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Tanah ideal:
50% pepejal (45% mineral & 5% organik),
25% air
25% gas.
Websters definition:
• Upper layer of the earth that maybe dug or plowed in which
plants grow
• Unconsolidated material of earth’s surface
Komposisi Tanih
• Batuan terluluhawa ~ butiran/mineral (utama)
• Air (20-30%)
• Udara (20-30%)
• Bahan organik (5%)
(Soil)
Simbol khas utk
Profil tanah
(Surface Geology)
(Bedrock)
Lapisan tanah
Contoh Profil Tanih…Siri
Tanih vs. Warna…
Granit
Batu pasir/lumpur
Basalt
WARNA TANIH
Faktor yang mengawal:
• Kandungan bahan organik
• Kehadiran besi
• Keadaan saliran
Saliran:
• Bebas; pengudaraan baik (aerobik, high O2) coklat
• Buruk; dikenali glei, terbentuk dalam keadaan anaerobik
kelabu/kelabu kebiruan
• Akibat kenaikan aras air tanah pembentukan kerak besi
(mottled) Kerak besi – warna karat akibat tinggi oksida Fe
Komposisi tanah O
(USDA)
s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, ......)
Bahan Induk
Batuan Igneus
- Hard and consolidated material - quartz & feldspar
minerals.
- e.g. granite, basalt, rhyolite, gabbro, andesite, etc.
Batuan Sedimen/enapan
- klastik & bukan-klastik
- e.g. batupasir, batu kapur, batu lumpur…
Batuan Metamorfik
- contact & regional types
- banded & non-banded
- e.g. slate, gneiss, marble.
Bahan Induk
Bahan Induk
Luluhawa batuan…
konglomerat
Bahan Induk
Bahan Induk Saiz Butiran Proses Keadaan/Fitur
Organik Organik Pereputan sisa Warna gelap
tumbuhan (bog) dan tebal
Jenis Tanih: Baki vs. Sedimentari
Tanih Baki
- Terbentuk terus daripada luluhawa batuan
secara insitu-tiada melibatkan angkutan ke
tempat lain
- Cirian kimia yg sama dengan batuan asal
Tanih angkutan/sedimentari
- Melibatkan luluhawa batuan hakisan
angkutan pengenapan
- Agen angkutan:
- Ais/morain – enapan till,
- Angin – enapan loes,
- Air – enapan aluvial
- Graviti – enapan koluvium
Jenis Tanih: Baki vs. Sedimentari
Tanih Baki
Tanih Sedimentari
Deeper soils form on valley than hill/top slopes due to gravity & water move soil particle downslope
Topografi (Relief)
Slope patterns influence the drainage conditions
Uniform
oxidized UOS
soil
(UOS)
Gley
Rusty Dark,
Uniform mottles peaty
Uniform oxidized around
oxidized soil roots
soil (UOS)
(UOS) Prominent
Prominent mottles
mottles (blue, grey)
Mottles, grey
(blue, grey)
matrix
Topografi (Relief)
Water prefers to be
run off instead of
infiltrate on slope
Masa
• Proses yang perlahan dan berterusan
• Tempoh pembentukan = ketebalan tanih
• Batuan induk penentu kepada jenis tanih dan lama
yang diambil utk berubah kepada tanih
• Oleh itu Horizon A akan semakin tebal dengan masa
Masa vs. Pembetukan Jenis
Entisol- soils that do not show any profile development other than an A horizon, basically unaltered from their
parent material, which can be unconsolidated sediment/rock
Mollisol- soils that have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), the fertile surface
horizon known as a mollic epipedon that resulted from long term addition of organic materials from plant root-
normally soft, granular soil structure
Alfisol- soil that has undergone only moderate leaching. It has a clay-enriched subsoil and relatively high native
fertility. Alf refers to Al and Fe. It has relatively abundant of Ca, Mg & K agriculture purpose & forestry land
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