FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY  
  DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY  
   
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY
   
   
LABORATORY REPORT
   
COURSE CODE BNP 20103
   
EXPERIMENT CODE & TITLE MKSA – 04-PELTON TURBINE
   
EXPERIMENT DATE  
   
SECTION/GROUP NO.  
   

1.
2.
GROUP MEMBERS 3.
4.
5.

1.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
2.
   
SUBMISSION DATE  
   

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP  

EXAMINER’S COMMENTS
 

   
 
               
 Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
Faculty: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY WITH HONOURS
Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY/ BNP20103
Experiment Title: PELTON TURBINE

CLO3: Display technically the given hydraulics and hydrology problems through laboratory tasks/project effectively
Assessme Scor
Sub Criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good) 4 (Excellent) Weight
nt e
Lab work needs are not
Descriptions of the lab Some lab work needs are not Most lab work needs are All lab work needs are
described at all.
work needs. Correct use of accurately described. Major accurately described. Mostly accurately described. Correct
P1 Incorrect use of 4 /16
measurement technique incorrect use of measurement correct use of measurement use of measurement
measurement technique
and equipment technique and equipment technique and equipment technique and equipment
and equipment
Report
Describe correct and Data collections are not Most data collections are not Most data collections are All data collections are
precise data collection. complete. Wrongly accurately and precisely accurately and precisely accurately and precisely
Analyse and discuss the P2 analyse and discuss of described. Major wrong in described. Minor wrong in described. Analyse and 4 /16
data trends and patterns data trends and analyse and discuss the data analyse and discuss the data discuss the data trends and
using correct graphs patterns. trends and patterns. trends and patterns. patterns using correct graphs
Practices safely, can work
Ability to organise,
Fails to notice important Practices most procedures safely independently and take
performs experiments Minor flaws in safety. Requires
P3 information and safety conforms to the lab regulations initiative as well as 5 /20
safely and aware of constant supervision.
factors in the workplace. with minimal supervision. cooperating effectively in a
priorities in the laboratory.
Practical team.
Performs with little Shows excellent performance
Ability to show Shows good performance with
energy, focus and no Performs with some energy, with unusual energy, very
engagement in conducting P4 confident, energy and 8 /32
commitment- needs focus and commitment focused, shows confidence
experiment. commitment.
support. and full commitment.
Total 21 /84
CLO4: Comply the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve problems related to hydraulics and hydrology
Assessme
Sub-criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good) 4 (Excellent) Weight Score
nt
Follow the report format very
Format of report follows Do not follow the report Mostly follow all the report Follow all the report format
little
given format, shows team format. Poor team work, format Excellent team work,
Average team work,
Report work, contribution from all A1 contribution from all Good team work, contribution contribution from all 3 /12
contribution from all members.
members. Completes members, Very late from all members. On time members. On time submission
On time submission of lab
group lab report on time submission of lab report submission of lab report of lab report
report
Practical Participates in group A2 Less participates in Participates in group discussion, Mostly participates in group All participates in group 6 /24
discussion, shows interest group discussion, shows shows some interest in lab discussion, shows some interest discussion, shows great
in lab works, enjoys less interest in lab works, not really enjoy helping in lab works, enjoys helping interest in lab works, enjoys
 works, not enjoys
helping others others others helping others
helping others
Total 9 /36
Total (%)  
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BNP20103

Experiment Code MKSA – 04

Experiment Title PELTON TURBINE

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6
                 
   
   

  STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS  

   
  FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY  
   
  DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY  
   
   
   

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not
accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
   
   
   
   
  1) Group Leader       (Signature)  
  Name :        
  Matrix No. :        
   
  2) Group Member 1       (Signature)  
  Name :        
  Matrix No. :        
   
  3) Group Member 2       (Signature)  
  Name :        
  Matrix No. :        
   
  4) Group Member 3       (Signature)  
  Name :        
  Matrix No. :        
   
                 

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PAGE NO :

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EDITION : 1
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO : 1
 HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 28/08/2018
TITLE : PELTON TURBINE AMENDMENT DATE : 28/08/2018

PELTON TURBINE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the characteristics of Pelton Turbine operation by using several speed

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they have
learned to:
● Understand the basic operating system of the Pelton turbine.
● Understand the factors which influence the efficiency of turbine.

3.0 THEORY

Turbines are classified into two general category impulse and reaction. In both types the fluid passes
through a runner having blades. The momentum of the fluid in the tangential direction is changed and so a
tangential force on the runner is produced the runner therefore rotates and performs useful work, while the
fluid leaves with reduced energy. The important feature of the impulse machine is that there is no change
in static pressure across the runner. In the reaction machine the static pressure decreases as the fluid
passer through the runner. For any turbine the energy held by the fluid is initially in the form of pressure.
i.e. a high level reservoir in a hydroelectric scheme. The Impulse turbine has one or more fixed nozzles, in
each of which this pressure is converted to the kinetic energy of an unconfined jet. The jets of fluid then
impinge on the moving blades of the runner where they lose practically all their kinetic energy. In a
reaction machine the changes from pressure to kinetic energy takes place gradually as the fluid moves
through the runner, and for this gradual change of pressure to be possible the runner must be completely
enclosed and the passages in it entirely full of the working fluid. The general relationship between the
various forms of energy, based on the 1st Law of Thermodynamics applied to a unit mass of fluid flowing
through a control volume (such as the turbine it self), is expressed as:

where V is the volume per unit mass of the fluid.

The first three terms of the right hand side represent the useful work Wa i.e.
where subscript 2 refers to the turbine outlet and subscript 1 to the inlet The term W a represents the actual
work produced in changing the energy stages of a unit mass of the fluid. This may alternatively be
presented as the total dynamic head H of the turbine, by converting the units from work per unit mass to
head expressed as a length:

It can be assumed for the purposes of the following practical experiments that the fluid is incompressible
(i.e. ρ is const ant) The operating characteristics of a turbine are often conveniently shown by plotting
torque T, brake power Pb and turbine efficiency Et, against turbine rotational speed N for a series of
volume flow rates Qv, as shown in Figure 2. It is important to note that the efficiency reaches a maximum
and then falls, whilst the torque falls constantly and linearly. In most cases a turbine is used to drive a
generator in the production of electricity. The speed of the generator is fixed to produce a given frequency
of electricity. The optimum conditions for operation occur when the maximum turbine efficiency coincides
with the rotational speed of the generator. As the load on the generator increases then the flow of water to
the turbine must increase to maintain the required operating speed.

Figure 2: Example characteristics of a turbine at different flow rates

The basic terms used to define, and therefore measure, turbine performance in relation to rotational speed
includes:
i) Volume flow rate
ii) Head
iii) Torque, power output and efficiencies

Volume Flow Rate, Q The volume flow rate of fluid through the turbine is the volume passing through the
system per unit time. In SI units, this is expressed in cubic meters per second (m3 /s). Head, H The term
head refers to the elevation of a free surface of water above or below a reference datum. In the case of a
turbine we are interested in the head of the water entering the rotor, which of course has a direct effect on
the characteristics of the unit. Power Output and Efficiencies The brake power Pb produced by the
turbine in creating torque, T on the brake at rotor speed N is given by Equation 4:
Where Fb is the brake force reading on the balance and r is the pulley radius. However, the fluid friction
losses in the turbine itself, represented as F in Equation 1, require a hydraulic efficiency E h to be defined
as:-

The Pelton turbine units do not include the direct measurement of mechanical power P m, but indeed
measures brake force applied to the rotor via pulleys. A further efficiency is therefore required expressing
the friction losses in the pulley assembly Eb:

In general the efficiency of the turbine is provided as isoefficiency curves. They show the interrelationship
among Q, w, and h. A typical isoefficiency plot is provided in Figure 3.
 Figure 3: Isoefficiency curve for a laboratory-scale Pelton turbine

Figure 4 shows the form taken by the curve relating hydraulic efficiency and the ratio of rotor bucket to jet
speed.

Figure 4: Hydraulic efficiency versus bucket/jet speed ratio

The graph shows how the curve rises to a relatively sharp peak, and hence for a high hydraulic efficiency it
is essential for the ratio of bucket to jet speed to remain close to the theoretical value of one half (the
velocity of the jet being twice that of the bucket). The rotational speed (and hence the bucket speed) of the
rotor is required to remain constant in a generating installation in order to produce power at the correct
frequency. It then follows that for the hydraulic efficiency to remain high, the jet speed must also remain
the same. This is so even when the power demand falls off and the flow rate passing through the turbine is
therefore reduced (or vice-versa). With a standard throttle valve, the area of the outlet jet remains the
same as the volume flow rate changes. This causes a change in the jet velocity (Qv/A). With the Pelton
Turbine a spear valve is usually used for control. Power production is lowered by moving the spear further
into the nozzle. This decreases the volume of liquid passing through the turbine), but due to the smaller
area of the jet impacting on the bucket its speed remains the same.
 Figure 6: Typical brake power –speed curves for throttle and nozzle (spear valve) control

4.0 EQUIPMENT
i) Pelton Turbine Apparatus
3
 6

1. Spring Balance 2. Pelton Turbine 3. Tensioning Screw 4. Pressure Gauge 5. Spear Valve (Nozzle) 6.
Pulley

ii) Stop watch

iii) Tachometer

5.0 PROCEDURE
Experiment 1: Turbine Characteristics

Objectives:
To study the characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine operating at a different fluid flow rates with high head

Procedures:
1. Perform the general start-up procedures.
2. Then, fully open the throttle valve and allow the water to circulate until all air bubbles have dispersed.
3. Open and adjust the spear valve until 1.5 kgf/cm 2 of inlet water head shown on P1 pressure gauge.
4. Tighten up the tensioning screw on the pulley wheel until the turbine is almost stalled (rotor just turning).
5. Note the value of the pulley brake on F1 value (this will be the maximum brake force value). Decide on
suitable increments in force to give adequate sample points (typically 8 points between minimum and
maximum brake force).
6. Slacken off the tensioning screw so no force is being applied to the turbine, i.e. Fb at almost minimum.
Record the volumetric flowrate (Q), force reading (Fb), water head (P1) and turbine rotational speed (N),
into the experimental data sheet. This represents the first point on the characteristic curve.
7. Note that the value read from the tachometer using photo method for turbine rotational speed will be
divided by half to get the actual speed value. This is because there are 2 reflective stickers on the surface
of the pulley.
8. Tighten the screw to give the first increment in force for the brake. When readings are steady enough,
record all the readings again.
9. Repeat step 7 above for a gradually increasing set of Fb values, i.e. increasing values of torque. The
final sample point will correspond to the turbine stalling.
10. The recorded set of data may now be used for analysis and to plot the Pelton turbine characteristics
curve.
11. Now decrease the volume flow rate by closing the bench control valve slightly to a new setting by
changing the throttle valve position and at the same time also change the spear valve position to maintain
the pressure at 1.5 kgf/cm2. Repeat the taking of samples for gradually increasing values of torque, as in
Steps 4 - 10 above. Repeating this step will produce a series of result sets for comparison.

Experiment 2 : Turbine Characteristics

Objectives:
 To study the characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine operating at a different flow rates with low head

Procedures:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Then, fully open the throttle valve and allow the water to circulate until all air bubbles have dispersed.
3. Open and adjust the spear valve until 1.0 kgf/cm 2 of inlet water head shown on P1 pressure gauge.
4. Tighten up the tensioning screw on the pulley wheel until the turbine is almost stalled (rotor just turning).
5. Note the value of the pulley brake on F1 value (this will be the maximum brake force value). Decide on
suitable increments in force to give adequate sample points (typically 8 points between minimum and
maximum brake force).
6. Slacken off the tensioning screw so no force is being applied to the turbine, i.e. Fb at almost minimum.
Record the volumetric flowrate (Q), force reading (Fb), water head (P1) and turbine rotational speed (N),
into the experimental data sheet. This represents the first point on the characteristic curve.
7. Note that the value read from the tachometer using photo method for turbine rotational speed will be
divided by half to get the actual speed value. This is because there are 2 reflective stickers on the surface
of the pulley.
8. Tighten the screw to give the first increment in force for the brake. When readings are steady enough,
record all the readings again.
9. Repeat step 7 above for a gradually increasing set of Fb values, i.e. increasing values of torque. The
final sample point will correspond to the turbine stalling.
10. The recorded set of data may now be used for analysis and to plot the Pelton turbine characteristics
curve.
11. Now decrease the volume flow rate by closing the bench control valve slightly to a new setting by
changing the throttle valve position and at the same time also change the spear valve position to maintain
the pressure at 1.5 kgf/cm2. Repeat the taking of samples for gradually increasing values of torque, as in
Steps 4 - 10 above. Repeating this step will produce a series of result sets for comparison.

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Experiment Data Sheet:

 g= m/s2

=
r= 0.04 m

ρ= kg/m3

Flow rate Measurement Data:

V1 T1 T2 Q Q
(L) (MIN) (MIN) (LPM) (m3/s)

Pelton Turbine Experimental Data:

m1 m2 Fb1 Fb2 Fb N1 N2 N N
(g) (g) (N) (N) (N) (rpm) (rpm) (rpm) (Hz)

Pelton Turbine Experimental Result Summary:

Q Fb N P1 Hi Ph T Pb Et
 (m3/s) (N) (Hz) (bar) (m) (W) (Nm) (W) (%)

Formula used:
P1
1. Hi =
ρxg
2. Ph = ρ x g x Hi x Q

3. T = Fb x r

4. Pb = 2 x  x N x T
Pb
5. Et = Ph x 100%

7.0 QUESTIONS

For both experiments:

Plot graph for

a) Torque vs turbine rotational speed

b) Power output vs turbine rotational speed

c) Efficiency vs turbine rotational speed

Prepared by: Nur Aini Mohd Arish Approved by: Prof Madya Dr Nor Haslina Hashim

Signature: Signature:

Date: 26 August 2018 Date: 26 August 2018