V=45 km/hour,

Solution. B=40 x 10 Tesla, I =2 m,

in the axle of the

car,
So emf generated
45 x = 1 x10V=l mV.
e =Blv=40 x 10x2 x 3600
500 turns at the rate of 2
Example 6.4. 1f magnetic flux cuts across
2Wb/
te

Calculate the induced voltage.

Solution. e=N=
dt
300 x 2 =600 V.
6.5. STATISTICALLY INDUCED EMF
When the conductor is stationary and the field is moving or changing, the emf ind
in the conductor is called statistically induced emf. A statistically induced emf can be i induc
divided into.
6.5.1. Self Induced emf. Self induced emf is
the emf induced in a coil due to the change of its own
flux linked with it. If the current flowing through the
coil placed over a piece of magnetic material is
changed by changing the value of resistance connected
in series, the flux will also change. The flux set up by
the coil is changing, hence there is rate of change of
flux. The emf will be induced in the coil because of rate /R
of change of the flux set up by the coil. Hence such a Fig. 6.5. Self induced emf.
emf is called self induced emf.
The self induced emf will persist as long as the current
flowing through the
changes. The direction of self induced emf given by Lenz's law will in such that it will
the cause producing it i.e., change of current in the coil. op
6.5.2. Self Inductance. The
property of a coil due to which it opposes any in
or decrease of current
flowing through it, is known as self inductance (L) and its unit is hen
It may be defined as flux
linkages per ampere in the coil.
L Heny. . (

If current in the coil is

increasing, due to rate of change of flux emf will be duced
coil (self induced emf). The emf induced in
coil will oppose the cause mu
current. Hence the direction of the emf i.e., oppose
induced will be in
voltage. opposite direction to tne
Ifthe current in the coil is decreasing, the self rectic
to oppose the decrease of current. induced emf will be in such a
The direction of
of applied voltage. induced emf will be in such direcu

As self inductance,

As we know flux
L-Henry.
produced in a solenoid is
 NI NI
=

s 51/so HA
NI
Hence L =N.S N
N
. (6.6)

Ho
We can also define self inductance or inductance in another way.
As l I
or
No=LI
of - N o = - LI

Differentiate both sides,

d o)=-L4
dt
Since -Nis self induced emf, from
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Hence self induced emf,
- dt
. (6.7)

=1 Amp./sec, and ez= lv, then L =1 Henry.

Hence a coil has a self inductance of 1 Henry,if l volt emf is induced in a coil when
Current changes at a rate of 1 amp./sec
Example 6.5. Find the inductance of the coil having 100 turns placed over a core
of magnetic core having dia 1 cm and length 4 cm. The core has a
relative permeability of
S00.
Solution. As self inductance. 100 TURNS
d= 1 cm
L=- N AHO Hr
Ho A
L= 4 cm

A=Td=7001? Fig. 6.6.

7.854 x 10 m
(100)?x 7.854 x 10 x 4 Ttx10 x 500_o01233 H
4x 10-2
L= 0.01233H.
 6.5.3. Factor Determining Inductance:

As eL-N -L
dt
L-eLdl
As larger the value of self induced emf in a coil, the greater will be the
self
Ho A
L = H o u ,
A
inductance (L). But e =N
d
andL
and =
Hence inductance of the coil depends on following factor
. Type of core material i.e., relative permeability of the material

2. Number of turns of the coil (M).

3. The area of cross-section of the core.
lf all other factors are same, an iron core inductor has more inductance than an air
cored inductor. This is because the iron has higher permeability. Hence the flux set up in core
will be more, so more flux changes and thus more emf induced for a given change incurent
On the other hand, adding more tums to an inductor increases its inductance because
cach turns adds more magnetic field strength (H =NI/) to the inductor. Increasing the
magnetic field strength results in more flux to cut the turns of the inductor.
When other factors are same , and diameter of core is more hence inductance of coil
will also increase. This is because all the flux has to go through the core of an inductor. Thus
large diameter core can handle more flux for the same value of flux density than a small
diameter core.
6.6 TYPES OF INDUCTORSS
The inductors are classified according to the type of material used for core. The core
may be either a magnetic material or a non-magnetic material. Fig. 6.7 shows different types
of inductors.

(a) Iron core inductor (b) Air core inductor (c)Iron core variable inductor () Air core variable inductor
Fig. 6.7.
6.7. MUTUAL INDUCED EMF
It is another kind of statistically induced emf. The emf induced in a coil due to the
changing current in neighbouring coil 15 called mutually induced emf.
In Fig. 6.8, two coils A and B are kept near to each other. As coil A
the current in Co
iS the current in
changes so flux in coil A changes and hence emf will be induced in coil A known as
 ELECTHO

3--5

w-
em

Fig. 6.8. Mutual induced emf.

uced emf (eL). As coil B is kept near to coil A and the changing flux of coil A will link with
induced
to law of electromagnetic induction an emf induced in coil B is
ail Band
coil according Faraday's
alled as mutual induced emf (em).
Larger the rate of change of current in coil A . greater is the emf induced in coil B. The
emffinduced in coil B is directly proportional to rate of change of curent in coil A.

em =Md
d dt
where M is constant known as mutual inductance between the two coils and unit is henry.

Wheném=I volt and=1 A/sec.,then,M 1 H.

dt

Hence mutual induced emf between two coils is 1 Henry, if the rate of change of
currentin one coil is 1,A/sec, induces an emf oflV in other coil.
Whenever two coil are placed together in such a way that flux produced by one coil
limks with the other, the two coils are coupled with each other. In such a situation,
1. Coil A will have its self inductance LA.
2. Coil B will have its self inductance Lg.
Mutual inductance M between two coils.
6.8. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
lf is changed in one coil, emf induced in other coil is called mutually induced
curent
emt. Mutual
inductance is defined as the characteristics of one coil to produce an emf in other
cOL which is placed near to first coil. This property is called mutual inductance M. The mutual
nductance between two coils can be determined by,

1. As eM=M dl
dt

M=eM
dl
dt
Or
M2o

or
-

N2 01 = -

M1
 GINEC
Difference both sides,.
-

N2 d Mdh/dt
dt
Mdlh
em
d
2 Let there are two coils having turns
and N2 respectively. Noow
inductance between the two coils is

=M N O1N
or 2

But, as N Wb

Ho HA
M-, Nih
M=
Ho 4A

M= NN2 N N2
S
Ho rA
From equation (6.9) it is clear that
mutual inductance is inversely proportional to
reluctance of the magnetic circuit. The smaller
N
).OO
the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, greater the
COIL A
mutual inductance and vice versa. COIL B

Fig. 6.9.
6.9. CO-EFFICIENT OF COUPLING
Let us take magnetically coupled coils A and B having tums N\ and:
respectively.
Coil A has self inductance. L N

Ho 4A
Coil B has self inductance, N
L2=
HoHA
Now flux produced by coil A, N

Ho 4A
and flux produced by coil B, N h
02-
Ho HrA withcol
Suppose flux produced by coilA is o1, now fraction Ki of this flux links *
then mutual inductance,
 E L E C T H O

M Ki1N2 Kih_KiN N2 . (1)

HO rA Ho rA
Similarly flux produced by coil B is $2. Now fraction K2 of this flux links with
coil A.

Then mutual inductance= M=NK22_ N K2 N2l2

Ho HrA
M 2 N N2
.(2)
Ho HrA

Multiplying (1) x (2), K K Ní =K\ K2 Li L2

Ho rA
M VKi K2 VL\ L2
Put K K2 =K
Hence M K VL L2. .(6.11)
Constant K is known as coefficient of coupling defined as fraction of magnetic flux
Jaduced by the current in one coil that links the other. From equation 6.11 it is clear that
mutual inductance M will be maximum, when K= 1. f flux of one coil does not link with
lher coil, when K 0, then the mutual inductance (M) between the coils will be zero.
=