LECTURE 3

a) DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL

b) FILLING TO EXCAVATION
 INTRODUCTION
• DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL MEANS THE REMOVAL OF
SURPLUS EXCAVATION MATERIALS FROM SITE TO AN APPROVED
TIP AS DIRECTED BY THE SUPERVISOR. EXCESS MATERIAL IDENTIFIED
AS NOT BEING REQUIRED FOR BACKFILL IS TO BE REMOVED TO TIP
AS SOON AS IS PRACTICAL. THE COSTS ARE TO INCLUDE FOR ALL
LOADING, TRANSPORTING, TIPPING AND FOR ANY FEES OR
CHARGES IMPOSED.

• "FILL" IS SOIL MATERIAL THAT IS USED TO RAISE EXISTING GRADES

SUCH AS UNDER FOUNDATION SLABS OR ABOVE FOOTINGS, OR
TO REPLACE UNSUITABLE MATERIAL. “BACKFILL" IS SOIL MATERIAL
THAT IS USED TO FILL AN EXCAVATION, TO FILL AGAINST THE
STRUCTURE, OR TO FILL BEHIND FOUNDATION WALLS.
A) DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED
MATERIALS
• FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF DISPOSAL:

A) TYPE AND AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION

B) METHODS OF DISPOSAL
I) HAND DISPOSAL – WITH THE USE OF NON-MECHANICAL
PLANT SUCH AS BARROW, BASKETS, ETC
II) MACHINE DISPOSAL – BY USING MECHANICAL PLANT
SUCH AS LORRIES, DUMPERS, ETC
C) DISTANCE TO SPOIL HEAPS
I) DISPOSAL ON SITE
II) DISPOSAL OFF SITE
D) TYPE OF SOILS - BULKING
• BULKING IS DEFINED AS THE INCREASE IN VOLUME OF MATERIAL WHEN IT IS
EXCAVATED FROM ITS IN SITU LOCATION. THE CHANGE IN VOLUME IS CALLED
'BULKING' AND THE MEASURE OF THE CHANGE IS THE 'BULKING FACTOR'.
• THE BULKING FACTOR IS THE RATIO OR PERCENTAGE OF THE VOLUME CHANGE OF
EXCAVATED MATERIAL TO THE VOLUME OF THE ORIGINAL IN SITU VOLUME BEFORE
EXCAVATION. THE BULKING FACTOR IS USED TO ESTIMATE THE LIKELY EXCAVATED
VOLUMES THAT WILL NEED TO BE STORED ON SITE OR PERHAPS REMOVED FROM
SITE. THE BULKING FACTOR CAN BE USED TO HELP MANGE THE FOOTPRINT AND
VOLUMES OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS AS WELL AS CALCULATE VEHICLE MOVEMENTS
(BASED ON THEIR CARRY-CAPACITY).

Excavated material volume

= 100% + 25% (top soil) bulking
= 1.25m3

Excavate 1m3 in volume

= 100% quantity
before disturbed
 FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF DISPOSAL:

Percentage
 WHEN THE SOIL IS EXCAVATED IT WILL Increase in
INCREASE IN VOLUME – THIS IS CALLED Type of Soil Bulk After
BULKING Excavation

 BULKING IS NOT CONSIDERED IN THE

MEASUREMENT FOR QUANTITIES OF Topsoil 25%
EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN THE BQ
Sand 10%
 THE ACTUAL QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS TO BE
DISPOSED BY WORKERS ON SITE ARE MORE Hard Clay 20%
THAN THE MEASURED QUANTITIES.
Ordinary soil 25%
 BULKING MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE
CALCULATION OF RATE FOR DISPOSAL OF Rock 50%
EXCAVATED MATERIALS.
 AMOUNT OF BULKING IS DEPENDENT ON THE
TYPE OF SOIL EXCAVATED
 A) HAND DISPOSAL
• SUITABLE FOR SMALL QUANTITIES OR WHERE PLANT IS NOT ACCESSIBLE
TO EXCAVATION AREAS
LABOUR OUTPUT FOR HAND DISPOSAL IN ORDINARY SOIL NOT EXCEEDING
50 METER DISTANCE :
Descriptions Unskilled Worker (hour/m3)
Loading, transporting and depositing in heaps 1.50
Loading, transporting, depositing, spreading 2.00
and levelling
 EXAMPLE 1
REMOVE EXCAVATED MATERIAL AND DEPOSIT IN HEAPS AVERAGE
50M DISTANCE. – M3

Remove excavated material – by hand

Labour cost
1 unskilled worker = 1.50 hours x RM 40.00 x 125 RM 9.38
8 hours 100
15 % Profit and overhead RM 1.41
Price / m3 RM 10.79
 B) MACHINE DISPOSAL
• FUEL REQUIRED FOR LORRIES AND DUMPERS
• ECONOMICS LIFE FOR LORRIES AND DUMPER = 3 YEARS

Descriptions Capacity / Diesel/hour Lubricant/week

Output (m3) (liter) (liter)
1-tonne lorry 0.80 3.50 0.50
5-tonne lorry 3.25 6.00 1.00
3-m3 dumper 2.25 5.00 0.50
 EXAMPLE 2
REMOVE EXCAVATED MATERIAL AND DEPOSIT IN HEAPS 5KM DISTANCE. –
M3
DATA: RENTAL COST FOR 5-TONNE LORRY = RM 250/DAY (INCLUDING DRIVER)
SPEED OF LORRY = 30 KM/HOUR
CAPACITY OF LORRY = 3 ¼ M3
Disposal By Machine - Rental
1. Rental Cost (cost/hr, cost/ day, Cost/week, cost/month. Cost/year
Rental cost / day = RM 250 RM
Rental cost / hour = RM 250 31.25/hr
8 hours
2. Operating Cost
a. Diesel = 6 liter x 8 hours x RM 1.70/liter RM 81.60
b. Lubricant = 1 liter x RM 20.00/liter RM 2.86
7 days
Total operating cost RM
84.86/day
Total operating cost / hour = RM 84.86 RM
8 hours 10.56/hr
Total cost of using lorry (Rental cost + Operating cost )/ hour RM
 CONT’D
3. Total traveling distance = 5 km x 2 trip = 10 km
4. Total traveling time
a. Traveling time = 10 km x 60 min = 20 minutes
30 km
b. Loading time, say = 10 minutes
c. Tipping time, say = 5 minutes
d. Total time = 35 minutes
5. Actual volume of excavated material (bulking)
= 3.25 m3 x 100 = 2.60 m3
125
6. Time taken to remove 1 m3 of excavated material,
= 35 minutes = 14 minutes/m3 (13/13.46/14)
2.60 m3
7. Cost of removing excavated material/m3 RM 9.76/m3
= RM 41.81/hr x 14 minutes /m3
60 minutes
15% for profit and overhead RM 1.46
Price / m3 RM 11.22/m3
B) FILLING
B) FILLING
FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF
FILLING:
A) TYPE OF FILLING
I) TO EXCAVATION
II) TO MAKE UP LEVEL

B) SOURCE OF FILLING MATERIAL

I) OBTAINED ON SITE (FROM
EXCAVATION)
II) OBTAINED OFF SITE (BUYING
FROM SUPPLIER)

C) METHODS OF FILLING
I) HAND
II) MACHINE
 COMPACTION
 FILLING MATERIAL REQUIRES COMPACTION AFTER PLACING IN POSITION
 THE VOLUME OF FILLING MATERIAL WILL BE LESS THAN ITS ORIGINAL BULK
AFTER PLACING AND COMPACTION
 MEASUREMENT FOR QUANTITIES OF FILLING MATERIALS IN THE BQ IS EQUAL
TO THE VOLUME OF VOIDS TO BE FILLED
 THE ACTUAL QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR FILLING BY WORKERS
ON SITE ARE MORE THAN THE MEASURED QUANTITIES.
 COMPACTION MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE CALCULATION OF RATE FOR
FILLING
 NEED TO ADD 25% TO COST OF MATERIAL (IF MATERIAL OBTAINED OFF
SITE ONLY) TO COVER FOR LOSS IN VOLUME DUE TO COMPACTION
 LABOUR CONSTANT FOR FILLING TO EXCAVATION (BACKFILLING AND
RAMMING) – M3
1 UNSKILLED WORKER = 0.75HOUR/M3

 LABOUR CONSTANT FOR SPREADING AND LEVELLING OF HARDCORE (MAKE

UP LEVEL) –M2

Thickness of Unskilled
hardcore worker
(hour/m2)
100mm 0.15
150mm 0.20
200mm 0.30
250mm 0.35
 EXAMPLE 3
FILLING TO EXCAVATION WITH MATERIALS ARISING FROM
EXCAVATION. – M3

MATERIAL OBTAINED OFF SITE = RM 30/M3

Filling to excavation
Labour cost
1 unskilled worker = 0.75 hours/m3 x RM 40.00 RM 3.75/m3
8 hours
15 % Profit and overhead RM 0.56
Price / m3 RM 4.31/m3
 EXAMPLE 4
FILLING TO MAKE UP LEVEL AVERAGE 100MM THICK WITH HARDCORE
OF CLEAN HARD STONES OBTAINED OFF SITE – M2.
DATA: STONES FOR HARDCORE = RM 35.00/M3 (INCLUDING DELIVERY TO SITE)
RENTAL COST OF COMPACTER = RM 60.00/DAY (INCLUDING FUEL)
OUTPUT OF COMPACTER = 15 M2/HOUR

Filling to make up level

Material cost
100mm hardcore/m2 = RM 35.00 x 100mm RM 3.50/m2
1000mm
Add 25% for consolidation and waste RM 0.88/m2
Labour cost
Spreading and levelling RM 0.75/m2
1 unskilled worker = 0.15 hour/m2 x RM 40.00
8 hours
 CONT’D
Compacting cost /Plant cost
Labour operating compactor/hour RM 5.00/hr
1 unskilled worker = RM 40.00
8 hours
Plant Cost
Rental cost compactor/hour = RM 60.00 RM 7.50/hr
8 hours
Total compacting cost/hour RM 12.50/hr

Output of compactor = 15 m2/hour RM 12.50/hr RM 0.83/m2

Compacting cost / m2 15m2/hr
TOTAL COST (Material + Labour + Compacting) RM 5.96/m2

15 % profit and overhead RM 0.89

Price/m2 RM 6.85/m2
 TUTORIAL 2
1. REMOVE EXCAVATED MATERIAL (ROCK) IN 15M DISTANCE. –M3
2. REMOVE EXCAVATED MATERIAL AND DEPOSIT IN HEAPS AT CONTRACTOR’S OWN
DUMPING AREA IN 15KM DISTANCE. –M3
DATA : I) RENTAL COST OF 3 M3 DUMPER = RM 575/DAY
(NOT INCLUDING DIESEL & LUBRICANT)
II) SPEED OF DUMPER = 35KM/HR
3. FILLING TO MAKE UP LEVEL AVERAGE 200MM THICK WITH HARDCORE OBTAINED OFF
SITE. – M2
DATA : I) COST OF HARDCORE = RM 27.50/M3 (DELIVER TO SITE)
II) RENTAL COST OF COMPACTOR = RM 173/DAY
III) OUTPUT OF EXCAVATOR = 17M2/HR
DATA:
UNSKILLED WORKER = RM 40/DAY
DIESEL = RM 1.70/LITER
LUBRICANT = RM 20.00/LITER