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Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
CONCEPTS
LESSON 2
LEARNING GOALS
At the end of this learning session, l should be able to:
1. Define organic chemistry and identify its scope.
2. Classify different organic compounds.
3. Explain how covalent bonds in organic compounds are
formed
4. Explain the Valence Bond Theory
5. Demonstrate how molecular orbital are formed through
hybridization and relate it to molecular structure
6. Write the different structural representations of organic
compounds.
7. Identify the different functional groups present in an
organic compound.
LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
WHAT MAKES A COMPOUND ORGANIC?
LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1800s 1828
Ancient
Times • Jon Jacob • Frederich
Berzelius Wöhler
LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Wöhler’s Experiment
Frederich Wöhler
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic
Chemistry is the
study of organic
compounds and
their structure,
properties, and
reactions.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Tetravalency
Catenation
CARBON
Hybridization
Isomerism
Allotropy
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same
Catenation element, occurring only among the atoms of an
element that has a valence of at least two and that
forms relatively strong bonds with itself.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Graphite
Diamond
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Isomerism
Isomers are molecules with
the same molecular formula
but have different structures,
which creates different
properties in the molecules.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Isomerism
1. C5H12 3. C7H16
2. C6H14 4. C8H18
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Hybridization
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.3
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PROPERTY INORGANIC COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPOUD
Type of bond present Ionic and covalent bonds Covalent bond
Rates of Reaction
• At Room Temp Fast Slow
• Increased Very fast Fast to explosive
Temperature
Combustibility Usually non-combustible Highly combustible
Melting Point and Higher boiling point and Lower boiling point and
Boiling Point melting point melting point
Solubility and Soluble and miscible in polar Insoluble and immiscible in
Miscibility solvents, e.g. water polar solvents, e.g. water
• Polar Solvent Insoluble and immiscible in Soluble and miscible in
• Nonpolar Solvent nonpolar solvents nonpolar solvents
Volatility Usually non-volatile Highly volatile
Conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.4
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic
Compounds
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons
Derivatives
Saturated Unsaturated
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.4
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A typical
A Lewis Kekulé structure.
structure. Does not include lone
Lone pairs.
pairs shown.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Kekulé Formula
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms of
carbon, five atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of chlorine.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of
carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and one atom
of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain
six atoms of carbon and six atoms of
hydrogen.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Condensed Structural
Formula
Shows the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written
in a single line to save space and make it more convenient and
faster to write out.
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms of carbon,
five atoms of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of carbon, 6
atoms of hydrogen, and one atom of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain six atoms of
carbon and six atoms of hydrogen.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Condensed Structural
Formula
Shows the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written
in a single line to save space and make it more convenient and
faster to write out.
LET’S TRY THIS!
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Bond-Line Formula
Bond-line formula is used to write carbon
and hydrogen atoms more efficiently by
replacing the letters with lines.
• A carbon atom is present wherever a
line intersects another line.
• Hydrogen atoms are then assumed to
complete each of carbon's four bonds.
• All other atoms that are connected to
carbon atoms are written out.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Bond-Line Formula
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms
of carbon, five atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of chlorine. Write the molecular
formula for this molecule.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of
carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and one atom
of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain
six atoms of carbon and six atoms of
hydrogen. LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Bond-Line Formula
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Bond-Line Formula
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Bond-Line Formula
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 2
3 4
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LESSON 2
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
LET’S TRY THIS! Identify the functional groups present in each organic
molecule.
LESSON 2
LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Identify the functional groups present in each organic molecule.
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
LESSON 2