JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE

Social Sci., 2011, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 18-26

TAG D O N G CUA CHIEN T R A N H VIET N A M DOI V6l

VIEC Mi TRifiN KHAI HOAT DQNG "NGOAI GIAO TAM GIAC"
v d l LIEN XO VA TRUNG Q u 6 c GIAI D O A N 1969-1972

Pham Thi Thu Hifdng

Trudng DQ,i hpc Su phg,m Hd Npi

1. Md dau
Chiin tranh Vict Nam (1954-1975) khdng chi Id cupc khdng chiin chdng MI,
giai phdng vd thdng nhit dit nfldc cua nhdn dan Vigt Nam ma cdn la bp phan dign
hinh cua cupc Chiin tranh Lanh gifla hai cfldng qudc Xd - Ml trong nua cudi thi
ki XX. Tuy nhign cupc chiin ndy khdng hodn todn bi chi phdi bdi cdc nudc ldn theo
quy ludt thudng thiy trong quan he qudc ti. 0 mpt chflng mflc nhit dinh, cudc
chiin da cd tdc dpng manh me din chiin lupc vd chinh sdch ciia cdc nudc ldn. Ddc
bict, trong qud trinh Ml triin khai hoat ddng "ngoai giao tam gidc" vdi Lign Xd va
Trung Qudc giai doan 1969 - 1972, chuyin tfl quan he ddi diu gay gdt sang quan he
hod diu, chiin tranh Vigt Nam dd ddng vai trd nhu la mdt ddng luc va chat xuc tdc
quan trpng mdc du su dao chilu cua cdc mdi quan he ndy thuc t i chiu tdc dpng cua
nhilu yiu td khdc nhau. Vdy, nhflng cd sd ndo di chien tranh Viet Nam cd thi trd
thdnh mpt nhdn td tdc ddng tdi viec triin khai boat dpng "ngoai giao tam gidc" ciia
Ml vdi Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc trong giai doan 1969 - 1972, vd nd da cd tdc ddng
cu thi nhu thi ndo? Dd Id nhflng vin di ca ban bdi viit ndy mudn lam sang td.

2. N o i d u n g n g h i e n cufu
2.1. Khai quat v l stf t h i l t lap quan he "ngoai giao t a m giac" Mi
- X6 - Trung d i n nSm 1972
Quan he "ngoai giao tam gidc" Id mdi quan hg tay ba vdi ddc thii quan he gifla
hai chu thi ndy cd anh hudng din hodc bi anh hudng bdi quan hg ciia mdt trong
hai chu thi dd vdi chu thi thfl ba cdn lai. Dilu ndy xuit phdt tfl su tdn tai ddng
thdi cdc quan he vfla ddi diu, vfla hpp tdc lai vfla kilm chi ldn nhau gifla cdc chu
thi. Trong quan he ngoai giao tam gidc Ml - XP - Trung, Ml vd Lign Xd la hai luc
lupng cu, vdn la hai "cue" cua Chiin tranh Lanh hinh thanh tfl sau Chiin tranh
Thi gidi thfl hai. Cdn Trung Qudc dai dien cho luc lupng thfl ba mdi vfldn Ign tfl
thing lpi cua phong trdo giai phdng ddn tdc. Vl cd ban, dd la kit qua cua sfl cdn

18
 Tdc dpng cua chien tranh Viet Nam ddi vdi viec Ml trien khai hoat dong...

bing chiin Ifldc Xd Ml vd sfl vfldn len cua Trung Qudc, ddng thdi Id kit qua ciia
su ddng thuan vl lpi fch vd muc tigu chiin lupc gifla cdc cdp quan hg MI Trung,
MI - Xd, Xd - Trung trong tinh hinh mdi.
Trfldc khi "ngoai giao tam gidc" hinh thdnh, gifla cdc nfldc chi tdn tai quan hg
ngoai giao tay ddi, dd Id ngoai giao Xd Ml (tfl 13/12/1933), ngoai giao Xd Trung
(tfl 1950). Rigng MI vd Trung Qudc do bit ddng vl y- thflc hg ngay khi nfldc Cdng
hda Nhdn dan Trung Hoa ra ddi (1949) ngn chfla thiit lap quan hg ngoai giao. Din
trudc nhiem ky cua Tdng thdng Nixon (1969-1972), quan he Ml Xd va Ml - Trung
mdc du cd khdng ft cdc cudc tiip xuc, hdi ddm nhung tit ca chi nhu "cudc ddi thoai
ciia nhflng ngfldi diic", khdng the tim thiy tiing ndi chung trong lap trfldng cua cdc
bgn, do dd, khdng dat dupc bit cfl thda thuan nao.
Tfl cudi thap nign 50 cua thi ki XX, quan hg Xd - Trung bit diu ran nflt do
bit ddng vl tfl tUdng vd dudng ldi, sau trd thdnh nhflng tranh chip chu quyin cdng
thdng dpc bien gidi, dinh cao Id xung dpt trgn dao Trdn Bao (hay Damansky theo
cdch gpi ciia Lign Xd) vdo thdng 3/1969 [2;202]. Sau su kien ndy, mflc dp cdng thdng
trong quan he Xd - Trung cd giam di, nhung ngoai giao gifla hai nudc trd nen "ddng
bdng" du thuc t i chua bao gid bi cdt dflt. Ca Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc diu lo sd vd
mudn kilm chi ldn nhau.
Tfl ndm 1969, sau nhflng thfldng lUdng bit thdnh vdi Lign Xd vd tan dung sfl
phdn ligt Xd - Trung, MI bit diu tim kiim each thflc ddi thoai vdi Trung Qudc di
gdy sflc ep vdi Lidn Xd. Nam 1970, Ml ndi giam cdc han chi vl du lich vd thudng mai
vdi Trung Qudc. Sau nhflng hdi ddp de ddt, Trung Qudc dd chfnh thflc bdy td thien
chf md diu bing vide mdi dpi tuyin bdng bdn Ml tdi thi diu giao hflu vdo thdng
4/1971. Sir kicn ndy cung vdi vice Ml ung hd Trung Qudc gia nhap va trd thdnh uy
vign thudng true cua Hpi ddng Bao an Lien hpp qudc thdng 10/1971 dd md dudng
cho chuyin viing thdm diy bit ngd cua Tdng thdng Nixon din Trung Qudc vdo
thdng 2/1972. Nixon trd thdnh tdng thdng Ml diu tign ddt chdn len Trung Qudc
khi hai nudc chua hi thiit ldp quan he ngoai giao chinh thflc. Hai bgn dd dat dupc
mpt sd ddng thudn thi hien trong ban Thdng cdo chung ThUdng Hai (17/2/1972),
trong dd lap trudng chung Id chdng lai bit cfl Iflc Iflpng ndo mudn bdnh trfldng d
chdu A - Thdi Binh Dudng md thi.rc chit Id dm chi Lign Xd.
Trudc nhflng chuyin biin cua quan hg Ml - Trung, tfl diu ndm 1972, do mudn
trung lap hda quan he MI Trung, Lign Xd diy manh ddm phdn vdi Ml. Thdng
5/1972, Nixon thdm Moscow. Hai ben dat dupc nhilu thda thudn thi hien trong
"Thdng cdo chung Xd - Mf ngdy 31/5/1972. Ngodi ra, MI - Xd cdn ky kit "Higp
udc vl viec han chi he thdng phdng, chdng tgn lua" (ABM) vd "Hiep dinh tam thdi
vl mpt sd bien phdp trong llnh vuc han chi vu khf tiin cdng chiin lupc" (SALT I)
ngdy 26/5, hinh thdnh thi cdn bing chiin lupc qudn sfl gifla hai bgn.
Nhu vdy, vdi qud trinh thiit ldp quan hg Ml - Trung, hda diu hda quan hg Ml
- Xd vd Trung Xd hudng tdi muc tigu vfla hpp tdc lai vfla kilm chi ldn nhau, ddnh

19
 Pham Thi Thu Hudiig

diu bing cdc sU ki(in viing thdm cip cao vd cdc vdn ban ngoai giao quan trpng dupc
ky kit, quan hO tay ba gifla MI, Trung Qudc va Lign Xd chfnh thflc hinh thdnh vao
diu thdp nign 70 ciia thi ki XX. Tfl tiin trinh thiit lap quan he ngoai giao tam gidc
tren day, cd the thay rd, quan he MI - Xd - Trung di tdi hod diu chiu tdc dpng ciia
nhilu yiu td khdc nhau. Vdy, Chiin tranh ViOt Nam da tdc ddng din chu thi Ml
nhu thi ndo khi di tdi mdi quan hO ndy vd d mflc dp ndo?
2.2. T^c dong cua C h i l n tranh Viet N a m d6i vdi sU t h i l t lap
quan he ngoai giao tam gi^c Mi - Trung - X o giai doan
1969-1972
Chiin tranh Viet Nam chua bao gid Id vin de trpng yiu nhit trong chiin lupc
todn ciu ciia MI. Tuy nhign, vdi vi trf Id cudc chiin tranh ma MI da ddc sflc tiin
hdnh theo phudng thflc gidn tiip cua chii nghia thuc ddn mdi. cupc chiin nay dd tdc
dpng todn dign vd sdu sic tdi tinh hinh nudc MI vd trd thdnh mdi quan tam hang
diu cua chfnh quyin vd dan chung Ml vdo thap nien 60, 70 ciia thi ki trfldc.
MI bit diu tiin hanh cupc chiin tranh xdm lupc thuc ddn kiiu mdi ddi vdi
Vigt Nam ngay sau thing lpi cua nhan ddn \'ict Nam ddi vdi thuc dan Phdp vdo
ndm 1954. MI lo sp sU sup dP cua Viet Nam se keo theo su sup dd ciia cac nfldc Ddng
Dudng, Ddng Nam A vd Nam A theo "hidu flng dd-mi-nd". Vi thi. MI mudn biin
Nam Viet Nam trd thdnh mdt chdt phdng thu chiin lupc quan trpng trong vdnh dai
phdng ve tfl xa cua Ml d chdu A Thdi Binh Dudng, ndi dai "con dg" ngdn chdn
ldn sdng cpng san, tfl Nhdt Ban, Nam Trilu Tign, Dai Loan xudng Philippin. Tren
Cd sd dd. Ml se tiip tiic kilm chi cdc ddi thii Lign Xd, Trung Qudc cung nhu cac
ddng minh phudng Tdy, gifl vflng vi thi va tiip tuc phdt huy anh hudng d khu viic
chiin lupc ndy, ddng thdi gdp phin han chi tdc ddng tfl thing lpi ciia phong trao
giai phdng dan tpc Vict Nam ddi vdi thi gidi, lam ban dap di Mi tin cdng phong
trdo cdch mang thi gidi. Nhu vdy, Viet Nam trd thdnh mdt bp phan rit cdn ban
phuc vu cho chiin lupc todn ciu ciia MI. Dd la ly do khiin Ml theo dudi cudc chiin
tranh xdm lupc ddi ngdy vd tdn kdm nhit ddi vdi \'iet Nam. Tuy nhidn, sir sa liy
keo ddi cua MI trong cudc chiin tranh nay vd nhiing hau qua ciia nd da budc MI
phai di din tim kiim nhflng phUdng phdp mdi nhim thodt ra khdi cupc chiin ndy.
Sau gin 15 ndm dfnh Ifu din chiin tranh Vipt Nam, 2 chiin lupc toan ciu, 1
chiin lupc can thigp vd thdng tri, 2 chiin lupc chiin tranh cua MI da tflng budc bi
phd san keo theo su dd bg sfl nghiep chinh tri cua 3 ddi tdng thdng cung vdi mdt
he thdng cdc chiin lupc gia vd cdc tudng llnh qudn su hdng diu. Khoang nfla trieu
qudn Ml vd nhilu ddn vi qudn ddng minh ciia Ml da dupe huy dpng tham gia cupc
chiin luc cao diim nhit. Tfnh ca ndm 1969, chi phi chiin tranh tnrc tiip cua MI da
len tdi hdn 150 ti ddla, chua tinh vidn trp qudn su cho chfnh quyin Sdi Gdn [1;500].
Nhung nhflng tdn thdt dd vdn chfla ddng ki so vdi gdnh ndng chinh tri va xd
hdi md Ml phai tra gid cho nhflng thit bai chiin lupc ndng nl d Viet Nam. Dd la

20
 Tdc ddng cua chiin tranh Viet Nam doi vdi vi^c Mi trien ktiai hoat dpng...

sfl sut giam manh vl uy tin trgn trUdng qudc ti, nhit Id vdi cdc ddng minh, khiln
cho mpt sd ddng minh nghi ngd sflc manh MI. Mdt sd ddng minh nhdn cd hpi tim
each thodt ra khdi anh hudng cua Ml, cai thign quan he vdi Lign Xd (nhu Phdp vd
CHLB Dflc). Dilu ndy tao ra nguy cd suy giam vi thi vd su iing hp ddi vdi MI d
chdu Au. Nhflng chi phi khdng Id vd nhflng thit bai vl chiin Iflpc trong chiin tranh
Viet Nam cung khiin cho Ml bi giam sut sflc manh qudn sfl trong cudc chay dua
vdi Lign Xd vd di cho cdc nfldc ddng minh ciia MI nhfl Nhdt Ban vd cdc nfldc Tdy
Au cd Cd hpi VUdn Ign canh tranh vdi MI.
Chiin tranh \'iet Nam da tao ra su ran nflt cue ky sau sic va da ting trong
chfnh npi bp nUdc MI, tfl cdc phe phdi trong chfnh gidi Ml din man thudn gifla quin
chung nhdn ddn vdi chfnh quyin, nhit Id tfl sau khi Tdng thdng Johnson triin khai
qudn MI sang tham chiin true tiip tai Vict Nam. Phong trdo phan chiin dien ra
sdi sue trgn khip nude Ml, gdy mit dn dinh cho nin chfnh tri an ninh Ml vd tao
ra sflc ep ldn ddi vdi gidi cim qu}'ln. Cudc chiin cung la mdt nhdn td ddn din sfl
thiiu hut ngdn sdch trim trpng ddi vdi MI trong cdc ndm tfl 1966 din 1969 vd diy
nhanh tinh trang lam phdt vd thit nghigp trong nin kinh t i Ml [l;520-522]. Chiin
tranh Met Nam thi.rc su trd thdnh cudc chiin "gdm mdn" nudc MI.
T^t ca nhflng thigt hai to ldn do cupc chiin tranh Viet Nam gay ra khiin Mi
cin din mpt giai phdp di rut ra khdi cupc chiin tranh ndy nhUng vin phai dam bao
nhflng ldi fch cd ban, vdn gifl dflpc danh dir nudc ldn cho Ml vd long tin cua ddng
minh ddi vdi MI. Vi vdy, nhiem vu chinh yiu cua MI luc ndy Id "tim ldi thodt ra khdi
cupc chien tranh d Vigt Nam vdi nhflng dilu kien cd thi chip nhdn dupc vd ft dau
ddn nhit" [4;324]. Giai quyit dUdc vin di Viet Nam se giup MI thodt dUdc cdc sflc
ep chfnh tri trong nudc, ngdn chdn tinh trang chia re trong ndi bd dit nude, ddnh
lac hudng du ludn vd loai bd su bung nd cua tdm ly chdng chiin tranh.
Di chim dflt sir sa liy, kit thuc cupc chiin tranh Viet Nam m i vin bao toan
ldng tin va danh dfl nudc ldn, vin duy tri nhflng quyin ldi cd ban d khu vUc, ngay
khi len cim quyin (1969), Tdng thdng Nixon dd dl ra chiin lupc "ba gpng kim": (1)
thuc hicn "Vigt Nam hda" chiin tranh nhim rut qudn Ml ra khdi cudc chiin, trao lai
trdch nhigm cho qudn dpi Viet Nam Cdng hda; (2) kit hpp de dpa leo thang d miln
Bdc Viet Nam; (3) triin khai hoat dpng ngoai giao "qua diu Viet Nam ddn chu cpng
hda", tflc Id tiin hdnh thUdng lupng vdi cdc ddng minh Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc cua
Viet Nam [6]. Tai sao Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc, nhflng ddi thu tfldng "khdng thi dpi
trdi chung", trd thdnh ddi tflpng thfldng Iflpng cua MI?
Ngay tfl diu cudc chiin, ngoai giao da Id mdt mdt tran quyit lict. Trong khi
Ml ra sflc tap hpp luc lupng qudc t i chdng lai Viet Nam hoac sfl dung cdc loai luc
lupng trung gian di giup MI thuc hicn y db uy hiip hodc thdm dd ddi phUdng thi
Vict Nam cung da. day manh ngoai giao di tranh thu sfl ung hd ddng tinh cua nhan
dan tiin bd thi gidi ddi vdi cudc chiin diu chfnh nghia cua minh. Kit qua la cho
din nam 1969, nin ngoai giao cua Viet Nam dd "dat mflc tinh vi cao, ca vl ly thuyit

21
 Ph?im Thi Thu Hudng

lin thuc tien" [6;478] vd dk cd ldp dupc Ml trgn pham vi qudc t i thdng qua vigc
thiit ldp dupe mpt mdt tran nhan ddn the gidi chdng chiin tranh xdm lupc cua MI
d Viet Nam, da ldm cho chiin tranh Viet Nam trd thdnh cudc chiin tranh cd thi
ldm "rung dpng ngudi ngodi dudng phd, tao nen mpt tdm ly todn ciu, mot su cdng
phin ciia ca lodi ngUdi trong mpt thdi gian ddi" [7;257]. Thdnh qua ngoai giao nay
da tao nen sflc mg-nh chfnh tri to ldn cho Vipt Nam vd gay ra sflc dp ldn cho MI.
Khi di tlm giai phdp cho vin dl Vipt Nam, Ml dd nhdn ra ring Vict Nam thi.rc
Sfl Id mpt nfldc nhd .yeu nhflng cd the chiin diu chdng MI kien cudng trong sudt
thdi gian ddi Id do cd su vign trp bgn ngodi, chii veu Id tfl Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc,
trong dd "sflc gp ndng cdn nhat ddi vdi Hd Ndi la Lien Xd" va coi "Lign Xd la chia
khda cho vin dl chim dflt chiin tranh Viet Nam vi 80 din 85% vu khf hang ndng
cua Vigt Nam Id do Lign Xd cung cip" [3;67]. Cdn Trung Qudc khdng chi true tiip
vicn trd md cdn Id tuyin dudng trung chuyin hdng vien trp tfl cdc nudc khdc cho
Viet Nam. Lien Xd vd Trung Qudc lai dang man thuin (nhit la sau sfl kien qudn
dpi hai bgn xung dot d dao Trdn Bao diu ndm 1969). Niu MI khai thdc dupc mdu
thuin nay di chia re hp vdi Viet Nam thi se giam dupc mpt phin sue manh vat chit
vd tdm ly cua Viet Nam. Nixon tin ring: "Niu khdng cd su tiip tuc vien trp vdi sd
lUdng ldn cua hai nude cdng san khdng Id thi cdc nhd ldnh dao Bdc \'ict Nam khdng
cd kha ndng tiip tuc cudc chiin tranh trong vai thdng nfla" [5;376).
Ngodi ra, tfl nam 1968, trudc cdc thit bai trgn chiin trudng vd sflc ep rut ra
khdi cupc chiin tranh. Ml chip nhdn ngdi vdo bdn dam phdn thudng lupng vdi Viet
Nam Ddn chu Cpng hda vd Mdt trdn Ddn tdc giai phdng miln Nam \'ict Nam. Tuy
nhign, ngay tfl nhflng ngdy thudng thao diu tien, ngudi Mi da nhdn ra khdng thg
trdng chd gi d nhiing ddi tdc bgn kia bdn ddm phdn, vi phia Viet Nam td ra qud
cflng rin vd kign dinh vdi cdc muc tidu cua minh.
Trong sd cdc ddng minh cua Viet Nam, Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc la hai ddng
minh ldn nhit. Nhung tfl chinh kinh nghigm cua minh, Ml hiiu ring cdc ddng minh
cd thi giup sflc nhung cung cd thi tao ra sflc ep. MI da ludn tao sflc ep cho cdc
ddng minh di phuc vtj lpi fch ciia minh. Kinh nghiem tfl thdi Hpi nghi Geneve cung
cho Ml thiy Viet Nam phai chiu sflc ep nhfl thi ndo tfl phfa ddng minh Lign Xd va
Trung Qudc. Tinh din thdi diim dd, viec Trung Qudc cit giam vien trp cho Viet
Nam di phan ddi vigc Vict Nam ddng y dam phdn vdi Mi d Paris cdng ciing cd thdm
nhdn dinh ciia Ml cho ring "vin dl miu chdt giai quyit cupc chiin tranh Viet Nam
nim trong tay Matxcdva vd Bdc Kinh hon Id trong tay Ha Ndi" (5;375-376]. Vi vay,
triin khai quan he ngoai giao tam gidc. Mi mudn diy gdnh ndng ngoai giao vl phia
Viet Nam. Mi tin ring vdi vice nhupng bd mpt sd quyin lpi d nhflng ndi khdc tren
thi gidi theo quan diim "tao ra nhflng dilu khich le hodc nhflng sflc ep d ndi ndy cua
thi gidi di anh hudng din nhflng sfl kicn d ndi khdc" [6;484]', Ml cd thi hda hoan
vdi Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc, tfl dd "mac ca" vdi hai nudc ndy vl vin dl Vict Nam.
Ddy thflc sfl la mdt thu doan ngoai giao xao quyet cua MI md tdc gia la Nixon vd
Kissinger hdng tranh thu chinh nhflng ddng minh cua ddi phfldng di gdy sflc ep cho

22
 Tdc dpng cua chiin tranh Vi$t Nam ddi vdi viec Mi trien khai hoat ddng...

ddi phfldng.
Trgn thi.rc ti, mdi chu thi khi tham gia vdo "ngoai giao tam gidc" diu dflpc
thuc ddy bdi nhflng dpng cd rigng, xuit phdt tfl ldi fch vd cdc muc tigu chiin lUdc
cua minh. Nhung trong ba chu thi. Ml ludn thi hifn vai trd chu ddng, bdi vdi MI,
chiin tranh Vigt Nam Id d^ng ca trpng yeu khiin Ml cin thiit di din hda diu vdi
Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc. Mdt chfnh khdch vao thdi diim dd khdng dinh ring: "Dilu
bdn tdm cua Nixon vd Kissinger trong sudt ndm 1969 vd tdi ndm 1972 khdng phai
Id cudc hpp thupng dinh vdi Matxcdva bdn vl sfl hda hodn md Id vifc tim ra cdch
rut lui trong "danh du" khdi cudc chiin tranh Vict Nam, cai thien cdc mdi quan he
vdi Lign Xd vd cd thi tUdng tfl ddn xip vdi Trung Qudc vdo thdi diem dd" [4;382].
Dilu nay thi hien rd hdn khi xem xgt lai tiin trinh quan he Mi - Xd - Trung. Phai
ndi ring tfl cudi nhflng ndm 60 diu nhflng ndm 70, Ml - Xd - Trung da xuat hign
nhilu vin dl ldm cd sd cho vice cdc bgn cd thi ddm phdn vdi nhau (vi du nhu vide
ddng thudn trong cdc ldi fch chiin lUdc hay su thay ddi tfnh chit ban - thu trong
mdi quan he gifla cdc nudc. ). Nhung dung y ldn cua MI Id nhim mua chudc hai
ddng minh ldn nhit di gdy dp lire vdi Viet Nam, giup Ml thodt khdi cudc chiin
tranh trong danh du. Dieu ndy giai thfch tai sao MI dd chu dpng thuc diy nhflng
mdi quan hg vdn khong cd hy vpng tiin triin (thi hicn rd trong nhflng nam 60) trd
ngn chuyin biin ci.rc ky manh me, nhit Id trong thdi diim ndm 1972. Chfnh nhu
ciu giai quyit cupc chiin tranh Viet Nam theo hfldng cd lpi cho Ml Id nhdn td thuc
diy Ml di din nhflng hdnh dpng nhanh chdng vd quyit dodn trong quan he hda diu
vdi Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc.
Muc tigu cd ban cua Ml khi tiin gin din Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc trong vin
dl Vigt Nam Id:
- Han chi vien trp cua Lign Xd va Trung Qudc cho Viet Nam (tflc la khiin
Xd - Trung liii ra xa Vigt Nam va liy dd lam dilu kign di MI se rut ra khdi Viet
Nam), lam cho Vict Xam khdng thi ddnh manh vd budc phai chip nhdn ddm phdn
vdi MI trgn thi yiu;
- Tranh thu su ung hd cua Lidn Xd vd Trung Qudc, budc Viet Nam chip nhan
giai phdp ddm phdn "gifl nguygn trang" do Ml dua ra (dflng lai d vl tuyin 17, khdng
ddnh manh, kit thuc chiin tranh bing hda ddm, nhu kiiu Trilu Tign vd Geneve
trudc day);
- Khiin Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc "ldm ngd" hay ft nhit gifl thdi dp trung ldp
trudc cdc hdnh ddng leo thang qudn su cua Ml d Vigt Nam, ddc bift Id viec nem
bom pha hoai miln Bic, di tao ra thi manh trgn bdn ddm phdn di tdi kit thuc
chiin tranh theo hudng cd ldi cho Ml.
Nhu vdy, mdt trong nhflng muc tidu cdn ban ciia Ml khi thuc diy ngoai giao
tam gidc vdi Trung Qudc vd Lign Xd Id nhim giai quyit sfl sa liy cua Ml trong
chiin tranh Vict Nam, mudn rut ra khdi Vict Nam nhung vdn dam bao sii tdn tai
cua mdt miln Nam ridng biet, khdng anh hudng cdng san vd thdn MI, trgn cd sd cd

23
 Ph^m Thi Thu Hudng

lap vd tao them nhflng sflc gp ldn hdn tfl phfa cdc ddng minh cho Viet Nam.
Di gidnh diidc sir iing hp ciia Lidn Xd vd Trung Qudc. thi.rc hicn nhflng muc
tieu trfMi, Ml da chip nhan nhiidng i)p khd nhilu (luyen ldi ciia minh d nhflng khu
vflc khdc. Dang ki Id cam kit can bing siic manh hat nhdn vdi Lidn Xd, md dudng
cho Lien .Xd thiet Ifip quan he vdi cdc ddng minh phUdng Tav, cung Lidn Xd giai
quyit vin de Trung Ddng va ddc biet la vin de Dflc. Vdi Trung Qudc. MI chip nhdn
dd bd cim van, trao ddi thudng mai vd khoa hpc kl thuat, giup Trung Qudc gia
nhdp Lien Hpp Qudc vd thay l he Trung Hoa ddn qudc ngdi vdo vi trf iiy vien thudng
true cua Hpi ddng Bao an. MI cung hiia hen vdi Trung Qudc ve van dl Ddi Loan
niu nhflng cdng thing d Viet Nam dflpc giam bdt (dm chi viec kit thuc chiin tranh
\'ift Nam vdi giai phdp darn phdn vd gifl nguven trang). \ e phfa Trung Qudc vd
Lign Xd, dii khdng phai la vin de flu tien hang diu nhu MI, nhung chiin tranh Vict
Nam Id dieu kidn cdn ban di hai nUdc ndy "chdi ban nhac ngoai giao" vdi MI. Chiin
tranh \'iet Nam da dem din cho Lien .Xd vd Trung Qudc nhieu lpi ich hdn mong
dpi, giup hai nudc cd dilu kidn thUdng lupng vdi MI va qua do, thi.rc hicn cac lpi fch
chiin lupc ldn hdn cua minh. Vi ca hai diu hieu thiu chiin tranh \'iet Nam la didm
yiu nhit cua MI trong thdi diim dd, ngn ca Lign Xd vd Trung Qudc da diu tlm
cdch ldi dung chfnh sdch ngoai giao cua Ml di phuc vu lpi fch ciia minh. •Thuc t i la
mdi ben diu mudn tim cdch diy Mi chdng lai bgn kia khi cd thi ldm dupc, hodc ft
nhit Id ldm cho Ml trung lap. Mdi bdn diu lpi dung chiin tranh Vigt Xam lam ddn
biy cho mdi quan he bao trum dd" (6;509]. Vi thi, Viet Nam trd thdnh cdng cu di
gifl thi cdn bing Iflc Ifldng gifla cdc cfldng qudc ddi vdi cdc van de d Ddng Nam .4.
vd thi gidi.
Tuy nhign, nhflng nd luc tuygt vdi nhim tranh thii ddng minh Lidn Xd va
Trung Qudc di gdy sflc ep cho Vict Nam dd khdng giup MI cd dupc nhflng gi MI
thuc su mudn. Trong khi Lidn Xd vd Trung Qudc dat dupc phin ldn y dd cua minh
thi nhflng diin biin cua chiin tranh Viet Nam lai khiin MI "thit the" trong "ngoai
giao tam giac", nhit Id trong muc tigu giai quyit em dep vin de chiin tranh X'ift
Nam. Nhflng hoat ddng "ngoai giao tam gidc" do MI chu ddng tao ra da khdng tao
ra sflc ep qud ldn cho Viet Nam. Dilu ndy xuit phdt tfl nhflng danh gid sai lim ciia
MI vl kha ndng ciia Vift Nam. Ml khdng hiiu dflpc ddi thii ciia minh cd mdt nin
ngoai giao dpc lap din mflc ca nhflng ddng minh ldn nhit nhfl Lidn Xo va Trung
Qudc cung khd cd thi diiu chinh khuynh hudng ciia nd, mdc du thai dd hod hodn
cua Lidn Xd vd Trung Qudc vdi Ml cd tao ra nhflng dp luc nhit dinh cho Vidt Nam.
Mdt khac, ca Lign Xd va Trung Qudc mpt mdt thuong lupng vdi Ml nhung mat khdc
vdn tiip tuc vidn trp cho Vift Nam ngay trong thdi diim hda hodn dinh cao nhit
cua "ngoai giao tam gidc" Vifn trd qudn sfl ciia Trung Qudc cho Vict Nam ndm
1972 tdng gip ddi ndm 1971. Vifn trp vu khf cua Lidn Xd cho Viet Nam cung tang
gip ddi. Ca hai nudc mdc du mdu thudn nhau nhung vdn ddng thudn vdi nhau trong
vifc vifn trp cho Vift Nam. Trung Qudc vin ddng y di hdng cung cdp cua Lidn Xd
chu yiu la vu khf hang ndng, chuygn chd bing dudng xe Ifla qua Trung Qudc di

24
 Tdc ddng cua chien tranh Viet Nam doi vdi vice Mi. trim khai hoat dpng...

phd vd tinh trang Ml phong tda biin Bdc BO [6;509]. Tham chf, nhflng hoat dpng
ngoai giao tam giac ciia Mi ddi vdi Lign Xd va Trung Qudc cdn dem lai cho phfa
Vift Nam nhflng ldi fch nhit dinh. Nd thuc diy Vift Nam dau tranh manh me vd
nhanh chdng hdn trgn mdt trdn qudn su di ldm thay ddi so sanh li.rc lupng cd lpi cho
minh vi nhflng kinh nghifm xUdng mdu ma \Tet Nam cd dupc tfl Hdi nghi Geneve.
Dilu dd giai thfch tai sao khi Nixon bit tay Chu .An Lai rdi bit tay Brezhnev la khi
tai miln Xam \'iet Nam, cudc tiin cdng chien lupc 1972 sfip va dang diin ra ac lift.
Viet Nam cung da tiin den Hdi nghi Pari diu nam 197,'i trdn tu the ciia ngudi chiin
thing vdi tran "Difn Bien Phii tren khdng" hien hach cudi nam 1972. Xhflng dilu
nay chflng td sfl chii ddng va tfnh ddc lap, ngay ca vdi cac nUdc ddng minh, ciia nin
ngoai giao \'iet Nam.
Ngodi ra. cupc chien tranh Met Nam cdn tdc ddng din viec tao ra mdt mdi
trudng chfnh tri thuan lpi di chfnh qu.\'ln Nixon triin khai cac boat ddng "ngoai
giao tam giac" Di tiin tdi hda diu vdi Trung Qudc, Lien Xo, mpt nudc cd tinh thin
chdng cpng san diin hinh nhu Ml vdi chu nghia McCarthy khdng phai di ddng.
Nhung dilu kien thudn lpi cho MI tfl thdi diim nam 1969 la luc ndy cudng dp chdng
cpng san trong nudc da giam xudng. Vi vay, chfnh gidi Ml cd thi chip nhan vd hpp
tdc vdi cdc chfnh phii cpng san Lign Xd va Trung Qudc, di thuc hicn chfnh sdch md
Ml gpi Id "ngdn chdn md khdng cd lap" (khdc trUdc ngdn chan bing cdch cd lap).
Dilu ndy lai la hf qua tnrc tiip tfl nhflng thit bai trong chiin tranh d Viet Nam.
Mac du khdng dat dupc nhflng lpi fch mong mudn trong \'iec giai quyit vin
de chiin tranh \'ift Nam khi thuc ddy quan he ngoai giao tam gidc vdi Lidn Xd vk
Trung Qudc, nhung Mi ciing da gidnh dupc mdt sd thing ldi nhit dinh. Ddng ki
la vifc dat dupc nhflng thoa thudn hod hoan quan trong vdi ca Lien Xd va Trung
Qudc, gdp phin bu lai nhflng thit bai d khu vi.rc Ddng Nam A, dn dinh du luan
trong nUdc, tao dilu kien cho Nixon cd thgm thi va Iflc di tiep tuc flng cfl va gianh
thing lpi thgm mdt nhifm ky nfla. Vl mat chiin lupc, boat dpng ngoai giao tam
gidc cua Ml da gop phin kiem chi sflc manh va pham vi anh hudng ciia Lien Xd vk
Trung Qudc, khai thdc vd tiip tuc ldm phan ly nipt cdch manh me quan he Xo -
Trung, gop phin ldm suy yiu he thdng xd hpi chu nghia thi gidi.

3. Ket luan
Trong sudt tiin trinh "ngoai giao tam giac". Ml ludn thi hien vai trd khdi dpng,
chu ddng vd ndng ddng hdn nhilu so vdi Lien Xd vd Trung Qudc. Hy vpng tlm kiim
mdt giai phdp kit thuc chiin tranh Viet Nam trong danh di.r Id ddng luc chu yiu
thdi thuc MI tim din cflu cdnh hda hoan vdi Lien Xd va thda hifp vdi Trung Qudc.
Vdi Lign Xo vd Trung Qudc, chiin tranh Vift Nam khong phai la vin de miu chdt,
nhung lai gifl mpt vi trf quan trpng trong chiin lupc ciia ca hai nudc vd da dupc sfl
dung nhu Id dilu kifn cdn ban di trao ddi vdi Ml. Ca Mi Xd - Trung din mudn
thdng qua van dl Vift Nam di gdy sflc ep vd kilm chi ldn nhau, trong dilu kifn

25
 Ph^ni Thi Thu Hudug

cd trdnh de bj ldi cudn vdo mpt cudc dung dp trflc tiip vdi nhau. Rieng ddi vdi Ml,
dieu na.\' khdng dinh vi trf quan trpng ciia vin dl Viet Nam trong vifc thuc diy MI
thiit lap quan he "ngoai giao tam giac" Chfnh vin de Vift Nam da khiin Ml chu
ddng diy manh quan he hda dju vdi Trung Qudc vd Lien .Xd, cung khiin MI chiu
nhfldng bp (luyen lpi d nhflng khu vi.rc khdc de ddi lay thda thudn cua Trung Qudc
va Lien Xo ve \an de Viet Nam, ddng thdi trd thdnh vin dl khiin MI bi thit thi
tren bdn ddm phan ngoai giao cua cdc nfldc ldn.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1| Ban Chi dao tdng kit, chien tranh, 2000. ('Incn. tranh r.dch rnang Vi^t Nam, thang
lai vd bdi h.pc. .\xb Chinh tri Qudc gia.
|2l Bdo Tin tt'rc (TTX\'N), 2008. L(i.t lai nhiing trang lid .na mat. Nxb Thdng tin.
|3] Bp Ngoai giao. 2007. Mat trdn ngoai giao vdi cupc ddm phdn Paris vi Viet Nam.
Nxb Chfnh tri Qudc gia.
[4| .Anatdli Ddbnmhin, 2001. Dac biCt tin cay. Nxb Chfnh trf Qudc gia.
[5] Uya V Gaiduk, Trin Quy Thing, Trin Vdn Lien (dich), 1998. Lien bang Xd viet
vd Chiin tranh Viet Nam. Nxb Cdng an Nhan dan.
[6] Gabriel Kolko, 2003. Gidi phdu mpt cudc chiin tranh. .Xxb Quan dpi .Xhdn ddn.
[7]. Luu Vdn Lpi, 2004. Ngoai giao Viet Nam. Nxb Cong an .Xhdn ddn.
ABSTRACT
The effect of Vietnam on promoting the US to establish
"triangular diplomacy" with the Soviet Union and China from 1969 to 1972
American-Soviet-Sino triangular diplomacy was a strange but inevitable phe-
nomenon in the context of the Cold \^'ar and the rise of China in terms of strategy
in the 1960s and 1970's in the 20"' Centui}-. For the United States, one of the moti-
vations for promoting improved American relationships with the Soviet Union and
People's Republic of China (PRC) towards detente in a triangular diplomacy was
the Vietnam Wai-.
\'ietnani played an important role in the US strategy. In the 1960s and 1970s,
the war caused by the US in Vietnam had a negati^•e effect on politics and the
society in the US.
Because of getting bogged down in Vietnam and understanding that the Soviet
and PRC were the biggest allies of Vietnam, the US arranged actively with the Soviet
Union and PRC in order to pressurize Vietnam into negotiating and following the
solutions given by the US, especially the status quo of South Vietnam. To win
the support of the Soviet Union and China on the issue of Vietnam, the U.S. made
many concessions of its benefits in other areas. However, the independent diplomacy
policies of Vietnam made the US fail in its objects in the issue of the Vietnam war.

26