temperature is maybe 0C or even lower,
the particles in the liquid will slow down. They will begin to move closer to each other. If the
particles lose enough energy the ice candy or the water begins to freeze. The change of state
from a liquid to a solid is freezing.
D. From Solid to Gas
In some cases, solid particles present in solid state like naphthalene balls are directly
converted to gaseous state. This is only possible when the surface particles of a solid gain
enough energy that they form a gas. During sublimation, particles of a solid do not pass
through the liquid State as they form a gas. As a solid material sublimates into a gas, the
freedom of motion of its particles increases. In the case of naphthalene balls, the material
solid disappears* however, its odor can be smelled in the air.
CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO: USEFUL

LESSON 2 AND HARMFUL
Materials change when exposed to certain conditions. You have observed and learned
that leftover food or rejected parts of vegetables will decay due to action of bacteria. The
vegetables were exposed 10 the action of bacteria which are found in your kitchen table. If there
were no bacteria. the vegetables will just dry up because of warm temperature. “Only change is
permanent on earth!” as we always would hear from our elders. This lesson will introduce you to
changes that materials undergo when exposed to certain conditions that are useful and harmful
to us.
You learned that matter exist in three states, solid, liquid and gas. You also have learned
that heat affects some materials changing their states. Water is a typical example of material that
can exist as solid (ice), liquid (water that we drink) and gas (water vapor).
Do you enjoy eating buko iced candy? Why should you place overnight the buko mixed
with milk inside the refrigerator?
Activity 1: Solids can change! They can be bent, pressed, hammered and cut.
Problem: What happens when solids arc bent, pressed, hammered or cut?
Materials needed:
Paper clip, copper wire, soft plastic ruler, rubber slipper, silver spoon
Modeling clay, ripe banana, block of wood, one pandesal, egg shell
Empty tin can, hammer, block of wood, empty plastic bottle, charcoal
Pair of scissors, used paper, old shill, candy wrapper, twig with leaves
What to do:
Bend each material listed in the table. Observe and record your observation.
Material What happens to the materials when bent?

Paper clip
Silver spoon
Copper wire
Soft plastic ruler
Rubber slipper
.
1. Which materials were you able to bend?
2. Was a new material formed when you bend these solids?
______________________________________________________________________
Using a block of wood, press each of the materials listed in the table and record
your observation.
Material Observation
Modeling clay
Ripe banana
Bread
Eggshell
1. Which materials were you able to press?

2. Did a new material form when you pressed the solids?
______________________________________________________________________
Hammer each of the listed materials and record your observation.
Material What happens to the materials when

hammered?
Empty tin can
Block of wood
Empty plastic bottle
charcoal
1. Which materials were you able to hammer?

2. Did a new material form when you hammered the solids? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
With a pair of scissors, cut each material in any shape or size you want and record
your observations.
Material Observation
Used paper
Old shirt
Candy wrapper
Twig with leaves
1. Which materials were you able to cut?

2. Did a new material form when you cut the solids? Why?
Furniture making is one source of income for people. Wood, bamboo, rattan, wire and
many more could be used as raw materials. Take bamboo chair making. The long pole is cut into
desired dimension by a carpenter. The bamboo pieces are cleaned, and arranged to make a
chair. Nails are hammered in several places to make the chair sturdy Varnish or shellac is applied
to the surface to make the chair attractive. The bamboo chair is made of the same bamboo that
was cut as a pole with additional nail and varnish.
Materials change when exposed to different temperatures. Our daily life is made easy
because of the changes that matter undergoes. For example, some of you prefer to eat radish
prepared with vinegar, sliced onions, and ripe tomatoes. The taste of the dish is enhanced when
you mix all the ingredients. Fried fish for breakfast has a different taste. Similarly, boiled egg
has a different appearance, texture and taste from scrambled egg. These changes are useful
to our environment and to us. Other useful products are fertilizer, vitamins, food-milk products,
cleansing agents, lotion, shampoo, medicines and many more. Remember that raw materials are
plenty in our environment that could be turned into useful products that make our life easy and
comfortable.
Water when it undergoes change from one state to another is useful to life on earth
We use water for drinking, washing clothes, and for many household, industrial or agricultural
uses, Aquatic forms of life also need water as their habitat. However, when monsoon rains come
in June to December, many provinces in Luzon remain flooded. This is a negative effect of heavy
rainfall.
Materials can also change resulting in the formation of one or more new materials or
different substance. If physical change involves only a change in state, size, shape or form, a
chemical change involves a change in the composition of matter. Most chemical changes are not
reversible, except through another chemical reaction. For example, the case of mixing baking
soda and vinegar caused the balloon to blow up. The reaction between the two materials resulted
to the formation of water and gas as indicated by the bubbles. The gas formed is carbon dioxide
which could not escape but into the balloon causing it to be inflated.
There are also changes of matter that are harmful. Rusting of iron, leaching from
decomposing matter, and domestic wastes thrown into bodies of water releasing odor are
harmful. Fossil fuels converted to petroleum products, kerosene, diesel oil and gasoline enable
us to travel fast. However, such conversion of fuel to energy produce smoke or exhaust from
motor that are detrimental to our health
It is important to be careful in mixing substances like those that may cause explosion or
fire. We need to be aware too and cautiously read product labels. We need to take note of
precautionary measures in handling products. Technology and industry have made new products
that are useful and harmful or both.
Picture/Situation Useful changes of materials Harmful changes of materials

to you and the environment to you and the environment
Burning of tire
Cutting of tress
Furniture making
Ice cream making
Ripening of tomato
Raindrops
Bags from juice tetra
packs
Making a cellphone unit
Welding iron
CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO DUE TO

LESSON 3 OXYGEN
Activity l: What Makes the Apple Brown?
Materials Needed:
one small size apple, knife or cutter, saucer or plate
Procedure:
Step l. Get a small piece of apple. Cut the apple into half and place them in a saucer.
1.1 Observe closely the color of the cut apple.

1.2 Let it stay for about 5 minutes.
1.3 Observe again the color of the apple. Recall its color when you have just cut it.
Step 2. Fill out the table below Then answer the questions that follow.
Color of freshly cut Color of the apple Explanation Kind of Change

apple after it was left (physical or
aside chemical)
Q1. What changes did you notice in the color of the apple?
Q2. What makes the apple change its color after cutting and setting it aside for a while?
Q3. What does this discoloration of apple mean?
Q4. What kind of change is this? Explain your answers.
Activity 2: Sugar and Heat - What Comes Next?
Materials Needed:
candle or alcohol lamp, box of matches, a spoonful of sugar, metal bottle cap (be sure to
remove any plastic or cork lining of the cap before using it), tong or clothespin, toothpick
Procedure:
Step l.
1.1 Place the sugar in the metal bottle cap.

1.2 Using tongs or clothespin to hold the bottle cap over the alcohol burner.
Observe what happens to the sugar while it is being heated.
1.3 Stop heating the sugar when you see that a black material has formed. Allow
this black material to cool.
1.4 Using a toothpick, scrape a little of the black substance. Smell and taste it.
Step 2. Fill out the table below. Then answer the questions that follow.
Material What did you do? What happened to What was

it? produced?
QI. What changes did you notice in the sugar after heating?
Q2. What made the sugar changed? What was produced? How did it smell and taste?
Q3. What kind of change took place? Explain your answers.
Matter can also undergo chemical change. What can cause such change? Are chemical
changes good or bad?
Changes in Matter Due to the Presence of Oxygen and Application of Heat
A. Presence of Oxygen
Chemical change is a change in matter that results in the formation of one Or more
new substances. The new material has a different composition when compared with the
original material Recall the first activity when one of the possible suggestions to be done on a
piece of paper to change it is by burning. Burning can transform the paper into ashes and
water entirely different from the original material.
Oxygen is a part of the air that surrounds us. It has effects on different materials. The
presence of oxygen in the air can cause chemical change on materials.
Take the case of Activity l: What Makes the Apple Turn Brown? When the apple was
cut or damaged, oxygen in the air is introduced into the fruit's damaged tissue material. When
oxygen is present in the cells of the fruit, the enzymes (polyphenol oxidase or PPO) in the
chloroplasts rapidly oxidize the phenolic compounds naturally present in the apple tissues to
0-quinones (ortho-quinones), a colorless precursors or antecedents to brown-colored
secondary products. O-quinones then produce the well observed brown color by reacting to
form compounds with amino acids or proteins in the material as in this case, apple fruit. The
browning of the fruit is the start of the food spoilage.
In some cases, there are some apples which seem to brown faster than others. Nearly
all plant tissues including other fruits. root crops like sweet potato, and eggplant contain PPO.
However, the level of PPO activity and concentration can vary depending on the kind or variety
of fruits and on the growing conditions and fruit maturity.
At home, enzymatic browning can be prevented by coating freshly cut apples,

bananas, mango and other fruits in sugar or syrup to reduce oxygen diffusion and thus slowing
down the browning reaction.
a. Rusting of Iron is another chemical change brought about by the action of oxygen from
the air on the iron metal.
b. Some materials can also change even under the condition of lack of oxygen.
B. Application of Heat
In Activity 2: Sugar and Heat - What Comes Next? Originally the sugar was crystalline
white. Upon exposure to heat from the burning alcohol lamp, it melted and turned into syrup.
The melting caused the breakdown of sugar into simple sugars such as fructose and glucose.
This is manifested by the delectable aroma it created. The continued exposures to heat
ultimately changed the color of the melted sugar from white to yellow and then brown, which
is totally different from the original material. This color change is caused by the further
breakdown of the sugar molecules and formation of caramel (pulot). The chemical change
alters the color of sugar along with the taste and consistency of the sugar.
a. Heat, as a form of energy plays an important role in chemical changes or

reactions. Some reactions need heat to start. For example,' when cooking food,
the firewood requires a match and kindling to get fire to start. Other chemical
reactions utilize heat or produce it depending on the materials or chemicals
involved.
b. There are other proofs that a chemical change has taken place. These include (a)
production heat and light; (b) production of gas; and (c) change in color.
LESSON 4 SEPARATING MIXTURES

Let us examine the mixtures you made in the previous activity in Lesson 4 of Module l.
Can you separate the components of your mixtures? How? Explain.
Activity 3: Separating Mixtures
What you need:
Mixtures from the previous activity:
Mixture I. 1 tsp. sugar and 1 tsp. pebbles

Mixture 2. 1 g iron filings and 1 g white sand
Mixture 3. Water and 1 tsp salt
Mixture 4. Water and starch
Mixture 5. Equal amount of water and cooking oil
stirring rod, separating funnel, fine mesh screen, small clean glasses or beakers
Procedure:
1. Given the mixtures from the previous activity (Lesson 4 of Module 1) and the following
materials: magnet, evaporating dish, alcohol burner, filter paper, fine mesh screen,
separating funnel, and small clean glasses, discuss within your group how to separate
the components of the one assigned to you. Use only the materials needed in your
plan.
2. Prepare a schematic diagram of your plan.
3. Report to the class how you separated the components of your mixture and the
resulting materials.
There are different ways of separating the components of mixtures:
1. Manual separation is done to mixtures which components differ in size Pebbles can
be separated manually from sugar with the use of fingers or tweezers. But this is very
tiresome and will take a longer time. A fine mesh screen can also be used to separate
sugar from pebbles.
2. Magnetic separation is a process that uses magnet to separate the magnetic

component from a nonmagnetic one. Iron filings are magnetic, thus can be used to
separate them from the nonmagnetic sand.
3. Filtration is a process that can separate suspended particles from the liquid. Water
can be separated from starch to some extent using filtration. An ultrafilter can totally
separate components of colloidal mixture.
4. Decantation is a process of separating a mixture of liquids that differ in density. The

less dense liquid usually stays on top. The denser liquid such as water settles at the
bottom. In this mixture, Oil can be gently poured out of the glass and retain water. A
stirring rod can be used to guide the less dense liquid to the other container.
5. Evaporation process is used to separate a solute that has been dissolved in water. A
small amount of mixture of salt and water can be heated, and when water evaporates,
salt remains on the evaporating dish.
6. Freezing or cooling is a process of separating mixture used for mixtures composed of

two liquid components of different freezing points. In the mixture of oil and water, oil
has lower freezing point thus, solidifies first. It is then separated easily from the water
component that is still in liquid state.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. How does knowledge of change of state of matter help your everyday life?
2. A farmer says that he makes charcoal for daily needs. What changes have occurred from
the source of charcoal until it reached a kitchen? Describe the changes that are useful
and harmful in the process of charcoal making. Make a poster of the steps involved.
3. Water undergoes evaporation, condensation, and freezing. How important are these
processes to life on earth? Make a diagram of the water cycle.
4. Look around you. Observe keenly. Give common examples of useful and harmful chemical
changes due to the presence of oxygen and application of heat that can affect people’s
daily lives and the environment.
VII. ASSIGNMENT
1. What do you think is an efficient way of separating solid garbage components of school
wastes?
2. You are out in the farm and the only water available to use is in the muddy waterhole. You
have an empty bottle and a cup. How would you remove the dirt from the muddy water so
that you can use the water?
VIII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of IM)
Short Quiz
IX. REFERENCES
Abracia, N. M. et al. (2013). Science in our world 3. Vibal Publishing House, Incorporated. Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Bilbao, Purita P. et al. (2019). Teaching Science in the elementary grades vol. 1: Chemistry and
biology. Lorimar Publishing, Incorporated. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Rabago, L. M. (2016). Science, health, and environment series K to 12 Edition. Vibal Group,
Incorporated. Manila Science Quest 3 C & E Publishing, Incorporated (2018) licensed from
Singapore Asia Publishers.
Note: The subject teacher does not claim ownership over the lesson contents specified in this instructional module. All credit
goes to the authors whose collective work was used by the former as his reference for this instructional material

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

DEGREE PROGRAM BEEd COURSE NO. EED SC 1

Chapter 3: Part I: Chemistry (Changes That Materials Undergo)

II. LESSON TITLE

Lesson 1. Changes That Materials Undergo

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, you shall be able to:

a. identify changes that materials undergo;

LESSON 1 CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO

Activity 1. Where did the Water Go?

Materials needed: 100 ml water, air thermometer, piece of chalk

QI. Were your predictions correct?

Q2. What changes took place with the pool of water?

Q3. What Seemed to be causing these changes?

Changes in Matter Due to Changes in Temperature

Figure 1. Chart on the State of State

Figure 2. The Arrangement of Particles: Liquid, Solid, and Gas

A. From Solid to Liquid

B. From Liquid to Gas

C. From Liquid to Solid

D. From Solid to Gas

CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO: USEFUL

Material What happens to the materials when bent?

1. Which materials were you able to press?

Hammer each of the listed materials and record your observation.

Material What happens to the materials when

1. Which materials were you able to hammer?

1. Which materials were you able to cut?

Picture/Situation Useful changes of materials Harmful changes of materials

CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO DUE TO

one small size apple, knife or cutter, saucer or plate

1.1 Observe closely the color of the cut apple.

Color of freshly cut Color of the apple Explanation Kind of Change

Activity 2: Sugar and Heat - What Comes Next?

1.1 Place the sugar in the metal bottle cap.

Material What did you do? What happened to What was

Changes in Matter Due to the Presence of Oxygen and Application of Heat

At home, enzymatic browning can be prevented by coating freshly cut apples,

a. Heat, as a form of energy plays an important role in chemical changes or

LESSON 4 SEPARATING MIXTURES

Activity 3: Separating Mixtures

What you need:

Mixtures from the previous activity:

Mixture I. 1 tsp. sugar and 1 tsp. pebbles

There are different ways of separating the components of mixtures:

2. Magnetic separation is a process that uses magnet to separate the magnetic

4. Decantation is a process of separating a mixture of liquids that differ in density. The

6. Freezing or cooling is a process of separating mixture used for mixtures composed of

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

VIII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of IM)

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