General Chemistry I

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Content

1. Mixture, Matter and Measurements

2. Atoms

3. Electronic Structure of Atoms

1. Mixture, Matter and Measurements
What we have here?

● Matter, Mass and weight

● Physical state
● Energy
● Matter classification
● Units
● Precision and Accuracy
● Significant figure
Matter, Mass and Weight
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Mass vs Weight

is a measure of the quantity of matter

is the force that is exerted on
in a sample of any material
its mass by gravity.
Physical state

Hold shape Shape of container Shape of container

Fixed volume Fixed volume Volume of container

Physical state
Gas Liquid Solid

● Positions of molecules
Differences ● Movement/Interaction of molecules
● Distance between molecules

Can be compressed Can not Can not

to smaller volume or
Consequences expanded to large
volume
 Physical state

Factors Phase transformation

Temperature Pressure

Change the movement Change the

of molecules distances/occupied
volume → change
the interaction of
the molecules
Questions?

What are the properties of 3 states: gas, liquid, solid?

How can we melt ice/snow without heating?
Supercritical CO2
 Energy

Potential energy Kinetic energy

Energy that depends upon the relative Energy that an object has due to its motion
position.
Energy

2NO2 N2O4 ΔH = -57.2 KJ/mol

Exothermic or endothermic???

Exothermic Endothermic

The reaction release heat The reaction absorb heat

ΔH < 0 ΔH > 0
Transportation of energy

SrBr2

SrBr2 + 6H2O SrBr2(H2O)6 ΔH = 3744 KJ/Kg of H2O

Ideal energy storage density is very high: 628 kWh.m-3

Question???

What happens if the energy difference is 0?

Matter classification
Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous
Matter classification
Questions
Units of measurements
Units of measurements
Prefixes of units
 Temperature scale

Celsius scale (0 °C and 100 °C to the freezing and boiling point of water, respectively)

Kelvin scale (SI) (0 K refers to the lowest attainable temperature, absolute zero)

K = °C + 273.15

Fahrenheit scale (USA) (Water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F)

°C = 5/9 (°F – 32)

Precision and accuracy
Significant figures

⇒ Def: All digits of a measured quantity,

including the uncertain ones, are called
significant figures.

Ex:
15.4 3 significant figures
16.05 4 significant figures
0.055 2 significant figures

12.520 ± 0.002
12.52 ± 0.01
Which one is more reliable?
Significant figures
Rules
● Zeros (between non zero digits): Significant

Ex: 100.00002 7 significant figures

● Zeros (at the beginning of a number): Never Significant

Ex: 0.002 = 2x 10-3 Only one Significant figure

● Zeros (end of a number): Significant if the number contains a decimal point

Ex: 313.000 6 significant figures

Significant figures

Addition and subtraction rules

● The result has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the
fewest decimal places
● When the result contains more than the correct number of significant figures it
must be rounded off

Ex: 11.53 + 3.152 + 1.5 = 16.182

→ results is 16.1 (because 1.5 has only 1 decimal number)

Significant figures

Multiplication rules
● The result contains the same number of significant figures as the measurement with
the fewest significant figures.

Ex:

25.3 x 4.635 = 117.2655

Number of
significant figures 3 4 should be 3

Result : 117
Round off rules

● If the digit is smaller than 5, drop this digit and leave the remaining number
unchanged.
● If the digit is 5 or larger, drop this digit and add 1 to the preceding digit.
● If the last digit is 5, the number is rounded off to the nearest even digits.

Ex:

15.352 → 15.35

15.358 → 15.36

15.55 → 15.6

15.45 → 15.4
2. Atoms
Atom

- Smallest particle still characterizing a chemical

element.
- Consist of:
+ Positive nucleus: protons (positive charged)
and neutrons (neutral). Contribute most
mass of atom.
+ Electron shell: electrons (negative charged).
Determining atom size.
Electron

- Point-like particle, no dimension

- Elementary particle
- Charge: -1.602 x 10-19 C = -1e
- Mass: very light 9.109 x 10-31 kg
The nucleus

- Contains protons and neutrons

- Very small and dense
- Charge: symmetrical to that of electron

Protons : 1,6724 x 10-27kg, 1.602 x 10-19 C = 1e

Neutrons: 1,6022 x 10-27 kg, neutral charge

- Bind together by strong interaction

Elements
Def:
- A collection of atoms with the same number of protons
Isotopes:
- Atoms with the same number of proton but different in the number
of neutrons
- Similar chemical properties
Ex:
18
Oxygen has 3 isotopes: O, 17O, 16O
1
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes: H, 2D, 3T
Question???
1. A charged particle moves between two
electrically charged plates, as shown here.

(a) What is the sign of the electrical charge

on the particle?

(b) As the charge on the plates is increased,

would you expect the bending to increase,
decrease, or stay the same?

(c) As the mass of the particle is increased

while the speed of the particles remains the
same, would you expect the bending to
increase, decrease, or stay the same?
3. Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic structure of Atoms

● Arrangement of electron around nucleus.

● Affect to elements chemical and physical properties.
Ex:
He, Ne, Ar are inert gases
Li, Na, K are soft solid and very reactive
Bohr’s atomic model

- Electron move around the nuclear in circular

orbit.
- Each orbit has a certain radii and fixed energy
- Electron in orbit has a specific energy and is in
an specific energy state-ground state.
- Electron in ground state will not radiate
energy.
- Energy is emitted or absorbed when changing
energy state.
Bohr’s atomic model

- Energy can change energy level

- Increase energy → absorb photon →
move to higher energy level
- Decrease energy level → emit photon
→ move to lower energy level
- Rydberg formula:
Atomic Orbital
Quantum Number
- Principal quantum number: n = 1, 2, 3,....

→ define shell of electron, energy level of electron

- Angular momentum quantum number:

l = 0, 1, 2,..., n - 1 → define shape of orbital

- Magnetic quantum number: ml = -l ,… , l → which orbital electron

stay in
- Spin quantum number: ms= ± ½ → 1 orbital can have 2e
 Electron configuration (EC)

- The way electrons distribute

among orbitals of an atom
- Most stable EC = the lowest possible
energy state = ground state
- Orbital filled in order of increasing
energy → diagonal rule
Periodic Table

- Element with the similar EC has similar properties

- EC is repeated → periodicity
- Similar electron structure in valence shell
→ same column(group)

- The same outermost shell → same row ( period)

Thank you for listening