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Effectiveness of Mango Tree Sap and

Mussel Shells as Alternative Materials for
Roof Sealant

Proponents

Alas, John Cedric L.

Dela Torre, Gavrei Elijah P.

Research Adviser
E

In collaboration with
Ma’am Jo-Anne Casuyon

2022

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................1

Research Abstract... 2

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND............................3

Introduction.........................................................................................................3

Objectives of the Study........................................................................................5

Hypothesis...........................................................................................................7

Significance of the Study.....................................................................................7

Scope and Delimitations of the Study..................................................................8

Conceptual Framework......................................................................................10

Definition of Terms...........................................................................................13
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the introduction, background of the study, conceptual

framework, conceptual paradigm, statement of the problem, the significance of the
study, scope and limitation and definition of terms.

Introduction

One of the nations on the planet that receives numerous typhoon strikes annually

is the Philippines. It inflicted billions of pesos' worth of damages to the nation's

infrastructure, agriculture, power, and telecommunications services as it traveled along

its path, leaving disaster in its wake. Ocean temperatures are rising as a result of climate

change, giving storms more fuel. Such storms are more likely to be more severe and to

occur outside of the normal season. Although the percentage of typhoons that are more

intense has increased, the number of typhoons may not have been rising as much as

previously thought.

Moreover, the province of Batangas is one of the most calamity-prone areas in

the Philippines. Its vulnerability to hazards can be attributed to its topography. Just a

single super typhoon can disrupt the daily livelihood of the people in the province. For

instance, according to a local news website, after Typhoon Rolly made its fourth

landfall in the nearby town of Lobo in the Batangas province late Sunday afternoon,

water and dirt from

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an overflowing creek submerged homes, restaurants, and a maternity facility in a

subdivision. Families preparing for dinner climbed to the second floor of their houses or

to the rooftops of their neighbors in a matter of hours, leaving them no time to save their

household items from the raging water.

Nonetheless, the damages brought by the typhoon here in the municipality of

Ibaan were not that severe compared to the other municipalities or provinces in the

country fortunately, however we cannot avoid the risks that it also brings. Among those

risks are strong winds that can easily sweep away the roofs of our homes but fortunately

there were only a few cases of that happening in the town of Ibaan since most

households have well-built houses.

However, storms and intense sun can still cause damage to your roof over time,

resulting in leaks and other problems. Making sure your roof is well-protected can help

improve energy efficiency and lengthen the life of your roof. As a homeowner, you

want to keep the costs of replacing your roof to a minimum as doing so can be quite

expensive. This is where roof sealants come into play. One of the most important

advantages of using a roof sealant is that it can increase the lifespan of your roof.

Sealants offer a layer of protection, reducing the amount of weather-related damage to

your roof. Although affordable, not everyone has access to it.

Hence, the researchers suggest a different way to produce a sealant that is as

long- lasting and robust as a conventional one. The researchers will use mussel shells

mango tree sap as the primary component of the alternative roof sealant. Mangos are

mainly a
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delicacy in the Philippines and mango tree are widely distributed in the country. During

harvesting of the fruit, sap oozes out at the abscission zone. This sap contains resin

which in turn can be made into varnish. On the importance of sealant, the function and

value of this sticky substance plays a very important role in the production of the roof

sealant.

Meanwhile, around 1.5 million tons of the 6 to 8 million tons of waste crab,

shrimp, oyster, mussel, and lobster shells produced worldwide come from Southeast

Asia. Waste shells are frequently just thrown into the ocean or a landfill in developing

nations. Disposal can be expensive in developed economies. However, the substances

found in shells are useful: protein, calcium carbonate, and chitin (Chrysi A

Papadimitrou and Theofanis Anagnostopoulos, 2020). Chitin contains polymer, which

is essential in the production of roof sealants because they are extremely durable and

waterproof; these are the properties that we seek when developing a roof sealant.

Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to develop a prototype of an alternative roof

sealant with mango tree sap and mussel shells as its primary components and to test its

effectiveness against harsh weather conditions. This could be viable in reducing

excessive amounts of mussel shell waste and to find significance in mango tree sap as

a valuable material.

Specifically, the study aims:

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1. To design an Alternative Roof Sealant taking into considerations

the following:

1.1 Durability

1.2 Effectiveness

1.3 Reliability

2. To determine the efficacy of the Alternative Roof Sealant in terms of its:

2.1 Ability to withstand harsh weather

2.2 Ability to prevent leaks

2.3 Ability to prolong your roof’s life expectancy

3. To develop an Alternative Roof Sealant that is not only efficient but

also environment friendly

4. To properly evaluate and test the property and quality of the materials to

be used in accordance with its traditional counterpart.

5. To find a proper disposal method of the excessive amounts of mussel shells.

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Hypothesis

This research study aims to design and develop an alternative roof

sealant made out of Mussel Shells and Mango Tree Sap. This section provides a

formulated hypothesis which serves as a guide for the researchers in the conduction of

the study.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the proposed mango tree

sap and mussel shell sealant to traditional roof sealant.

Significance of the Study

The current study aims to create an alternative roof sealant made out of

Mussel shells and Mango tree sap that can be a potential solution to minimize the

number of mussel shells that are scattered in some areas in the Philippines and to

maximize the use of mango tree sap.

The study also accommodates benefits to the following:

To the Environment. This will benefit the environment by reducing the

spread of used mussel shells in various areas. This research will enhance nature's

beauty
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by reducing one of the factors that contribute to environmental destruction.

To the Community. This enables the community to make their own roof

sealant in their homes using Mango tree sap. This will allow them to save money on

costly roof sealant. At the same time, they reduce one's environmental impact.

To the Researchers. This will broaden our perspective. This will make it

easier to comprehend and be aware of the various advantages of the materials we'll be

using. Furthermore, it makes us more prepared for our daily lives and for the future.

To Future Researchers. The researchers who will create a study parallel to

this could gain insights and will help them explore and create more effective roof

sealant. This will be the basis for them to know the materials that will be replaced or

added to make it more beautiful, source or reference to their future and affordability.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research will concentrate on developing an alternative roof sealant

made of Mussel shells and Mango tree sap. This is an excellent way to exploit the

abundance of Mussel shells in some areas of the Philippines. The poor, especially

those who cannot afford expensive roof sealant, can use this alternative roof sealant.

This will save money, especially for those who live near areas with a lot of mussel

shells and mango tree sap.

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The concept of an alternative roof sealant made of mussel shell and Mango

tree sap will make mussel shell more affordable and reduce excess mussel shell. This

roof sealant is made from crushed mussel shells and mango tree sap. This roof sealant

is cheap, but it takes a lot of mango trees with sap to make a lot of it.

The product is made by cleaning freshly harvested mussel shells and baking

them at 200 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes at 300 degrees

Celsius. Cool them and crush each mussel shell in a mortar and pestle, then finely

grind them in a pulverizer. After refining the mussel shell, combine it with the mango

tree sap and a little hot water to make it liquid and increase the amount of product

produced.

The initial research analysis will be carried out using a roof sealant made of

mussel shell and mango tree sap, durability, and to assess and test the efficiency of the

manufactured products. This will be accomplished in the Municipality of Ibaan to see

if there is a decrease in the spread of mussel shells. This prototyping method will

concentrate on the reduction and recycling of Mussel shells, as well as the proper use

of mango tree sap.

However, the purpose of this experiment was not to destroy the tree and

remove all of the sap from the mango tree, but rather to maximize those excess, such

as mussels shells, in the best way possible. The two materials mentioned for making

roof sealant are limited. As a result, the creation process can last several weeks or

months. The researchers will put it through laboratory tests to see how long it will last

and what effect it will have once it is used. Moreover, this research will concentrate on

the proper
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application of mussel shells and mango tree sap in the experimental alternative roof

sealant.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is the blueprint of the study in which the principles

and assumptions bring together the ideas that comprise the whole concept of the study.

The study is based on the effectiveness of mussel shell and mango tree sap as an

alternative material for roof sealant that will reduce the excess mussel shells that are

thrown away to promote cleanliness and public participation in the Municipality of

Ibaan.

The researchers created a conceptual paradigm in a Conceive-Design-

Implement-Operate (CDIO) model that demonstrated the development stages for the

assessment of the study in order to have a more comprehensive investigation of the

article.

In the Conceive Stage, the researchers have determined that they want to

create an alternative and accessible roof sealant that can properly replace a

conventional one, as well as improve the utilization of mango tree sap and the usage of

vitamins contained in spreading mussel shells.

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In the Design Stage, the researcher will use it to create an alternate roof

sealant and obtain the components needed for the prototype.

In the Implement Stage, the researchers create and design a mango tree
sap- and mussel-based roof sealant. Utilize the leftover mussel shells and additional
mango tree sap next. Combine two key components, and then evaluate the product's
durability. Try to use trial and error to increase the efficiency of the prototype.
Lastly, evaluate the lifespan and effectiveness of the alternative roof sealant.

Lastly, for the Operate Phase, the researchers propose a final design for an
alternative roof sealant made from excess mussel shells and mango tree sap.
 CONCEIVE DESIGN
IMPLEMENT OPERATE
 Create and
conceptualize the

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roof sealant made
out of a mussel
- to develop an  Necessary shell and mango
alternative and components tree sap
accessible roof sealant
Pulveriz  Utilize the
that can properly
ed additional sap
replace a conventional
mussel from the mango
one

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shells tree and the extra
To improve the o Mang mussel shells that
utilization of mango o tree were discarded.
sap Effective Roof
tree sap and usage of  Combined two
vitamins contained in o Mortar and Sealant Made
pestle major out of Mussel
spreading mussel
o Pulverized components and Shells and
shells.
machine tested the Mango tree sap
o Oven toaster durability of the
o Sealant tube product.
 Perform trial and
error process to
 Laboratory test improve the
effectiveness of
the prototype
 Examine the
performance and
lifespan of the
alternative roof
sealant.
Figure 1.0

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Conceptual Paradigm
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Definition of Terms

For clarity and better understanding of this study, the following terms are hereby

defined operationally.

Calcium carbonate. Is usually used in an adhesive or sealant formulation to take up

space and to reduce cost. It also provides good thixotropy, anti-collapsibility, and stability

as well as gives excellent thermo-duration. (No.18 SON HA MINERALS CO., LTD, 2021)

Chitin. Is the most prevalent aminopolysaccharide polymer found in nature and the

substance that gives crustaceans, insects, and fungi cells walls their strength. Chitin can be

deacetylated chemically or enzymatically to produce its most well-knwn byproduct of the

food processing industry and produce significant amounts of this bioplymer for use in

biomedical applications, are the primary natural sources of chitin. (Daniel Eliah-Ali-Komi

and Michael R Hambin, 2016)

Environment. A group of biotic chemical, and physical elements that interact with

an organism or ecological community to shape it and ensure its exercise.

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Mango tree sap. Squirt from the stem when the mango is pull off the stem, reaching

distances of several meters. If it hits the eyes, it creates a very painful sting. On unprotected

skin, even people not normally allergic to anything will be affected by mango sap after a

few days. (GardenDrum, 2015)

Mussel Shells. Is attach to solid surfaces in the sea. Their adhesion must be rapid,

strong, and tough, or else they will be dislodged and dashed to pieces by the next incoming

wave. Given the dearth of synthetic adhesives for wet polar surfaces, much effort has been

directed to characterizing and mimicking essential features of the adhesive chemistry

practiced by mussels. Studies of these organisms have uncovered important adaptive

strategies that help to circumvent the high dielectric and solvation properties of water that

typically frustrate adhesion. (Bruce P. Lee P.B. Messermith, 2011)

Pulverized Machine. A motorized oyster shell crusher machine was designed

and fabricated in the study to turn waste shells into lime for agricultural application. (Eunice

E. Mejos, Krisler M. Wansi and Genaro W. Macasieb, 2020)

Resin. refer to a yellow or brown sticky substance produced by plants that is

used to make various products, or to an artificial substance that is similar to natural resins

that is used to make plastics. (CorrosionPedia, 2018)

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Roof sealant. Sealants protect your roof from severe weather such as rain, snow,

and heat. Over time, storms and extreme sun can cause damage, leading to leaks and other

issues. Ensuring your roof is properly protected can also increase energy efficiency and

prolong roof life. Learn more about the benefits of getting your roof sealed. (Enterprise

Roofing, 2021)
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References:

Elieh-Ali-Komi D & Hamblin MR. Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of

Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

articles/PMC5094803/?fbclid=IwAR3uMGLNvKRJmPByYC_J7sEwtYQxqUf2azQxAaes

n9F9U7xgK3Q76nH18c

Enterprise Roofing (2021, August 16). The importance of roof sealants. Retrieved from

https://www.enterpriserfg.com/media-center/importance-roof-sealants

GardenDrum (2015, September 15). The dangers of mango sap. GardenDrum: Breathing

a new path. Retrieved from : https://gardendrum.com/2015/09/15/the-dangers-of-mango-

sap/?fbclid=IwAR3kVZ1rIjh6M7OPdGa08uL4w8HrNyfZWJu7HTBfWFo47H_KPNZkH5

43Upc#:~:text=The%20sap%20can%20squirt%20out,sap%20after%20a%20few%20days

Lee B.P, Messersmith P.B, Israelachvili J.N, & Waite J.H. Mussel-Inspired Adhesives

and Coatings. Retrieved from :

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3207216

/?fbclid=IwAR2CbM4E-VQIseui4gmQ_hFYbn3AlOl1F_lOGRl9dlUtW3-Yz_k42HOjbSk

Maricar Cinco (2020, November 3). Calamity strikes Batangas anew as Rolly makes

4thlandfall.Inquirer.net. Retrieved from : https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1355685/calamity-

strikes-batangas-anew?fbclid=IwAR2-CLjW0BLR3NkQMujyGdHN17Al5NBXCOLdW

THT1hxlyAH49UiP7TW7a0

Mejos, Eunice E., et. al (2019, October 4). Turning Waste into Calcium Source: Design,

Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Motorized Oyster Shell Crushing Machine at

Different Speeds - Benguet State University. Retrieved from http://journals.bsu.

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edu.ph/index.php/BRJ/article/view/185

Papadimitriou C., Anagnostopoulos T., & Galinou-Mitsoudi S. (2020). The use of waste

mussel shells as an aggregate replacement in concrete. Retrieved from :

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344042196_The_use_of_waste_mussel_shells_as

_an_aggregate_replacement_in_concrete

SON HA MINERALS CO., LTD (2021, November 20). Calcium Carbonate Powder

For Adhesives And Sealants. Retrived from : SHC

International Group site https://limestone.com.vn/calcium-

carbonate-powder-for-adhesives-and-sealants-2?fbclid=

IwAR1XugQh7sIGa0qc2VnXvCv4JSaq4Q5DZitzofFBcURD8hy NMImI_6h_Mu4

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2022, September 22). Environment. Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/science/environment

What does resin mean?. (2018, February 18). Retrieved from :

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/981/resin#:~:text=What%20Does%20Resin%20

Mean%3F,is%20used%20to%20make%20plastics.