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PART 1: PROCEDURES
EXPERIMENT DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
(Level 2)
2.8 : FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
The discharge over the weir will be, therefore, be maximum possible in the channel, Example; q=𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
Thus, over the weir, D₂ = Dc
For a rectangular channel,
√
2
3 Q
Dc=
g B2
So, Q=B √ g Dc 3
Dc is only dependent on Q and B, the depth over the crest of the weir is fixed irrespective of its height;
Any increase of height of the weir will not alter Dc, but will cause and increase in depth of the flow
upstream.
Thus, the maximum height of weir for constant width of channel is
Z = D₁-D₂
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
Or
3/ 2
Q=1.705 B DC . (¿ SI unit)
The specific energy, E₂ measured above the crest of the weir will, assuming no losses be,
v2
E2= H+
2g
H = height of upstream water level above the crest
V = mean velocity at point upstream where the flow is uniform
If the depth upstream is large compared with the depth over the weir, D₁>Dc the velocity terms is neglible
Therefore,
E₂ = H
So, Q = 1.705 𝐵𝐻3/2
A single measurement of the head, H above the crest of the weir would then be sufficient to determine Q.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
PROCEDURE
Qa 3 /2
C d= Qt =1.705 B D C
Qt
v2
Where, Qa= A x V Where, E=D2+
2g
The velocity is the average velocity upstream of the weir, found as;
V = √ g D2
Where;
Q = calculated flow rate
E = specific energy
D 2 = Downstream depth of water
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
g = gravity (9.81)
Formula:
3 /2
Theoretical discharge, Qt =1.705 B D C
Qa
Coefficient discharge, C d=
Qt
Q
Velocity, V =
A
Flow rate, Qa = A x V
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
Area, A ( m²)
=0.30 x 0.40
=0.12 m²
Flow rate, Qa
= 1.04 l/s
=1.04 x 10 -3 m/s
Velocity (m/s)
V = Q /A
−3
1.04 x 10
=
0.12
= 0.0087 m/s
Qt = 1.705 B DC 3/2
Qa
Cd =
Qt
1.04 x 10−3
=
1.18 x 10−3
= 0.88
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
Q Actual vs Q Theoretical
2.5
2
flowrate, (m/s)
1.5
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
sample
Q Actual Q Theoretical
Discussion
based on the experiment that we have done, we found that the values of the flow rate wasa recorded by using
flow meter and value of theoretical flow rate was calculated by using manning equation. Difference between
the values of these two flow rates is because the theoretical flow rate depends on the slope of the channel bed
and also on the other factory like manning roughness coefficient but the measure flow rate depends only on
the area and velocity of the fluid through that area. The coefficient of the discharged of the reading also is
slightly difference as we can see it is increase from the first reading sample until 5 reading sample. The data
shown that we managed to get the better coefficient of discharge at first reading sample which is 0.88. At
another reading, we get the coefficient of discharged more than 1 which is not the result we wanted. When
the coefficient of discharged is more than 1, it means that it use more energy.
Conclusion
To sum up everything that has been stated so far, we managed to achieved our objective of this experiment
which is to examine the flow profile of water flows over broad crested weir and to determine the coefficient
for broad crested weir. We can also find the occurrence of non-uniform flow in an open channel.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LABORATORY REPORT SEMESTER
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PULAU PINANG (LEVEL 2) OCT 20 – FEB 21
PART 5: REFERENCES
DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN NON-UNIFORM
EXPERIMENT 2.8: FLOW FOR OPEN CHANNELS (BROAD CRESTED WEIR)
(Level 2)
II. (Jan 17. 2017. Non uniform flow in pen channel. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/337174443/Chapter-4-Non-Uniform-Flow-in-
Open-Channels