MED 1024

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN EDUCATION

Assignment No.: 01

Muthulingam Ramaneetharan
Reg. No.: EU/PGS/2020/M.Ed/25
Index No. : EU/PGS/M.Ed/355

Master of Education Program

Faculty of Arts & Culture

Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Vantharumoolai
MED 1024 - CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN EDUCATION

Assignment No.: 01

1. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; vd;gjidAk;> mjpfhug;gfph;T vd;gjidAk;

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

2. ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l (1987) mjph;fhug;gfph;tpdhy; nghJf;

fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rhjf> ghjf epiyikfisg; gFj;jhuha;f
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; vd;gjidAk;> mjpfhug;gfph;T vd;gjidAk;
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; (Decentralization)

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; vd;w nrhy; gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; xU Gjpa murhq;f

mikg;G gw;wpajhfg; Gof;fj;jpy; te;jjhFk;. 19k; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
kf;fs; Rje;jpuk;/tpLjiy vd;w czu;Tk; nraw;ghLfSk; Ml;rp mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tYT+l;bd.

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; vd;gJ> kj;jpapypUf;Fk; my;yJ Xu; xOq;fikg;gpd; cau;

kl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jplk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ,ilkl;l> fPo;kl;lf;
fl;likg;Gf;fSf;F MNuhf;fpakhd tifapy; toq;FtjhFk;. muRfs;> ngupa
epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpf;F ,J nghUe;JtjhFk;.

mjpfhug; gutyhf;fkhdJ xU murhq;f myfhf cs;s+uhl;rpapd;fPo; xU

Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. Vnddpy; ,J xU [dehafkakhf;fy; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpf;fhd #oiy cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
gpd;tUkhW czug;glyhk;. yhNy ,d; $w;Wg;gb> cs;s+u; murhq;fk; nghJ
KbntLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; [dehaff;
nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jtjd; %yk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ.
cs;s+u; Kd;Kaw;rp kw;Wk; jpahfj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf
gpuNjrj;jpy; fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj> epjp Mjhuq;fis mzpjpul;Ljy;:
fz;zpakhf tho;f;iff;fj; Njitahd r%fNritfSf;F NghJkhd
Vw;ghLfis cWjp nra;jy;;: kj;jpa murpd; eltbf;iffspd; nray;jpwid
cWjpnra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; kj;jpa mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> cs;s+u; epWtdq;fSf;Fk;
,ilNaahd ,ilj; njhlu;ghliy epWTjy; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mwpitAk; mDgtq;fisAk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sTk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; mbg;gilahf

mikjYk;> gzpahsu;fs; Ntiy ntspg;gilj;jd;ik mjpfupg;ghy;
MNuhf;fpakhd r%fr;#oy; cUthfTk;> rpwe;j njhlu;ghliy
Nkw;nfhs;SjYk; ,t; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd; ed;ikfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy; Fog;gk;: ahUld; njhlu;G nfhs;tJ vd;w Fog;gk;

gzpahsu;fsplk; Vw;gly;> NtWgl;l fUj;Njhl;lq;fshy; xUq;fpirT
jilg;gly;> jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy; fhyjhkjkhfy;> fl;Lg;ghlw;w epiy Njhd;wy;>
gapw;rp> mDgtk; gzpahsu;fsplk; eypTw;W ,Ug;gjhy; ghjfkhd
epWtdr;#oy; Vw;gly; Nghd;wd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpdhy; tpisaf;$ba
jPikfshFk;.
mjpfhug;gfpu;T Devolution of Power

mjpfhug;gfpu;T vd;gJ kj;jpa muR jdf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis my;yJ

mjpfhuq;fspy; rpytw;iwg; gpuhe;jpa my;yJ gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; cs;s
mikg;Gf;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjhFk;. epWtd xOq;fikg;Gf;Fs;Sk; ,J
eilngWk;.

mjpfhug; gfpu;thdJ KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cs;spl;l nray;ghl;Lg;

nghWg;Gf;fisr; rl;lg+u;tkhf ,izf;fg;gl;l Jizj;Njrpa murhq;f
myFfSf;F khw;Wtij cs;slf;fpaJ. vdNt nghJf; nfhs;ifapd; rpy
Jiwfspd; KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd murpay; mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J cs;s+u; murhq;fj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ cs;s+u; kl;lj;jpy;
,NjNghd;w myFfSf;Nfh khw;Wtij ,J cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;
fl;likg;G Kiwapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u; murhq;fq;fs; fl;likg;GuPjpahf
NtWgLfpd;wd. xt;nthU kl;lj;jpw;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
mjd; nrhe;j nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s jdpj;jdp epWtdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhug; gfpu;T vd;gJ cs;s+u; Rahl;rpAld; njhlu;GilaJ.
kw;Wk; murhq;f eltbf;iffspy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd tha;g;ig
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

mjpfhug;gfpu;T tifapd;fPo; cs;s+uhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F mtw;wpd; tUtha;f;

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;> mtw;wpd; epjpfisAk; mtw;wpd; nrhe;j
Copau;fisAk; epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J
me;j];ijAk;> nfhs;if tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. murpay;>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tsq;fis mZFtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; kl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
murpay; rhu;gw;w #oiy cUthf;fTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. muR mjpfhuk;
gue;j mstpyhd egu;fspilNa gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J murpaiy Fiwe;j
mr;RWj;jYf;F Mf;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt $l;Lg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gij
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. ,J xU epahakhd murpay; jsj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
FOf;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. ika
mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; rkepiyia epWTfpd;wJ. NkYk; Nghl;bf;
FOf;fspilNa murpay; td;Kiwiaj; jLf;fpd;wJ.

mjpfhug; gutyhf;fKk; mjpfhug;gfpu;Tk; xd;wpnyhd;W fyg;ghfTk;

jdpj;jdpahfTk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. fy;tpapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fKk;
mjpfhug;gfpu;Tk; cyf ehLfs; gytw;wpYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYk;
,e;j ,uz;L nraw;ghLfSk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. fy;tp
MSifapYk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; ,yq;ifapy;
njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mNj Nghd;W
gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd gfpu;T Kaw;rpfSk; ,ilapilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
murpayikg;gpd; 13MtJ ruj;jpw;fikthf khfhz rigfSf;Fr; rpy
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjid mjpfhug; gfpu;Tf;Fk; cjhuzkhff;
nfhs;syhk;.

ghlrhiyfSf;F mjpfhuq;fs; ifaspf;fg;gl;L tUtjid mjpfhug;

gutyhf;fj;jpw;F cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. fy;tpapy; mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fKk; mjpfhug;gfpu;Tk; midj;J khztu;fSk; rkkhd> jukhd
fy;tpiag; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ljhFk;.

Devolution and Decentralization

Decentralization
• Decentralization is the movement of
some level of autonomy/ power/
decision making from the central
government to the local level
governments such as a County or
State etc.
• Decentralization is a public
management strategy
• Decentralization is often decided
top-down and is a strategy for
increasing the head-offices’
capacity to achieve proposed
objectives
Devolution
• Devolution is the share of resources
in order to facilitate the
decentralization.
• devolution is a political decision
with managerial consequences
• Decentralization is often decided
top-down and is a strategy for
increasing the head-offices’
capacity to achieve proposed
objectives
,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l (1987) mjph;fhug;gfph;tpdhy; nghJf; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s rhjf> ghjf epiyikfisg; gFj;jhuha;f

,yq;ifapy; fy;tpapy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fKk; fy;tp mgptpUj;jpAk;

,yq;ifapy; fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtk; rhu;e;j mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; 1943Mk;

Mz;bd; fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld; njhlq;fpanjdyhk;. rfy khztu;fSf;Fk;
rkkhd> jukhd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNj mf;fy;tpr;
rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; mjidj; njhlu;e;J te;j fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; gpujhd
Nehf;fkhFk;.

fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jnkd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; ngUk;ghYk; fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtg;

gutyhf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 1961> 1972> 1981> 1987
Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtk; rhu;e;j mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
njhlu;ghd rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. midtUf;Fk; jukhd fy;tpia
toq;FtjD}lhf ehl;bw;F Njitahd kdpj tsj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;J
mjd; %yk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpia vl;LtNj ,yf;fhFk;.

,yq;ifapy; nghJf;fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; my;yJ

fy;tpaikr;R nfhz;bUe;j mstpw;fjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fis khtl;lk;>
khfhzk;> ghlrhiy vd;Dk; gb xOf;F kl;lq;fSf;Fg; gutyhf;Fk;
Kaw;rpfNs mf;fhyk; njhlq;fp ,d;W tiu ,lk;ngw;Ws;s khw;wq;fnsdyhk;.
fy;tp mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fpy; khfhzk;> khtl;lk;> tyak;> ghlrhiy
vd;gtw;wpw;F kj;jpapypUe;J jPu;khdnkLj;J mKyhf;Ftjhy; Vw;gLk;
mePjpfis eptu;j;jp nra;tNj mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. 1939k;
Mz;L 31 Mk; ,yf;ff; fytpr;rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk; kj;jpa
fy;tp mjpfhurigahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

1961,y; gz;lhutisapy; ,lk;ngw;w fy;tp khehl;bd; jPu;khdg;gb 1966y;

khtl;lq;fs; NjhWk; 23 fy;tpf; fhupahyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsu;fs; vd;w gjtp gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJld;
fy;tpr; nrayhsu; xUtUk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. fy;tpaikr;Rk;
fy;tpj;jpizf;fsKk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;ld. %d;W fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Muk;gf;fy;tp> ,ilepiyf;fy;tp> njhopEl;gf;fy;tpf;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
1975 ,y; 23 gpujhd fy;tpf; fhupahyaq;fs; 25 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;ld. 1981,y;
ghlrhiyf; nfhj;jzpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ghlrhiyfisr;
RaKfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;tJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. 10 njhlf;fk; 12
ghlrhiyfis xd;wpizj;J epu;tfpj;jy; ,jd; nraw;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ.
1984k; Mz;bd; fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; Kfhikj;Jt mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fhff;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; fy;tpf;Nfhl;lq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

gpuNjr fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fs;

Nfhl;lf;fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fs;

ghlrhiyf; nfhj;jzpfs;

ghlrhiyfs;

fy;tpf;Nfhl;lq;fshdJ nghJ epu;thfg;gpupT> epjpg;gpupT> fy;tp epu;thfg; gpupT>

fy;tp mgptpUj;jpg;gpupT vDk; ehd;F gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. gpuNjr
kl;lj;jpy;> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; nraw;ghLfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld.
,jpy; gy FiwghLfSk; Nky;kbAk; nraw;ghLfSk; fhzg;gl;ld.

1987,y; 13k; ,yf;f murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpw;fikthf khfhz

rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;> khfhzf;
fy;tpaikr;R> khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fs;> fy;tpf;Nfhl;lk; vd;gd
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. gpuNjrf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fs Kiw nraypoe;jJ. ,tw;wpy;
gy rpf;fy;fSk; Kuz;ghLfSk; Njhd;wpd. gy fy;tpf;Nfhl;lq;fs;
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L fy;tp tyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

murpayikg;gpd; gjpd;%d;whtJ jpUj;jk;.

murpayikg;gpd; 13tJ jpUj;jkhdJ xt;nthU khfhzj;Jf;Fnkd xt;nthU

khfhzrigia cUthf;f Vw;ghL nra;jJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf
murpayikg;gpd; 18k; cWg;Giu rpq;fsnkhop murfUk nkhopahf Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jid 13k; jpUj;jk; jkpo;nkhopiaAk; murfUk
nkhopahf;fpaJld; Mq;fpy nkhopia ,izg;G nkhopahf gpufldk; nra;jJ.

,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ murpayikg;G ahg;gpd; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Clhf

fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gy khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gLgit 13tJ
jpUj;j Nahridf;fhd murpaw; fl;rpfspd; khehl;bd; Xuhk; FOtpd;
tpjg;Giufis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. mit>

1. Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlrhiyfs; my;yhj vy;yh mur ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;

trjpfisr; nra;JnfhLj;jy;. mitahtd> Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;> Nrit
MszpapdUf;fhd rpwg;Gg; ghlrhiyfs;> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ghlrhiyfs; vd;gdthFk;.
2. vy;yh Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspdJk; mj;Jld; NkNy Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
ghlrhiyfs; jtpu;e;j vy;yh mur ghlrhiyfspdJk; Kfhikia
Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;. juq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd ghlrhiyfspd;
Kfhikia ghu;itapLtjw;F Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fkhd cupikia
fy;tp mikr;R nfhz;bLj;jy;.
3. vy;yhf; fy;tp MszpapduJk; (Mrpupau;fs;> mjpgu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp
mjpfhupfs;) ,lkhw;wKk;> xOf;fhw;Wf; fl;Lg;ghLk; Njrpa Nritiar;
Nru;e;jtu;fSk;> khw;Wr; Nritapd;kJP khfhz mjpfhurigapy;
Nritahw;Wfpd;wtu;fSkhd mYtyu;fs; gfpuq;fNrit
Mizf;FOTf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a cupikAilatu;fshtu;. khfhz
Nritiar; Nru;e;j mYtyu;fs; Ntiy ePf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf gfpuq;fNrit
Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a cupikAilatu;fshtu;.
4. Nghjdh jifikfshf Vw;W mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l bg;Nshkhf;fisAk;>
fy;tpf; fy;Yhupfspy; ,Ue;Jk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ngwg;gl;l
gl;lq;fisAk; nfhz;ltu;fshd egu;fis Mrpupa Nritapy;
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
5. ,e;j tFjpfisr; Nru;e;j Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifapdu; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf
,Uf;fpd;wtiuapy;> Mrpupa Nritf;F VidNahiur;
Nru;j;jf;nfhs;syhdJ gfpuq;fNrit Mizf;FOtpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk;
Ml;Nru;g;G guPl;irfspd; KbTfisg; nghWj;jjhftpUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa
guPl;irfspd; Kbitg;nghWj;J Neu;Kfg; guPl;irAk;> njupTk; khfhz
mjpfhupfSld; Nru;e;J elhj;jg;gLk;.
6. tFjpfs; 1m> M> , vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; my;yhj my;yhg;
ghlrhiyfspdJk; mjpgu;fis epakpj;jy;. fl;lisf;fy; fy;tp
mikr;rupdhy; toq;fg;gLk;.
7. tFjpfs; 1m> M> , ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fspd; epakdk; khfhz
mjpfhurigapd; xUikg;ghl;Lld; fy;tp tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
mikr;rupd; mikr;Rr; nrayhsupdhy; my;yJ gfpuq;fNrit
Mizf;FOtpdhy; nra;ag;gLk;.
8. Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Vida fy;tprhu; MszpapdUf;Fk; gapw;rpaspj;jy;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;nfy;iyf;Fs; mlq;Fk;. khfhz
mjpfhurigfs; jq;fs; Njitfis Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpw;F
mwptpf;Fk;.
9. kjpAiug; gzpfisf; nfhz;l khfhzf; fy;tpr; rigfis epakpj;jyhdJ
fy;tp mikr;rupd; nghWg;ghFk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,J khfhz
mjpfhurigapd; gpujhd mikr;rupd; xUikg;ghl;Lld; nra;ag;gLk;.
10. khfhz mjpfhurigfs; fy;tp mikr;rupdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tptuf;
FwpaPLfSf;F ,iatjhf ghlrhiyr;rigfis ];jhgpf;Fk;.
11. khfhz mjpfhurigfs; ghlrhiyr; rigfspd; njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;ghu;it
nra;Ak;.
12. jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy; khfhz mjpfhurigapd; nghWg;ghFk;. mjhtJ
fy;tp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;> tUlhe;j nraw;gLj;jy; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wd.
13. tUlhe;j fy;tp mgptpuj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpidr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
14. mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> fy;tp mjpfhupfs; MfpNahupd; nray;
epiwNtw;wj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.
15. Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpd; Kd;dq;ff
P huk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wdthd
Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jjy;.
16. guPl;ir Mizahsupdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk; cs;ehl;Lg; guPl;irfis
elhj;Jjy;.
17. tpjpKiwg;gl;ldty;yhj fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jy;.
18. Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfisg; gjpT nra;jYk;. Nkw;ghu;it nra;jYk;.
19. Kjdpiy ghltpjhdj;jpYk;> ,uz;lhe;ju ghltpjhdj;jpYk;
njupTnra;ag;gl;l ghlq;fspYk; cs;sf NtWghLfSf;F Njrpa fy;tp
epWtdj;jpd; mq;ff P huj;ijg; ngWjy;.
20. fy;tprhu; fl;blq;fs;> Ehyfq;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
epu;khzpj;jYk;> NgzptUjYk;.
21. fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;> fl;Gy cgfuzq;fs;> nrtpg;Gy – fl;Gy
rhjdq;fs;> jsghlq;fs;> NtW rhjdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jYk;> gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;.
22. mikr;rpdhy; fhl;lg;gl;l Fwpj;j rpy Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tplag;nghUl;fs;
my;yhj tpQ;Qhd rhjdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jYk;> gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;.
23. ghlrhiyg; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fis mikr;rpd; mq;ff P huj;jpd; gpd;du;
jahupj;jJk;> gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;.
24. Njrpa EhyfNritr; rigapdhy; mspf;fg;gLk; topfhl;ly; newpfSf;f
,zq;f> ghlrhiy Ehyfq;fis xOq;FgLj;jYk;> mgptpUj;jp nra;jYk;.

13tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F mikthf mjpfhug;gutyhf;fj;jpDhlhf

khfhzrigfSf;F mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ jtpu;j;J
tUtjhYk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l rhjfj; jd;ikfisg; g+u;j;jpnra;a%bahj epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,q;F KOikahd mjpfhuk; toq;fg;glhikNa
,g;gpur;rpidf;F Kjd;ikf; fhuzkhFk;.
crhj;Jizfs;:

1. kd;#u;> vk;.Nf.vk;. (2021). fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtk;> jpUj;jpa ,uz;lhk;

gjpg;G> epa+ nryf;rd;> mf;fiug;gw;W.
2. ,yq;if rdehaf Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;G> (2010>
nrj;njk;gu; 09k; Njjp tiuapyhd jpUj;jq;fSld;)> kWgjpg;G 2013
3. nry;tFzghyd;> nr. (2012). ,yq;ifr; rl;lq;fs; Xu; mwpKfk;
(,uz;lhk; gjpg;G)> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G.
4. ,izak; - Difference between decentralisation and devolution - Holyprofweb