THE NATIVE RACES

OF THE

PACIFIC STATES.
LANGUAGES.
CHAPTER I.

GENERAL REMARKS.
NATIVE LANGUAGES IN ADVANCE OF SOCIAL CUSTOMS CHARACTERISTIC INDI
VIDUALITY OF AMERICAN TONGUES FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF LONG
WORDS REDUPLICATIONS, FREQUENTATIVES, AND DUALS INTERTRIBAL
LANGUAGES GESTURE-LANGUAGE SLAVE AND CHINOOK JARGONS
PACIFIC STATES LANGUAGES THE TINNEH, AZTEC, AND MAYA TONGUES
THE LARGER FAMILIES INLAND LANGUAGE AS A TEST OF ORIGIN
SIMILARITIES IN UNRELATED LANGUAGES PLAN OF THIS INVESTIGATION.

IN nothing, perhaps, do the Native Races of the

Pacific States show signs of age, and of progress from
absolute prime valism, more than in their languages.
Indeed, throughout the length and breadth of the two
Americas aboriginal tongues display greater richness,
more delicate gradations, and a wider scope than, from
the uncultured condition in which the people were
found, one would be led to suppose. Until recently,
no attention has been given by scholars to these lan
guages; now it is admitted that the more they are
studied the more do new beauties appear, and that in
552 GENERAL REMARKS.

their speech these nations are in advance of what their

general rudeness in other respects would imply. Nor
is there that difference in the construction of words
and the scope of vocabularies between nations which
we call civilized and those called savage, which, from
the difference in their customs, industries, and polities
we should expect to find from which it is safe to infer
;

that in progress, after the essential corporeal require

ments are satisfied, the necessities of the intellect, of
which speech is the very first, are not only met, but
are developed and gratified beyond what the actual
necessities of the body demand. That is, speech or
no speech, the body must be fed or the animal dies, but
with the absolute necessities of the body supplied, the
intellect and its supernumeraries shoot forward beyond
their relative primeval state, leaving bodily comforts
far behind. Hence in the very outset of what we call
progress, we see the intellect asserting its independence
and developing those organs only which in their turn
assist its own development. Again, under certain con
ditions, two nations, having advanced materially and
intellectually side by side up to a certain point, may
from extrinsic or incidental causes become widely sepa
rate one may go forward intellectually, while the two
:

remain together substantially; one may go forward

materially, while mentally there is no apparent differ
ence. The causes which give rise to these strange
inequalities we cannot fathom until we can minutely
retrace the progress of the people for thousands of
ages in their history we only see, in the many exam
;

ples round us, that such is the fact. A people well

advanced in art and language may, from war or famine,
become reduced to primeval penury, and yet retain
traces of its former culture in its speech; but by no
possibility can rude and barbaric speech suddenly
assume depth and richness from material prosperity:
from all of which it is safe to conclude that language
is the surest test of the age of a people, for the mind
cannot expand without an improvement in speech, and
 RELATIONSHIP OF AMERICAN LANGUAGES. 553

speech improves only as it is forced slowly to develop

under pressure of the mind.
The researches of the few philologists who have
given American languages their study have brought
to lio-ht
O ^ facts: First, that a relation-
the following
exists all the tongues of the northern
ship among
and southern continents; and that while certain char
acteristics are found in common throughout all the
languages of America, these languages are, as a whole,
sufficiently peculiar to be distinguishable from the
speech of all the other races of the world. Although
some of these characteristics, as a matter of course, are
found in some of the lari^ua^es of the Old World more
.

of them in the Turanian family than in any other yet

nowhere on the globe are uniformities of speech carried
over vast areas, and through innumerable and diversi
fied races, with such persistency as in America no ;

where are tongues so dissimilar and yet so alike as here.

In this general similarity would be a strong ground
work for a theory of common origin, either indigenous
or foreign, but for the fact that while the languages of
America appear distinct from all other languages of
the world, and do, indeed, in certain respects bear a
general resemblance one to another throughout, yet at
the same time I may safely assert that on no other con
tinent can there be found such a multitude of distinct
languages which definitely approach one another in
scarcely a single word or syllable as in America. It
is as easy to prove from language that the nations of
the New World were originally thrown together from
different parts, and that by intermigrations, uniformity
in customs and climate, and the lapse of long ages, the

people have become approximately brethren in speech,

while their incessant wars have at the same time held
them asunder and prevented a more particular uni
formity, as it would be to prove a common origin and
subsequent dispersion without further light, both theo
;

ries are alike insusceptible of proof, as are, indeed, all

hypotheses concerning the origin of the native races

of this continent. Another fact which naturally be-
554 GENERAL REMARKS.

comes more apparent the more we investigate the sub

as regards the nations inhabiting the
ject, particularly
western half of North America, is, that the innumer
able diversities of speech found among these tribes
constantly tend to disappear, tend to range themselves
under broad divisions, coalescing into groups and fam
ilies, thereby establishing more intimate relationship
between some, and widening the distance between
others. The numbers of tongues and dialects, which
at the first appeared to be legion, by comparison and
classification are constantly being reduced. Could we
go back, even for a few thousand years, and follow
these peoples through the turnings and twistings of
their nomadic existence, we should be surprised at the
rapid and complete changes constantly taking place ;

we should see throughout this broad continent the tide

of human life ebbing and flowing like a mighty ocean,
surging to and fro in a perpetual unrest, huge billows
of humanity rolling over forest, plain, and mountain,
nations driving out nations, absorbing or annihilating,
only to be themselves inevitably driven out, absorbed,
or annihilated; we should see, as a result of this inter
minable mixture, languages constantly being modified,
some wholly or in part disappearing, some changing in
a lesser degree, hardly one remaining the same for any
considerable length of time. Even within the short
period of our own observation, between the time of
the first arrival of Europeans and the disappearance
of the natives, many changes are apparent; while we
are gazing upon them we see their boundaries oscillate,
like the play of the threads in net- work. On the buf
falo-hunting inland plains I have seen aggregations of
tribes driven out from their old camping-ground, in
some instances a thousand miles away, and their places
occupied by others; in the narrower limits of the
north-western mountains I have seen numerous tribes
extirpated by their neighbors, a remnant only being
kept as slaves. While such was the normal condition
of the aborigines, it is not difficult to perceive, in some
degree at least, the effect upon languages. Yet, while
 LOXG WORDS IN AMERICAN LANGUAGES. 555

American languages are indeed, as Whitney terms

them, "the most changeful human forms of speech,"
there are yet found indestructible characteristic ele
ments, affiliations which no circumstances of time or
place can wholly obliterate.
One of these characteristic elements is the frequent
occurrence of long words. Even the Otomi, the only
language in America which can be called monosyllabic,
consisting as it does, for the most part, of etymons of
one syllable, contains some comparatively long words.
This frequency of long words, the method of their con
struction, and the ease with which they are manu
factured constitute a striking feature in the system
of unity that pervades all American languages. The
native of the New World expresses in a single word,
accompanied perhaps by a grunt or a gesture, what a
European would emply a whole sentence to elucidate.
He crowds the greatest possible number of ideas into
the most compact form possible, as though in a multi
tude of words he found weakness rather than strength
taking their several ideas by their monosyllabic
equivalents, and joining them in one single expression.
This rule is universal; and so these languages become,
as Humboldt expresses it, "like different substances in
analogous forms;" in which, as Gallatin observes, there
is "auniversal tendency to express in the same word,
not only all that modifies or relates to the same object
or action, but both the action and the object, thus con
centrating in a single expression a complex idea or
several ideas, among which there is a natural connec
tion." This linguistic peculiarity is called by various
names. Duponceau terms it the polysynthetic stage
or system; Wilhelm von Humboldt the agglutinative;
Lieber the holophrastic; others the aggregative, the
incorporative, and so on. As an illustration of this
peculiarity, take the Aztec word for letter-postage,
amatlacuilolitquitcatlaxtlahuilli, which interpreted liter

ally signifies, the payment received for carrying a

paper on which something is written. The Cherokees
go yet further and express a whole sentence in a sin-
556 GENERAL REMARKS.

one but one word

gle word a long it is
true, yet
winitawtigeginaliskawlungtanawnelitisesti,
which trans
lated forms the sentence, they will by that time have
nearly finished granting favors from a distance to thee
and me. Other peculiarities common to all American
languages might be mentioned, such as reduplications,
or a repetition of the same syllable to express plurals;
the use of frequentatives and duals the application of
;

gender to the third person of the verb; the direct

conversion of nouns, substantive and adjective, into
verbs, and their conjugation as such; peculiar generic
distinctions arising from a separation of animate from
inanimate beings, and the like.
The multiplicity of tongues, even within compara
of some
tively narrow areas, rendered the adoption
sort of universal language absolutely necessary. This
international language in America is for the most part
confined to gestures, and nowhere has gesture-language
attained a higher degree of perfection than here; and
what is most remarkable, the same representatives are
employed from Alaska to Mexico and even in South
America. Thus each tribe has a certain gesture to
indicate its name, which is understood by all others.
A Flathead will make his tribe known by placing his
hand upon his head a Crow by imitating the flapping
;

of the wings of a bird; a Nez Perce by pointing with

his finger through his nose, and so on. Fire is gener
ally indicated by blowing followed by a pretended
warming of the hands, water a
by pretended scooping
up and drinking, trade or exchange by crossing the
fore fingers, a certain gesture being fixed for everything
necessary to carry on a conversation. Besides this
natural gesture-language, there is found in various parts
an intertribal jargon composed of words chosen to fit
emergencies, from the speech of the several neighbor
ing nations; the words being altered, if necessary,
in
construction or pronunciation to suit all. Thus in the
valley of the Yukon we find the Slavd jargon,
and in
the valley of the Columbia the Chinook jargon, which
latter arose originally, not as is generally supposed con-
 LANGUAGES OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 557

ventionally, between the French-Canadian and English

trappers and the natives of the north-west, solely for
purposes of trade, but which originated among the
tribes themselves spontaneously and before the advent
of Europeans, though greatly modified and extended
by subsequent European intercourse. Thus has been
laid, no doubt, the foundation of many permanent lan
guages and dialects and thus we may easily perceive
;

the powerful and continued effect of one language

upon another.
As to the number of languages in America, much
difference of opinion exists. Hervds, before half the
country was discovered, felt justified in classifying
them all under seven families, while others find, on
the Pacific side of the northern continent alone, over
six hundred languages which thus far refuse to affili
ate. The different dialects are countless; and yet,
notwithstanding the formidable array of names which
I have gathered at the end of this chapter, probably
not one-fourth of their real number are or ever will be
known to us.

Many of the Pacific States languages bear resem

blances to one another, and may therefore be brought
more or less under groups and classes. These lan
guages,
O O however, resemble one another too slightly
O v
to
be called dialects, and in the majority of cases no affili
ations of any kind can be traced. But four great
languages are found within our territory, or, if we ex
clude the Eskimo, which is not properly an American
language, there remain but three, the Tinneh, the Az
tec, and the Maya. Of the lesser tongues, there are
many more, as will appear farther on. The Eskimos
skirt the shores of the north polar ocean, and belong
more to the Old World than to the New. The Tinneh,
Athabasca, or Chepewyan family covers the northern
end of the Rocky Mountain range, sending its branches
in every direction, into Alaska, British Columbia, Brit
ish America, Washington, Oregon, California, Xew
Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. The Aztec language,
558 GENERAL REMARKS.

whose seat is central Mexico, is found also in Nicara

gua and other parts of Central America. Traces more
over appear in some parts of Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango,
Chihuahua, Texas, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada,
Idaho, Montana, and Oregon. The Maya is the chief
Central American tongue, but traces of it may be
found as well in Mexico. Thus we see that while the
cradle of the Tinneh tongue appears to be in the cen
tre of British North America, its dialects extend west
ward and southward, lessening in intensity the farther
cen
they are removed from the hypothetical original
tre, suddenly dying out in some directions, fading
out at dis
gradually away in others, and breaking
connected intervals in others. So, with the Aztec
whose so far as present
language, primitive centre,
appearances go, was the valley of Mexico we ;
find it
as far
extending south along the shores of the Pacific
as Nicaragua, while northward its traces grow fainter
and fainter until it disappears. And so it is with the
Maya, which, covering as it does a less extent of terri
tory, is more distinctly marked and consequently more
easily followed.
In classifying the languages of the Pacific States,
the marks of identification vary with different families.
Thus the linguistic affiliations of the Tinneh family are
founded, not so much on certain recurring grammatical
rules, as on the number of important words occurring
under the same or slightly altered form. In the Aztec
to
language, the reverse of this is true; for although
some extent, in the establishing of relationships, we are

governed by verbal similarities, yet we

also find
posi
tive grammatical rules which carry with them much
more weight than mere word likenesses.
For example, in the north, wherever Aztec traces
are found, the Aztec substantive endings tl and til are
either abbreviated or changed according to a regular
ri. Aztec
system into ti, te, t, de, re, H, Jce, ca, la^
numerals are used by these northern nations, but in

modified forms pronouns are there

; personal
jund but
freatly little changed, while demonstrative, inter-
 INLAND AND COAST LANGUAGES. 559

rogativc, and indefinite pronouns likewise show signs

of Aztec origin. The ending ame, which, attached to
the verb, designates the person acting, can be plainly
traced; while among these same northern nations of
which I am speaking is found that certain system of
Lautverschiebung, or sound-shunting, originally discov
ered by Grimm in the Indo-Germanic family, and by
Professor Max Miiller called Grimm s law.
In the pursuance of this investigation, I noticed a
twofold curiosity which may be worthy of mention.
Throughout the great North-west, as well in most of
the many Tinneli vocabularies as elsewhere, is found
the Aztec word for stone, tetl, sometimes slightly
changed, but always recognizable, and to which the
same meaning is invariably attached; while on the
other hand, the Tinneh word for fire, cun, or coon,
appears in like manner in several of the Mexican lan
guages, and I even noticed it in the vocabulary of a
Honduras nation. This may be purely accidental,
but both being important words, I thought best to
draw attention to the fact.
The larger linguistic families are for the most part
found inland, while along the sea-shore the speech of the
people is broken into innumerable fragments. Par
ticularly this the case along the shores of the North
is
west. South of Acapulco, as we have seen, the Aztec
tongue holds the seaboard for some distance but again, ;

farther south, as well as on the gulf coast, there is

found a great diversity in languages and dialects. In
California the confusion becomes interminable, as if
Babel-builders from every quarter of the earth had
here met to the eternal confounding of all; yet there
are linguistic families even in California, principally
in the northern part. It is not at all improbable that
Malays, Chinese, or Japanese, or all of them, did at
some time appear in what is now North America, in
such numbers as materially to influence language, but
hitherto no Asiatic nor European tongue, excepting
always the Eskimo, has been found in America; nor
have affinities with any other language of the world
560 GENERAL REMARKS.

been discovered sufficiently marked to warrant the

claim of relationship. Theorizers enough there have
been and will be; for centuries to come half-fledged
scientists, ignorant of what others have done, or
rather have failed to do, will not cease to bring for
ward wonderful conceptions, striking analogies; will
not cease to speculate, linguistically, ethnologically,
cosmographically, and otherwise, to their
own satis
faction and to the confusion of their readers. The
absurdity of these speculations is apparent to all but
the speculator. No sooner is a monosyllabic lan
in America than up
guage, the Otomi, discovered
rises a champion, Senor Najera, claiming the distinc
tion for the Chinese, and with no other result than to
establish both as monosyllabic, which was well enough
known before. So the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg,
who has given the subject more years of study and
more pages of printed matter than any other writer,
unless it be the half-crazed Lord Kingsborough, first
are derived
Attempts to prove that the Maya languages
-

from the Latin, Greek, English, German, Scandina

vian, or other Aryan tongues then that all these lan
;

guages are but offshoots trom the Maya itself, which

is the only true primeval language. So much for in
temperate speculation, which, whether learned or shal
low, too often originates in doubt and ends in obscurity.
To show the futility of such attempts, let me give
a few words, analogous both in signification and sound,
selected from American, ^European, Asiatic, and other
languages, between which it is now well
established
that no relationship exists. For the German ja
we have the Shasta ya; for Jcomm, the Comanche
1dm; for Kopf, the Cahita coba; for weinen, the Cora
vyeine; for thun, the Tepehuana duni; for nichtt, nein,
the Chinook nixt, nix. For the Greek %6pa, there is
the Tarahumara colatschi; for e^aSov, [taSelv, the Cora
muate; for yvvq, the Cahita cuna. For the Latin hie,
vas, we have the Tepehuana hie, vase; for mucor, the
Cora mucuare; for lingua, the Moqui linga; for v all-is,
the Kalapooya wallah; for toga, manus, the Kenai
 ACCIDENTAL WORD-SIMILARITIES. 5G1

togaai, man. For the French casser, we find the

Tarahumara cassnialer; for tdtonner, the Tepehuana
tatame. For the Spanish liucco, the Tarahumara
hoco; for tuetano, the Cora tfitana. For the Italian
cosi, the Tarahumara com; for the Arabic dchar, the
Tarahumara ajare; for the Hawaiian po, the Sekumne
po (night).
For the Sanscrit da, there is the Cora ta (give); for
eke, the Miztec ee (one); for md, the Tepehuana mai
(not) and the Maya ma (no); for masd (month), the
Pima malisa (moon); for tschandra (moon), the Kenai
tschane (moon); forpada (foot), the Sekumne podo (leg);
for Jcamd (love), the Shoshone kamakh (to
love); for
pa, the Kizh paa (to drink). tana, we
For the Malay
have the Tepehuana tani (to ask); for liur-ip, tabah,
the Cora huri (to live), tabd (to beat); for homah, the
Shasta oma (house), and so on.
These examples I could increase indefinitely, and
show striking similarities in some few words between
almost any two languages of the world. When there
are enough of them similar in sound and signification
in any two tongues to constitute a rule rather than ex

ceptions, such languages are said to be related; but

where, as in the above-cited instances, these similari
ties are merely accidental, to prove them related would
prove too much, for then all the languages of the earth
might be said to be related.
In treating of the languages of the Pacific States,
commencing with those of the north and proceeding
southward, I make it a rule to follow them wherever
they lead, without restricting myself to place or nation.
One nation may speak two languages; the same lan
guage may be spoken by a dozen nations, and if the
evidence is such as to imply the existence of the same
language, or traces of it, in Alaska and in Sonora, I can
do no less than step from one place to the other in speak
ing of it. Besides the names and localities of languages
and linguistic families, I shall endeavor to give some
idea of their several peculiar characteristics, their
Vul,. Ill 30
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

of each
grammatical construction, with such specimens
as will enable the student to make comparisons and
draw inferences. In the following table I have at

tempted a classification of these languages; but in

some instances, from the lack of vocabularies taken
before the intermixtures that followed the advent of
Europeans, any classification can be but approximative.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF

THE PACIFIC STATES.
Naggeuktormute
Kittear
Northern Kangmali-Innuin
Eskimo ]
Nuwangmeun
I Nunatangmeuii
L Kitegue

f Malemute
Anlygmute
Eskimo Chnagmute
Pashtolik
Southern Kuskoquigmute
Eskimo Kangjulit. .

Kwichpagmute
or Magemute
Koniagan Agulmute
Kejataigmute
Aglegmute
Chugatsch
tKadiak

j
Unalaska
Aleut .
Atkha
{

( Yakutat
Chilkat
Hoodsinoo
Takoo
Auk
Thlinkeet.
Kaka
Sitka
Ecliknoo
Stikeen
Tungass

f Sawessaw-tinneii or Chepewyan
Tantsawhoot-tinneh or Coppermine River
Horn Mountain
Beaver
Thlingcha-tiniieh or Dog-Rib
Kawcho-tinneh or Hare
Eastern
Ambawtawhoot-tinneh or Sheep
Division
Sarsis or Sursees
Tsillawdawhoot-tinneh or Brush-wood
Nagailer
Slouacuss-tiimeh
Rocky Mountain
[_
Edchawtawoot-tinneh
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

Degothi-kiTtcliin or Loucheux
Vauta-kutchm
Natclie-kutciiiii
Kukuth-kutchin
Tntchone-kiitchiii
Kutchin .

Tathzoy-kiitchin
Han-kutchin
AVestern Artez-kutcliiii
Division Kntcha-kutchin
Teiiaii-kutchin

f .Tuiiakachotana
1
Jngelnut
Ligalik
A.enai . . . *
J Iiikalit
I Kenai
Ugalenz
Atnah or Nehanne
t Koltschaiie

Tautin or Talkotin
Tsilkotiii or Chilkotin
Naskotiii
Thetliotin
Tsatsnotiu
Tacully Xulaautiii
or
Ntsliaautin
Carrier
Natliautin
Xikozliautin
Tatshiautin
Central
Tinneh. . <

Babine
Division
Sicanni

Tlatskanai
Qualhioqua
IJmpqua

Lassies
Wilacki
Haynaggi
Hoop;ih . . .
Tolewah
Tahahteen
Siah

Apache proper
Toiito
Chiricagui
Gileno
Mimbreiio
Faraon
Mescalcro
Llanero
Southern
Divisicai Apaches. . .
-{ Lipan
Vaqnero
Xicarilla
Natage
Piiialeno
Coyote:-!)
Tejua
Coppermine
N-ivao
5C4 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

Haidah ,
Haidah
Kaiganie

Nass
Nass.
1

. . Sebassa
Hailtza,

Bellacoola
Clumsy au
jtfootka"

Quackoll
Cowlchin
Tlaoquatch
Uclenu
Quane
Quactoe
Koskiemo
Quatsino
Kycucut
Aitizzalit
Chicklezahft
Ahazaht
Eshquaht
Klaizzalit
Nitinaht
Toquaht
Seshaht
Clayoquofe
Patcheena
Soke
Nimkish
Nootka, Wickinninish
Songliie
Saiietch
Comux
Noosdaltim
Kwantlum
Teet
Nanaimo
Taculta
Ucleta
Neculta
Queehanictilta
Newttee
Saukaulutuck
Makah
Newchemass
Shimiahmoo
Nooksak
Samish
Skagit
Snohomish
Chimakiira
Clallam
Toanhooch
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES, COS

Sahsh

Ivootcnai

f Sahaptin proper or Nez Perce

Walla Walla
} Palouse
Sahaptin, Yakima
I

Kliketat
[ Tairtla,

j Caynso
"\Vaiilatpu
I Moilale

Chinook
Wakiakum
Cathlamet
Chinook. .
Clatsop
Multnomah
Skilloot
7
\\ atlala

Yamkally
Calapooya
Chinook Jarg

Tototin
Yakon

( Lntuami or Klamath
Klamath -\ .Modoc
( Copiili

(
Shasta
Shasta . ,... J 1 alaik
( \VatsahoM-ah

Euroc
(Aaliroc
560 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

Pataway or Veeard
Weitspeck 1 Weeyot
I Wishosk

Ehnek or Pehtsik
Howteteoh
Nabiltse
Patawat
Clrllulah
Whuelcutta
Kailta
Chimalaquai

Yuka
Yuka .
Tahtoo
Wapo or Ashochemie

Ukiah
Gallinomero
Masallamagoon
Gualala
Matole
Knlanapo
Sanel
Porno .

Yonios
Choweshak
Batemdakaie
Chocuyem
Olamentke
Kainamare
Chwachamaju

Cushna
Kinkla
Yuba
Sonoma
Oleepa
Yoloy or Yolo
Nemshous
Colusa
Bashonee
Veshanack
Meidoo
Neeshenam
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES, 507

( Muthelemne
Eastern
Dialects
N
Sopotatunme
(
Talatiu

Xapobatin

fNapa
I
Myacoma
I
Calayomane
Napa. 1 Caymus
Uluca
i Suscol

Mustitul
Tulkay
Suisun
Karqnines
Tomales
Lekatuit
Petaluma
Guiluco
Tulare
Hawhaw
Coconoon
Yocnt
]SIatalan
Sal.se
Quirote
Ollione
Runsien
Eslene
Ismuracan
Aspianaque
Sakhone
Chalone
Katlendaruca
Poy^oqui
Mutsun
Tliamieii
Chowcliilla
jSIeewoc .
Tatch(S
San Miguel
Santa Cruz

rShoshone
Wiliinasht
j
Hannack
|
Shoshokee
568 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

Pericii
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 509

Concho
T(l)oso
Julime
Piro
Suina
Chinarra
Irritilia
Tejano
Tubar

Tcpehuana
570 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

(
Topia
Acaxee Sabaibo
-j

(
Xixime

Zacatec
Cazcane
Mazapile
Huitcole
Guachichile
Colotlan
Tlaxomultec
Tecuexe
Tepeeaiio

( Muutzicat
Cora Teakualitzigti
-j

( Cora, or Ateakari

Aztec, Mexican, or Nahuatl

n j Otomi
Utomi
,

1 i\,ri,
( Mazahua
Fame
Meco, or Serrano
Yue
Yeme
Olive
Xanambre
Pisone
Tamaulipec

Tarasco
Matlaltzinca
Ocuiltec

Tepuzculano
Yangiiistlan
Miztec baja
Miztec alta
Cuixlahuac
Miztec {
Tlaxiaco
Cuilapa
Mictlantongo
Tamazulapa
Xal tepee
Nochiztlan

Chocho, or Chuchone
Amusgo
Mazatec
Cuicatec
Chatino
Tlapanec
Chinantec
Popoluca

rZaachilla
J Ocotlan
Zapotec. Etla
]
Netzicho
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 571

I Serrano do Itztepec
1 Serrano do Cajouoa
Zapotec Beiii Xono
Serrano do Miahuatlan

Huave

fTetikilhati
Chakalmati
Huastec. . .

]
ipapaua
Tatimolo, or Naolingo

Totonac
Chiapanec
Tloque
Zotzil
Zeldal-quelen
Vebetlateca
Mam
Achie
(iuatemaltec
Cuettac
Hhirichota
Pokonchi
Caechicolchi
Tlacacebastla
<

} Apay
>

I
Poton
Taulepa
Ulna
Quiche
Cakchiquel
Zutugil
Chorti
Alaguilac
Caichi
Ixil
Zoque
Cox oh
Chanabal
Choi
Uzpantec
Aguacatec
Quechi
Maya
Carib
Mosquito
Poya
Towka
Valiente
Kama
i ookra
Woolwa
Too;iglaa
572 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

Lenca
Smoo
Teguca
Albatuina
Jara
Toa
Gaula
Motuca
Fansasma
Sambo

| Coribici
|

<!
I
Chorotega
._;
Chontal
]

I
Orotina
|j
O

f Blanco
Tiribi
{ Talamanca
Chiripo
Guatuso

Nicoya
Cerebaro
Chiriqui
Burica
Veragua
Paris
Escoria
Biruqneta
Nata
Urraca
Chiru
Cliame
Chicacotra
Sangana
Guarara
Cutara
Panama
- Chuchura

Chepo
Cueba
Quarecua
Chiape
Ponca
Pocora
Zumanama
Coiba
Chitarraga
Acla
Careta
Darien
Abieiba
Abenamecbey
Dabaiba
Birii
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 573

Tule
Cholo
Doracho
Cimarron
Bayano
Cimarron
Mnn/anillo, or Sau Bias
Mandingo
Cuna
Cunacuna
Choco
Caomane
Uraba
Idiba
Pay a
(Joajiro
Motiloiie
Guaineta
Coci.ua